ASEAN Regional Potentials for Combating COVID-19
Rizky Widian1 and Vrameswari Omega W.2
1

Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Parahyangan Catholic University, Indonesia, rizkywidian23@unpar.ac.id
2
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Parahyangan Catholic University, Indonesia,
vrameswariomega@unpar.ac.id

ABSTRACT
The coronavirus disease (now known as COVID-19) has quickly spread across the world. Due to the rapid
increase in the number of cases, COVID-19 has been declared by WHO as a global pandemic and has affected many
aspects of human lives. Various policies have been taken by the governments at the national level such as 'lockdown'
policy or advanced social distancing. The threat of this global pandemic is transnational in nature, hence, regional
and multilateral cooperation would be required. In this case, ASEAN members have already discussed several
collective steps at the regional level. Thus, this article intends to explore and elaborate on the potentials of ASEAN to
encourage the realization of states' cooperation and commitments to fight the regional challenges under the outbreak
condition.
Keywords: ASEAN, COVID-19, Potentials, Regional Efforts

COVID-19: The Spreads and Its Potential
Impacts
At the end of 2019, China reported some
cases of pneumonia in Wuhan, Hubei Province.1
While the cause of these cases remains unknown
at first2, the coronavirus disease (now known as
COVID-19) quickly spread across the world. The
infection rates become more and more worrying
1

“WHO Timeline - COVID-19,” WHO, Last modified April
12,
2020,
accessed
April
19,
2020,
https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/08-04-2020-whotimeline---covid-19.
2
“Pneumonia of unknown cause – China,” WHO, Last
modified January 5, 2020, accessed April 19, 2020,
https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumoniaof-unkown-cause-china/en/.
3
Several government officials around the world tests
positive for Covid-19. For some examples, see: Eko
Wahyudi & Fransisca Christy, “Indonesian Minister Budi
Karya Tests Positive for Coronavirus,” Tempo.co, March 14,
2020,
accessed
April
21,
2020,
https://en.tempo.co/read/1319630/indonesian-ministerbudi-karya-tests-positive-for-coronavirus ; Mark Landler,
“Prince Charles Tests Positive for Coronavirus,” The New
York Times, March 25, 2020, accessed April 20, 2020,
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/25/world/europe/princecharles-coronavirus.html ; David G Rose, “Iran's deputy
health minister tests positive for coronavirus,” The

as death counts also increase from time to time.
Many government officials around the world are
also infected by the virus.3 It does not need a long
time before fears overcome so many people. For
example, panic buying happens everywhere in
the wake of COVID-19.4
While many of the patients continue to
recover from the disease, the next challenges
Telegraph, February 25, 2020, accessed April 20, 2020,
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-anddisease/irans-deputy-health-minister-tests-positivecoronavirus/.
4
For example in Indonesia and Singapore, see: Nina
Loasana, ”Panic buying hits Jakarta supermarkets as govt
announces first COVID-19 cases,” The Jakarta Post, March
3,
2020,
accessed
April
21,
2020,
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/03/03/panicbuying-hits-jakarta-supermarkets-as-govt-announces-firstcovid-19-cases.html & Frances Mao, “Coronavirus panic:
Why are people stockpiling toilet paper?,” BBC, March 4,
2020,
accessed
April
19,
2020,
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-51731422. For
example in the United States, see: Gabriella Borter, “No
milk, no bleach: Americans awake to coronavirus panic
buying,” Reuters, March 15, 2020, accessed April 19, 2020,
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usashoppers/no-milk-no-bleach-americans-awake-tocoronavirus-panic-buying-idUSKBN211171.

arise. The COVID-19 is now affecting many
aspects of human lives besides health. To combat
the virus, governments around the world come up
with several initiatives. Several countries prefer
the ‘lockdown’5 policy and some others prefer to
implement an advanced social distancing.6
Countries around the world also take drastic
measures such as shutting down airports even
completely sealing their borders.7
People are told to stay or work at home.
The virus constrains their mobility and, in the
end, affects the economy in general. In Indonesia,
for example, Jo Carolina, the Secretary-General
of ASPELINDO (Asosiasi Pelumas Indonesia)
stated that the COVID-19 condition has
decreased lubricant oil industry revenue by at
least 50%. She also mentioned that COVID-19
disease has caused the delay of imported raw
materials for production because the shipments
are getting quarantined for at least 14 days in
international ports outside Indonesia.8 The
International Monetary Fund (IMF) said that the
global economy will decrease by three percent in
2020.9 The IMF also stated that it is very likely
that the global economy will face the worst
5

For example, see: Dmitry Zaks, “Italy extends lockdown
until 'at least' April 12,” The Jakarta Post, April 6, 2020,
accessed
April
20,
2020,
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/04/06/italyextends-lockdown-until-at-least-april-12.html.
6
Budi Sutrisno, “Indonesia to evaluate partial lockdown as
companies, factories continue business as usual,” The
Jakarta Post, April 21, 2020, accessed April 21, 2020,
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/04/20/indonesi
a-to-evaluate-partial-lockdown-as-companies-factoriescontinue-business-as-usual.html.
7
Al Jazeera, “Coronavirus: Travel restrictions, border
shutdowns by country,” Al Jazeera, April 21, 2020, accessed
April
21,
2020,
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/coronavirustravel-restrictions-border-shutdowns-country200318091505922.html.
8
These information gathered by direct interview and
discussion with the Secretary General of ASPELINDO.
9
Al Jazeera, “Timeline: How the new coronavirus spread,”
Al Jazeera, last modified April 21, 2020, accessed April 21,
2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/timelinechina-coronavirus-spread-200126061554884.html.

recession since the Great Depression of the
1930s.10 Thus, it is clear that the COVID-19
outbreak affecting our lives both in terms of our
health and our economy.
Current Regional Efforts
In the face of the viral outbreak, all states
around the world should continue their
cooperation efforts. This outbreak becomes a
security issue and has to be taken care of
immediately. COVID-19 now appears as a
serious threat, despite it is not traditional in nature
such as a military threat to our national
sovereignty.11 Non-traditional does not mean that
similar cases have not occurred before. There
were several cases in the course of our histories
such as the Black Death12 and Spanish Flu13 that
killed millions of the world population. There are
also cases of SARS, MERS, and H5N1 diseases.
Further, recently, although the magnitude
of the infection rate is radically different from
COVID-19, the world witnessed the outbreak of

10

Al Jazeera, “IMF says 'worst recession since Great
Depression' is likely,” Al Jazeera, April 14, 2020, accessed
April 21, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/imfworst-recession-great-depression-200414125253286.html.
11
Traditionally, security studies focus in the phenomenon of
war and military threats. Nevertheless, there are several
experts suggested the broadening of security studies because
nonmilitary phenomena could also threatening states and
individuals. For traditional conception of security, see:
Stephen M. Walt, “The Renaissance of Security Studies,”
International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Jun., 1991),
p. 211-239, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2600471. For
example of the work to broadening the concept, see: Barry
Buzan, People, States and Fear: The National Security
Problem in International Relations (Brighton: Wheatsheaf
Books LTD, 1983).
12
William L. Langer "The Black Death," Scientific
American, vol. 210, no. 2 (1964): p. 114-21,
www.jstor.org/stable/24936021.
13
Daniel Flecknoe, Benjamin Charles Wakefield & Aidan
Simmons, “Plagues & wars: the ‘Spanish Flu’ pandemic as
a lesson from history,” Medicine, Conflict and Survival,
(2018):
p.
1-3,
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2018.1472892.

the Ebola Virus in Africa.14 The African Union
members work together to deal with the Ebola
Virus that is spreading in their region.15 Several
organizations, along with the African Union as
African Development Bank, European Union,
World Bank, Mano River Union, Economic
Community of West African States (ECOWAS),
works together to contribute to the recovery effort
while emergency response continues to tackle the
outbreak that took place in 2014.16 These prove
that regional arrangements could do something
concerning disease outbreak.
This is not to say that ASEAN, as the
regional body of Southeast Asia, has not done
anything in the face of COVID-19. There are
several efforts already discussed at the regional
level. For example, on 19 February 2020,
Defense Ministers of ASEAN met in Ha Noi,
producing the Joint Statement on Defense
Cooperation against Disease Outbreak.17 On 10
March 2020, ASEAN Economic Ministers,
gathered in Da Nang, Viet Nam, creating a joint
statement and resolve to remain committed to
14

BBC, “Ebola: Mapping the outbreak,” BBC, January 14,
2016,
accessed
April
19,
2020,
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28755033.
The
Ebola outbreak also occurs in 2018, see: “New Ebola
outbreak declared in Democratic Republic of the Congo,”
WHO, last modified May 8, 2018, accessed April 18, 2020,
https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/08-05-2018-newebola-outbreak-declared-in-democratic-republic-of-thecongo.
15
“Timeline of AU Response to the Ebola Outbreak,”
African Union, last modified February 3, 2015, accessed
April 20, 2020, https://au.int/pt/newsevents/26997/timelineau-response-ebola-outbreak. For example of African Union
responses in the recent Ebola outbreak, see: “Update On
African Union Actions in Response to Recent Ebola
Outbreaks,” African Union, last modified June 13, 2019,
accessed
April
21,
2020,
https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190613/update-africanunion-actions-response-recent-ebola-outbreaks.
16
UNDP and partners, Recovering from the Ebola Crisis
(UNDP, 2015), p. 1.
17
“Joint Statement by The ASEAN Defence Ministers on
Defense Cooperation Against Disease Outbreaks,” ASEAN,
last modified February 20, 2020, accessed April 19, 2020,
https://asean.org/joint-statement-asean-defence-ministersdefense-cooperation-disease-outbreaks/.

keep the ASEAN market open for trade and
investment to mitigate the economic impact of
COVID-19.18 On 14 April 2020, the Special
ASEAN Summit via video conference came up
with the Declaration of the Special ASEAN
Summit on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19).19 Further, on the same day, the ASEAN Plus
Three (APT) meeting also being held virtually,
joined by President Xi Jinping, Prime Minister
Shinzo Abe, and President Moon Jae-in.20 The
result of these meetings is the commitment to
tackle the outbreak and prepare for the postoutbreak
recovery
both
socially
and
economically.
The leaders of Southeast Asian countries
then agreed to establish an ASEAN COVID-19
Response Fund to secure the availability of
crucial medical supplies and equipment in the
region.21 The fund itself is a reallocation of
existing available funds, technical, and financial
support from ASEAN’s partners, notably
ASEAN Plus One and APT.22 This is
accompanied by the commitment to refrain from
18

“Strengthening ASEAN’S Economic Resilience in
Response to The Outbreak of The Coronavirus Disease
(COVID-19),” ASEAN, last modified March 10, 2020,
accessed April 19, 2020, https://asean.org/strengtheningaseans-economic-resilience-response-outbreakcoronavirus-disease-covid-19/.
19
“Declaration of the Special ASEAN Summit on
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19),” ASEAN, last
modified April 14, 2020, accessed April 19, 2020,
https://asean.org/declaration-special-asean-summitcoronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/.
20
“Joint Statement of the Special ASEAN Plus Three
Summit on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19),”
ASEAN, last modified April 14, 2020, accessed April 20,
2020, https://asean.org/joint-statement-special-asean-plusthree-summit-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/.
21
Dian Septiari, “Leaders support establishment of ASEAN
COVID-19 response fund,” The Jakarta Post, April 14,
2020,
accessed
April
19,
2020,
https://www.thejakartapost.com/seasia/2020/04/14/leaderssupport-establishment-of-asean-covid-19-responsefund.html.
22
CNN Indonesia, “Jokowi Usul Bentuk ASEAN Covid-19
Response Fund,” CNN Indonesia, April 14, 2020, accessed
April
19,
2020,
https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20200414193511-

imposing unnecessary restrictions on the flow of
goods, especially strategic goods for combating
COVID-19 such as medical, food, and essential
supplies.23 The commitments in the recent
declaration reflect that ASEAN has the potential,
especially in terms of goodwill and framework or
a basis for cooperation, for combating the virus at
the regional level.
ASEAN Potentials for Regional Efforts
The Declaration of the Special ASEAN
Summit on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) is an important milestone, modality, and
potential for regional efforts. It envisages the
commitment of states to tackle the issues together
without endangering the interest of others. In this
time of crisis, it is understandable that every state
has the interests to secure its people from dying
and to keep the national economy from rolling
down. This is why regional cooperation and
coordination are vital. The Beggar-thy-neighbor24
policy is the last thing we want to see in this
situation, as history told us, especially in the case
of the Great Depression in the 1930s and its
aftermath, that this kind of policy would create
more problems than saving us from it. Thus, the
realization of the commitments in the declaration
is very important.
Theoretically speaking, the fear of being
cheated, that is, the condition when we cooperate
and other states do not, is one of the factors that
could inhibit international cooperation.25 In this
regard, Robert Jervis already explained that
several factors make international cooperation
532-493566/jokowi-usul-bentuk-asean-covid-19-responsefund.
23
“Declaration of the Special ASEAN Summit on
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19),” ASEAN, last
modified April 14, 2020, accessed April 19, 2020,
https://asean.org/declaration-special-asean-summitcoronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/.
24
A kind of policy that designed to improve our own
country’s economic situation at the expense others. For
further information, see: Daniel W. Drezner, “Beggar-thyneighbor, take one,” Foreign Policy, October 20, 2008,

becomes more likely. First, the chance of
cooperation will be increased if there is
something that increases the incentives to
cooperate or there is something that decreases the
cost of being exploited by others. Second, there is
something that decreases the incentives to exploit
each other or there is something that makes no
cooperation with each other is costly. Third, there
is something that increases the expectations of
countries that their counterparts are willing to
cooperate. 26
Those factors fit with the condition in
ASEAN and could reflect the potential of the
organization to address the issue in a cooperative
and coordinative way. The first factor, the
incentive to cooperate, is clear. Effective
cooperation in securing the availability of
medical equipment, for example, would certainly
benefit all member states. The eradication of the
virus from the regional population is, after all, the
most desirable. In regards to the second factor,
under the outbreak condition, it is not wise for
ASEAN member states to exploit each other.
Pragmatically, they need the medical equipment
and regional fund to help their domestic efforts.
While it is understandable if one state desires to
secure its people first, exploiting each other or not
cooperating is not the solution they should seek
as resources are limited and there are actors
nearby that could cooperate with. Lastly, the third
factor is related closely to the declaration to
combat the virus together. At the very least, the
declaration gives a positive sign for all member
states that they are willing to cooperate. Thus, the
accessed
April
21,
2020,
https://foreignpolicy.com/2008/10/20/beggar-thy-neighbortake-one/.
25
Joseph M. Grieco, “Anarchy and the Limits of
Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal
Institutionalism,” International Organization, Vol. 42, No.
3 (Summer, 1988), p. 487, www.jstor.org/stable/2706787.
26
Robert Jervis, “Cooperation under the Security
Dilemma,” World Politics, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jan., 1978), p.
171, www.jstor.org/stable/2009958.

condition of the outbreak itself creates suitable
incentives for ASEAN member states to
cooperate. Their goodwill, then, is a potential for
the coordinative and cooperative action to be
conducted to effectively tackle the outbreak
regionally.
While the cooperation itself is indeed
important, ASEAN members should focus on
regional efforts. This is related to Kenneth Oye's
explanation of cooperation. The more the number
of actors in cooperation, the more risks that the
state will face in cooperation such as the freeriding problem. The smaller the number of actors
involved in cooperation would generally increase
the likelihood of cooperation.27 In this case,
ASEAN members should prioritize their regional
efforts since it is more viable in the need for
collaborative action to tackle the domestic yet
transnational problems of the COVID-19
outbreak. The number of ASEAN members that
is smaller than the global community as general
would increase the chance of regional
cooperation to work efficiently. This is not to say
that ASEAN members should abandon global
efforts altogether. The global efforts and
frameworks, such as the cooperation and the
share of information from WHO is indeed crucial
and could be used to implement regional policy
even further. Nevertheless, there are some
initiatives already mentioned by the members
such as the setting up of regional funding and the
commitment to open the flow of goods, especially
strategic goods for combating COVID-19, within
the region. These commitments are more viable
to be realized by the ASEAN member states
regionally since the cooperation is more likely in
smaller numbers. ASEAN, as a regional
organization, provides the arena and becomes the

27

Kenneth Oye, “Explaining Cooperation under Anarchy:
Hypotheses and Strategies,” World Politics, Vol. 38, No. 1
(Oct., 1985), p.18-22, doi:10.2307/2010349.
28
Ali Abdullah Wibisono, “ASEAN-China Non-Traditional
Security Cooperation and the Inescapability of the Politics

instrument for a smaller number of actors that
could increase the chance of cooperation. The
existence of ASEAN as a regional organization
itself, then, could be seen as a potential for the
likelihood of regional efforts.
Further, the nature of the COVID-19 as a
non-traditional threat, perhaps, could also affect
the likelihood of regional cooperation including
ASEAN partners. In Southeast Asia, especially
for ASEAN, non-traditional security is the area
that allows ASEAN to steer the security agenda
and involve extra-regional power such as China.28
There are several sectors of non-traditional
security cooperation such as in energy, health,
and food sectors that involve external partners
such as China, Japan, and South Korea.29 This
cooperation proves that cooperation in nontraditional sectors is not a foreign concept for
ASEAN and its partners. Thus, these experiences
of ASEAN and its partners could be a potential
for the regional effort in this time of crisis.
In conclusion, ASEAN already has the
potential for its members to cooperate and
combat the COVID-19 together. The potentials
here can be defined as the modality of ASEAN to
encourage the realization of states’ cooperation to
tackle the regional challenge. The first potential
would be the goodwill of ASEAN members,
reflected in the Declaration of the Special
ASEAN Summit on Coronavirus Disease 2019
(COVID-19). The commitments in this
declaration could be a basis for mitigating the
beggar-thy-neighbor policy in the time of crisis
where the member states agree to refrain any
unnecessary restriction on the flow of goods such
as medical equipment. Further, they are also
willing to create the ASEAN COVID-19
Response Fund for the sake of facilitating
of Security,” Global & Strategis, Vol 11, No 1 (2017), p. 40,
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jgs.11.1.2017.39-54.
29
Ali Abdullah Wibisono, “ASEAN-China Non-Traditional
Security Cooperation and the Inescapability of the Politics
of Security,” p. 50.

regional cooperation against the virus. These
commitments could increase the incentive to
cooperate, discourage free-riding or defective
behavior, and increase the positive expectation
that all the member states are willing to
cooperate. Furthermore, ASEAN, as a regional
organization, has the role of the arena and
instrument for its relatively limited members than
the global community as a whole. This condition
could increase the efficiency, coordination, and
the likelihood of the regional effort itself.
ASEAN also has the experiences of cooperation
with China, Japan, and South Korea in nontraditional security sectors. These experiences
and relations with the three partners could be a
significant factor and modality for the regional
effort for combating COVID-19 since the recent
meeting of ASEAN also included the APT
format.
Therefore, it is clear that ASEAN has the
potentials for combating COVID-19 through
regional efforts. All of the potentials mentioned
before could make it possible for the ASEAN
members to implement the commitment to work
together at the regional level. These
commitments, if realized effectively, would
surely help the national interest of each member
state. Nevertheless, a potential could not be
useful if the member states do not utilize them.
Although the potentials are there, the chance of
the regional effort being ineffective, inefficient,
or even not realized practically, surely presents.
The declaration and the goodwill would become
meaningless if the member states do not realize
their commitment to cooperate. Then, it is vital to
keep the goodwill of ASEAN members to
cooperate alive so it could be realized to help each
other for combating the outbreak of COVID-19.
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