Jurnal Borneo Administrator Volume 18 .
2022: 125-138
P-ISSN: 1858-0300.
E-ISSN: 2407-6767
DOI: 10.
24258/jba.
Accredited by Kemenristek/BRIN No.
148/M/KPT/2020
ARTICLE
Border Development Model on the Human Development Aspects for Sustainable Community Semuel Risal1*.
Irawanto1.
Putri Hergianasari2.
Anita Ade Rahma3 and Ika Devy Pramudiana4 1STIA Bina Banua Banjarmasin.
Kalimantan Selatan Indonesia 2Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana.
Salatiga.
Indonesia 3Universitas Putra Indonesia YPTK Padang.
Indonesia 4Universitas Dr.
Sutomo Surabaya.
Indonesia How to cite: Risal.
Samuel.
Irwanto.
Hergianasari.
Putri.
Rahma.
Ade Anita.
, & Pramudiana.
Devy.
Border Development Model on the Human Development Aspects for Sustainable Community.
Jurnal Borneo Administrator, 18.
, 125-138.
https://doi.
org/10.
2428/jba.
Article History Received: 28 September 2021 Accepted: 28 June 2022 Keywords:
Border development.
Welfare.
Integrity and sovereignty.
Regional development.
Community economic ABSTRACT The Indonesian government has implemented a border development policy.
Still, it has not been able to answer the complexity of the problems that occur in border areas, especially in North Kalimantan.
The development of border areas is closely related to the mission of national development, defence and state security to improve the Welfare of the people in the border areas, especially to ensure the integrity and sovereignty of the state.
However, the condition of border communities in North Kalimantan is increasingly marginalized, where poverty and regional isolation trigger the high demands of local people to become border crossers to Malaysia.
This study will examine the factors causing the economic backwardness of border communities in North Kalimantan, poverty and isolation of border communities, and security issues at the border.
The results show that the border area needs to be closely monitored because it is a security-prone area.
This makes the border development paradigm in Kaltara prioritize a security approach rather than Welfare.
This causes the border areas in North Kalimantan to be scarcely touched by the dynamics of development.
Therefore, border development needs to be placed in a people centre of development-oriented to people's economic development for sustainable communities through accelerating economic growth, improving the quality of human resources, and strengthening institutional capacity for border area development.
Thus, border communities can enjoy prosperity by protecting and maintaining state sovereignty at the border.
INTRODUCTION
Overall, the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia has a state territory bordering ten neighbouring countries.
Several neighbouring countries directly border Indonesia, namely Malaysia.
Papua New Guinea (PNG), and Timor Leste.
Meanwhile, the sea borders include Malaysia.
Singapore.
Papua New Guinea (PNG).
Timor Leste, the Philippines.
Australia.
Vietnam.
India.
Thailand, and the Republic of Palau.
However, what often becomes a problem * Corresponding Author Email : srizal01@gmail.
A 2022 Pusat Pelatihan dan Pengembangan dan Kajian Desentralisasi dan Otonomi Daerah (Puslatbang KDOD).
Lembaga Administrasi Negara.
Indonesia.
Samuel Risal.
Irawanto.
Putri Hergianasari, and Ika Devy Pramudiana is the Indonesia-Malaysia boundary that has occurred from the Old Order era until today (Sutisna, 2010.
Ludiro.
Nugraha.
Nikolaus, & Fauzan, 2.
The Indonesia-Malaysia border area in Kalimantan covers such a long boundary line.
Regarding land borders, the border length between the two countries ranges from 2,004 km or 970 miles.
Currently, there are three provinces in Kalimantan which directly border the Malaysian territory (Sarawak and Saba.
, namely West Kalimantan, with a length of 966 km, which crosses 14 sub-districts in 5 districts, namely Sanggau.
Kapuas Hulu.
Sambas.
Sintang, and Bengkayang districts.
The East Kalimantan region is directly adjacent to the Sabah region along 48 kilometres which crosses two sub-districts and one regency.
Mahakam Ulu Regency.
While the 990 km border area in North Kalimantan and Malaysia crosses two regencies and 17 sub-districts, namely Nunukan District.
In total there are 12 districts including Sebatik.
West Sebatik.
Krayan.
Krayan Selatan.
Lumbis.
Lumbis Ogong.
Sebuku.
Sei Manggaris.
Tulin Onsoi.
Central Sebatik.
Sebatik East.
North and Malinau Sebatik across 5 districts which include the District of Pujungan.
Kayan Hulu.
Kayan Hilir.
South Kayan and Bahau Hulu.
that the longest land border in Kalimantan is the Indonesian Malaysian border in North Kalimantan.
The picture below is a map of the Indonesia-Malaysia border in Kalimantan.
Source: (Badan Geologi Kementerian ESDM) Figure 1.
Map of The Indonesia-Malaysia Border in Kalimantan The wealth of Kalimantan natural resources continues to be drained, including North Kalimantan such as logs, rattan, petroleum, minerals and coal, and other natural resources which contribute significantly to the country's foreign exchange as the basic capital of However, the natural wealth that continues to be exploited until today is not significant compared to the development, especially in the border communities.
The trend of a higher level of prosperity, a more decent life opportunity, and the various conveniences and "care" Malaysia has often offered for decades has attracted the hearts of Indonesians around the border.
This condition has compromised the nationalism or "a sense of separation" of the people.
LIPI's research on the Indonesia-Malaysia border indicates that people on the border have a positive perception of Malaysia, in the sense that they view the neighbouring country offers prosperity (Indrawasih, 1.
126 | Jurnal Borneo Administrator.
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Border Development Model on the Human Development Aspects for Sustainable Community The geopolitical view in Indonesia is known as "Wawasan Nusantara or the archipelagic It has the principle of creating national unity and territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia based on the spirit of "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika or Unity in Diversity" in the framework of equality, justice, togetherness, and national interests.
The concept of Archipelago insight is in line with Karl Houshofer's .
6Ae1.
geopolitical view of the concept of "lebensraum" .
iving spac.
, namely the aspiration to fulfil the country's own needs without depending on other countries (Sunarso & Sartono, 2.
However, "Garuda (Indonesia national masco.
on my chest.
Malaysia in my stomach" has become a slogan that cannot be avoided by the border residents in Long Nawang.
Malinau Regency, because domestic products are often left out with products from Malaysia.
Border residents enjoy the neighbouring country's products, food and fuel.
The transportation access to Long Bangun.
Mahakam Ulu, and East Kalimantan is badly damaged and gets worse in the rainy season.
Therefore, local people would not want to use Indonesian products to make ends meet because the distance from Long Nawang to the Malaysian territory is only one and a half hours to buy their needs, such as oil and groceries (Prokal.
co, 2.
Referring to the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) of North Kalimantan Province 2016-2021, border development policies are directed at accelerating the development of basic infrastructure and economic development to create a competitive, independent and peaceful North Kalimantan community, as shown in Figure 2.
Source: RPJMD Kalimantan Utara 2016-2021 Figure 2.
Policy Directions for Border Development of North Kalimantan However, the policy direction shown in figure 1 has not run smoothly to its strategic The problem faced by the people of Long Nawang Apau Kayan to date is the road to Long Bangun.
The road to East Kalimantan is 170 kilometres from the Sungai Boh district and has not received serious attention from the government.
Meanwhile, this road is the only single access for citizens to buy goods.
So that the realization of the formation of the new autonomous region (DOB) of Apau Kayan Regency continues to be voiced by border communities (Risal & Pratiwi, 2.
, this strategy can help accelerate infrastructure development in the Apau Kayan area, especially the construction of roads and bridges.
The acceleration of transportation development will impact the community's economy and reduce reliance on products from neighbouring countries.
To get to Long Bangun, you must pass five rivers without bridges.
When the river water is high, residents must wait until the river water conditions recede for vehicles to pass (Prokal.
co, 2.
Since the reform era, the government has issued various policies to overcome complex border problems.
These policies include Presidential Regulation Number 78 of 2005 Jurnal Borneo Administrator.
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Putri Hergianasari, and Ika Devy Pramudiana concerning Management of Small Outermost Islands.
Law Number 43 of 2008 concerning State Territory, and Presidential Regulation Number 12 of 2010 concerning the National Border Management Agency (BNPP).
The government has temporarily built four State Border Posts (PLBN) in North Kalimantan, which directly borders the states of Sabah and Sarawak.
East Malaysia, namely the Sei Pancang Integrated PLBN.
Long Midang Integrated PLBN, and Labang Integrated PLBN in Nunukan, and Long Integrated PLBN Nawang in Malinau.
The purpose of developing PLBN is to elevate the dignity of the Indonesian nation, especially in border areas.
The PLBN is also expected to improve the economy of the local community.
However, several PLBNs, in reality, that have been built with grandeur have not had a significant impact as intended in their initial goal (Ramadhiani, 2.
Some of these problems can trigger the disintegration of the Indonesian nation.
The condition of Indonesian citizens at the border lags behind the condition of their infrastructure and public services compared to Sabah.
Sarawak.
Residents of the Malaysian border appear to be increasingly advanced in the pace of infrastructure, public services, and economy.
However, at our border, we are still establishing a "Border Management Agency", returning home doctors for non-permanent staff (PTT doctor.
, libraries without books, flights by missionaries and the private sector.
The flag ceremony and the teaching of the spirit of nationalism in schools revive the discourse of "NKRI Harga Mati, or The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is Undisputed" and "being united is beautiful".
The more widely used currency is the MYR rather than the IDR.
There is a sense of sadness and disappointment when asked whether the presence of the state and nation is on the border of Long Nawang.
Malinau Regency.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Changes in border policy are part of a negotiation function among border stakeholders, including local constituents, whose ideas, interests, and values conflict with competing understandings of borders.
The border process is not an elite affair, nor is it linear.
Instead, it is a variable with multiple actors whose different social perceptions are reflected in the results.
Functionally, borders are not simply the result of relations between countries with true Thinking of borders as mere lines leads to territorial traps (Agnew, 2.
Furthermore, according to Agnew, the concept of a territorial trap rests on three important The first is that states have exclusive powers in their territory, as represented by the concept of sovereignty.
Second, domestic and foreign affairs are separate territories with different rules, allowing for political debate within national borders and the domination of state interests outside the borders.
Third, the territorial state is a forum for modern society (Knox.
Agnew.
Angeles, & Mccarthy, 2014.
Agnew.
Mamadouh.
Secor, & Sharp, 2.
The concept of territorial traps has boundaries forming and modifying interactions between countries, which facilitate relationships across borders and boundaries of territorial space (Paasi, 1999.
Paasi.
Prokkola.
Saarinen, & Zimmerbauer, 2.
Since the end of the Cold War, borders have risen again in Europe as a result of globalization, the European-wide migrant crisis, and the development of supra-national organizations, all of which challenge the dichotomy of states or territories that have until recently dominated the Westphalia system (Agnew, 2004.
Agnew.
Mamadouh.
Secor, & Sharp, 2.
Borders are human creations.
Therefore, they are closely related to the principle of Political and social spaces have historically been socially dependent and constructed, where territory is a "complex strategy for influencing and controlling access to people, women, and relationships" (Sack, 1986.
Lee et al.
, 2.
, who are exploited and manipulated by social groups to control space.
Border reflects the society they cover and thus reflects certain social relations in space and time.
Borders reflect the historical, political and cultural context of a developed country.
So, the state is not a homogeneous actor.
On the contrary, the state and its borders are the results of "historical, political and cultural context" 128 | Jurnal Borneo Administrator.
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Border Development Model on the Human Development Aspects for Sustainable Community and are a diverse and non-linear process involving countless ideas, interests, and values about how the territorial state should or should not be bound.
Based on the formulation of theories related to border management by Stephen B.
Jones, known as the Boundary Making Theory, border management is divided into four areas:
allocation, delimitation, demarcation, and administration.
Especially for the fourth scope .
, it has shifted towards border management or management in its development.
The four scopes indicate a series of interrelated decision-making in their implementation.
Therefore, the study of borders goes beyond the reductionist notion of fixed channels, so borders are understood as processes constructed and maintained by material, social and discursive practices within the state, sub-state, and the international system (Ackleson, 2.
Boundaries are institutions with their own internal set of rules, which govern their behaviour, becoming immutable and resistant to change, but can change at any time ( Agnew.
Mamadouh.
Secor, & Sharp, 2015.
Paasi.
Prokkola.
Saarinen, & Zimmerbauer, 2.
Institutional rules that underpin boundaries regulate inclusion and exclusion from the state, permeability levels, and laws controlling the cross-border movement of people, goods, and symbolic messages (Mach, 1.
As a dynamic institution, borders generate their main function (Wendt, 1.
A country has a role sometimes being anarchy in the form of the social construction of power politics, inclusion, and exclusion of a specific area.
The way borders are produced, reproduced, and changed depends on the social and historical conditions in which they were originally produced and then reproduced (Lee et al.
, 2014.
Paasi, 1999.
Paasi.
Harrison, & Jones, 2.
as well as the contemporary forces that inform today's institutions.
Boundary studies on the Finnish-Russian border illustrate the importance of placing contemporary border analysis into the specific historical and social context in which they are produced .
nd reproduce.
(Paasi, 1999.
Paasi.
Harrison, & Jones, 2018.
Paasi.
Prokkola.
Saarinen, & Zimmerbauer, 2.
He argues that the institutional quality of the FinnishRussian border, from a Finnish perspective, explains the cross-border interactions that still mark the Finnish-Russian border long after the end of the Cold War.
On the other hand, the reduction in internal borders in the European Union, and the emergence of new borders at the end of the Cold War, illustrate that borders as institutions can and do change.
The historical context in which institutions developed may not make them as immune to change as historical institutionalists might argue.
Given that institutions often resist change (Newman, 2.
, even Wendt .
states that the state often behaves in anarchy as a socio-political construction of power.
Understanding the process through which borders occur provides several directions for understanding the process of frontiers and creating new and underlying borders.
Border studies are plagued by a focus on the role of government in directing change and managing borders (Newman, 2003.
Guo, 2.
The top-down approach focuses on government and ignores the bottom-up pressure for change from the day-to-day actions of social groups interacting along and across borders.
Sudiar .
explained that the proximity allows for cross-border interactions and activities between communities on land border areas.
The border area in North Kalimantan has great potential to be developed as a regional growth centre, so appropriate policies and management are required (Sudiar, 2.
Mufizar .
reveals the obstacles that occur in the social development of border communities.
The most striking and urgently needed development is in education, health services and poverty alleviation (Mufizar.
Arkanudin, & Achyar, 2.
A journal Article entitled: (R.
Constructing Borders Through the Governance of Tourism and Trade in Ladakh.
India from Birte Vogel and Jessica Field Political Geography.
This paper exposes such dynamics in the Indian conflict borderland of Ladakh, a part of Jammu and Kashmir State, until October 2019.
Building on scholarship that has analyzed cultural and social dynamics of "bordering" in the region, this paper argues that it is possible to read .
ocio-) economic boundary-making in Ladakh through the state's influence in the organization and Jurnal Borneo Administrator.
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Putri Hergianasari, and Ika Devy Pramudiana experience of trade and tourism for Ladakh and its visitors.
The paper highlights how their spatial organization partly underwrites difference and separation and aids in framing the contested territory as 'Indian (Vogel & Field, 2.
In a Journal Article entitled: Borders, geography, and economic activity: The case of China.
Hao Guo and Jenny Minier explain that Economic discontinuity is greater for the non-state sector than for the state sector and strong to include measures of local public goods and infrastructure.
Because there are no geographical barriers related to the borders in the plain's province, and geography and culture are quite sustainable at the frontier, this huge economic discontinuity is impossible to explain by geographical or cultural differences.
We argue that policy differences between coastal and inland provinces explain most of the discontinuities and find that differences in preferential policies can explain most coastal/inland boundaries (Guo, 2.
Development Distribution Development is supposed to improve Welfare.
Regarding the broader meaning of development.
Goulet revealed three core and interrelated components.
The first is the sustenance of life, which concerns providing basic needs.
Development must have the most important objective of providing basic needs for society, such as decent housing, clothing, food, and education.
The second value is self-esteem, related to feelings of self-worth and Eradicating self-esteem from feelings of domination and dependence can be associated with economically, socially, and physically inferior status.
This is an important goal of development.
The third component is freedom, which refers to sovereignty because the ability to choose from a wide variety of options is open to individuals and the public (Goulet.
This means that allowing people to live alienated from education and skills and limited Welfare is not the development that should be.
As can be seen, these three components are related to the quality of life or well-being.
Welfare as "enjoyment, or more broadly, as desirable or pleasant consciousness", referred to as "welfare hedonist", and as "preference satisfaction", in which a person's preference is satisfied if the state of his world could provide him with what more he likes (Cohen & Peterson.
Thus, development must mean a process towards progress in the quality of life or community welfare, covering economic, social, physical, and environmental aspects.
Shortly, one must be able to get the right benefits from development.
Literature on economy and development sometimes puts justice and equality in the same meaning, namely inequitable distribution of development results.
However, equity is often compared to economic growth.
In the study (Pieterse, 2.
, equity with growth has been briefly examined two extreme positions that reject the growth or build equity without growth.
When claiming justice as a "prerequisite for development".
Hamlin & Lyons .
offer the notion of distinguishing justice and equality.
Although related to one another, by emphasizing that if the gap between income groups becomes too large or people feel the system is unfair, trust is broken, and instability occurs.
Inequality in enjoying development benefits will not be a problem if injustices cause it.
Therefore, fairness in the distribution of development benefits will mean that only certain types of basic benefits must be distributed evenly, especially those related to the basic needs of society.
The World Bank .
asserts that poor people live in poverty due to inadequate access to schools, health centres, roads, market opportunities, credit, effective risk management mechanisms, and other empowering services.
On the other hand, other types of benefits can be distributed evenly, depending on the extent of importance to the recipient.
However, what is experienced by border communities is that the state, as the sole actor has hegemonic power (Gramsci's ter.
to build up to defend the border and make social changes in border But at the Malaysian-Indonesian state border in Long Nawang.
North Kalimantan, the presence of the state has not yet occurred.
The community entirely feels it 130 | Jurnal Borneo Administrator.
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Border Development Model on the Human Development Aspects for Sustainable Community because the socio-economic conditions of the community are still marginalized, and the basic needs and development impacts felt by the border communities are minimal.
METHOD
This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive data analysis.
The objectives of this study, namely to describe and analyze the complexity of problems experienced by border communities, which are related to the factors that cause the economic backwardness of border communities in North Kalimantan, poverty and isolation of Indonesian people at the border, and security problems at the border.
Qualitative descriptive research means that the data obtained have been collected and manifested directly in the form of a description or description of the atmosphere or state of the object as a whole and that it is in the form of spoken or written words from the person or behaviour observed (Moleong, 2.
Thus, qualitative descriptive research is a research procedure that produces data in the form of written words regarding the description of a problem.
The data in this study were obtained through observations and interviews in the field, which were then analyzed using the interactive model.
Analysis Method: .
PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisa.
is an activity to understand rural areas as whole participation, where interviews take place in a participatory manner between researchers and local communities at the border of Indonesia-Malaysian in Kalimantan.
Benchmarking through surveys to know the initial social conditions in the Kalimantan-Malaysia border area overview and identify problems for further research.
Primary data were collected from local community .
While secondary data are mainly related to border area development, they are obtained from good offices/agencies in West Kalimantan Province and Regency Government.
Data was obtained through structured or unstructured interviews and from the literature related to the topic studied.
The primary data and secondary data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
One sub-district bordering Malaysia is Kayan Hulu Sub District.
Malinau Regency.
North Kalimantan.
Kayan Hulu Subdistrict is directly adjacent to the Malaysian territory, namely Long Nawang Village, with village settlements located only about 40 km from the IndonesiaMalaysia border area.
Long Nawang Village in Kayan Hulu District is not an easy place to go.
There is no adequate and efficient land route to the village.
It was fenced by nature, especially in the dense jungle of the forest.
This village is like a ghetto that is not easily penetrated by land route.
The route through the river often has its own obstacles.
Suppose the river is in a friendly condition, allowing Ketinting .
mall motorized boat.
to travel on the water.
However, when the water is shallow, or the current is too heavy, the trip can be delayed or continued in a very choked way.
Sometimes, people have to wait several days until the river conditions are conducive to passing.
Under these conditions, the air route becomes alternative transportation.
However, the air passage is not easy either.
The level of certainty in flight availability is still relatively inadequate given the limited number of aircraft fleets.
This is coupled with the minimum capacity of passengers to be transported, where no more than ten people can be served in one flight.
Long Nawang Village is believed to have existed before the republic was born.
The area, which is included in the area known as Apau Kayan, is believed to have been one of the important points of the nomadic lifestyle of the Dayak Kenyah people since the 1600s (Sedyawati, 1.
Long before independence, this village was the centre of the Dayak community, especially Dayak Kenyah.
This is evidenced by the many old graves where Dayak Kenyah figures lived in the past.
One of them is the grave of a Dayak figure named Lancau Ingan, which is located in the Long Nawang Airport complex.
Residents believe Lancau Ingan Jurnal Borneo Administrator.
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Currently, some of the descendants of Lancau Ingan are still in Long Nawang village.
Some have migrated to many areas, including Malaysia.
Globalization is the process of forming an order, rules, and systems that apply to all nations in the world.
Globalization recognizes no boundaries.
it does not even recognize local rules, regional regulations, and state policies.
This shows that there are facilities for people living in border areas because of the potential to interact with citizens of neighbouring Globalization influence also applies in all areas of social life, such as economic, political, social, cultural, and so on.
Things like this are, of course, very worrying if the influence of this technology becomes a practical medium for spreading foreign cultural values to Indonesian territory (Sunarso & Sartono, 2.
In addition, with the ease of accessing various information from outside, it is hoped that it will not eliminate the original cultural values, not form misleading public opinions, and weaken the spirit of nationalism and national identity of the Indonesian nation.
The Backwardness of the Economy of the Border Communities In North Kalimantan Firdaus reported that border communities felt social impacts regarding accessibility and distribution of public facilities and infrastructure such as educational facilities, religious facilities, and transportation facilities.
In addition, sending postal and cargo goods was easier and cheaper.
In the economic sector, it was easier and more affordable for people to access market commodities such as groceries and easier access to buying and selling, which has an impact on high community competitiveness and job opportunities in both the formal and informal sectors (Firdaus, 2.
Border communities in Kalimantan Utara still complained about underdevelopment caused by the backward development of the economy.
Hence, the difficulty of living in the Long Nawang border area remained a big problem.
The difficulties felt by the community up to now have not been appropriately handled.
Some of them are health services, educational facilities, employment opportunities, and the inadequate construction of road infrastructure.
Road infrastructures in rural Long Nawang were mostly damaged and directly impacted the community's business activities.
In general, the state border area in Malinau Regency is not supported by adequate socioeconomic facilities.
This makes border communities depend on their economy in Sabah.
This causes the entire State Border area in the Apau Kayan section to become a hinterland area for Sabah Malaysia.
Although one of the National Strategic Activity Centers (PKSN).
Long Nawang Village.
Kayan Hulu District, has been used as a Post-Border Country creat (PLBN), it has not been able to improve the community's economic region.
The economic growth of Kayan Hulu District, which is the border area of the country and the location of the PLBN area development, is spatially included in the low growth and low-income classification.
Based on the economic growth of Malinau Regency 2020 .
, the economic role of Kayan Hulu District towards the economy of Malinau Regency generally shows a stagnant trend from year to year.
Additionally, increasing human resources and empowering the community's economy to compete in the era of globalization remains very little.
Poverty and Isolation of Society Most of the border areas in Indonesia are still underdeveloped areas with limitations in social, economic, facilities and infrastructure.
The development of border areas closely relates to the national development mission, defence, and security.
Improving the Welfare of the people in border areas is especially to ensure territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Sovereignty is seen at three levels: the state, society, and individuals.
At the state level, 132 | Jurnal Borneo Administrator.
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Border Development Model on the Human Development Aspects for Sustainable Community sovereignty refers to the state's role as the only party or single actor in regulating, controlling, providing access to Welfare, and determining all aspects of life based on existing regulations.
In this case, no other element outside the country can interfere or be involved in regulating people's lives at the country's borders.
At the community and individual level, sovereignty refers to the realization of the population's Welfare through the fulfilment of needs by the government, in the sense of being free from reliance on neighbouring countries and meeting the necessities of life in a dignified manner facilitated by the state.
The 1945 Constitution Article 28, point H, paragraph 1 clearly states that "every person has the right to live in physical and spiritual prosperity, to have a place to live, and to have a good and healthy living environment and the right to obtain health services".
Suppose it is related to the concept of state sovereignty.
In that case.
Indonesia is not yet sovereign in fulfilling the needs and Welfare of its people, especially border communities in North Kalimantan.
The government has built a National Border Crossing Post (PLBN) as a form of equitable development carried out in the frontier regions of Indonesia to encourage economic growth in border areas.
However, the construction of PLBN, which has the main function of customs, immigration, quarantine, and security or what is often abbreviated as CIQS and takes up a budget of up to IDR 20 trillion, has not yet had an optimal impact, especially in terms of pushing the wheels of the border economy.
The research team from the KPT Research and Development Center .
in Ramadhiani .
, one of the work units of the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR), conducted a study related to appropriate policies to be implemented in border areas, especially those directly related to PUPR infrastructure in 3 .
border areas, namely Entikong.
Sanggau Regency .
irectly adjacent to Malaysi.
Motaain.
Belu Regency .
irectly adjacent to Timor Lest.
, as well as Sebatik Island.
Nunukan Regency .
ordering Malaysian water.
This research aims to optimize the development of border areas with a budget of IDR 20 trillion to move the economic wheels of the border areas to enhance the Welfare of border communities.
The study results recommend policies to accelerate the program to other sectors in the border region to achieve the trickle-down effect (Ramadhiani, 2.
Even in Motaain, there is a need for developing animal husbandry, maize crops, and the like.
Then, there is a need to reduce expansion into sloping areas and conversion of forest areas.
For the Sebatik area, it is recommended to reduce agricultural development to protected areas or protected forests and the need for priority on water resources and water The construction of lakes or water storage reservoirs is required in specific locations, such as valleys, which can provide water for households and agriculture.
Meanwhile, for the Entikong border, agricultural development should not be intensive, and it is necessary to develop annual crops such as rubber and pepper.
Security and development paradigm The sense of nationalism in the Indonesian people seems very disturbed and easily arises when there are issues regarding Malaysia's actions that are often linked to violations of national Indeed, the history of the two countries is inseparable from various controversies.
The most famous historical record is when President Soekarno issued a "Konfrontasi (Confrontatio.
" policy against the Malaysian Federation.
He considered another form of Western imperialism similar to Malaysia's view of Indonesia.
By holding the status as the largest recipient country for Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI).
Malaysia is faced with complex social problems, where the issue of TKI is often a trigger for tensions between the two countries that impact territorial boundaries.
In another form, nationalism is expressed in the presence of loyalty.
In this regard, neighbouring countries that offer prosperity do not easily trigger migration.
However, some Long Nawang residents decided to live in Malaysia instead of returning to their village.
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However, the number of those who migrate from time to time is getting smaller.
Vital recognition of the effort to maximize the economic aspect of a country will seem to be more harmonious with the understanding of the existing economic development strategy.
Paul Streeten divides the flow of orientation and policy strategy in economic development into two: economic development policies oriented to the outside .
utward-looking development policie.
and oriented economic development policies .
nward-looking development policie.
Based on these facts, the security approach is insufficient to deal with border issues.
But it should be supported by a welfare and development approach.
One solution is the availability of land transportation that is appropriate and well managed so that it can function optimally as a means of connecting, a catalyst for development, and at the same time as a means of supporting national security and integration.
The role of land transportation is very much needed to connect connectivity between regions.
So, access to land transportation must be a top priority in improving transportation and communication infrastructure services in border Prioritizing land transportation does not mean neglecting other vehicles, such as air and river transportation.
The wisest solution must be sought so neither party will be harmed, one of which is the redesign of transportation routes so that they can support each other.
The other crucial thing is protecting and maintaining what predecessors have inherited.
So far, transportation access from Samarinda.
East Kalimantan, to Apau Kayan has not been able to function correctly.
Over the past several decades, the border problem has not received enough attention from the government.
This is reflected in development policies that focus less on border areas and more on densely populated areas with easy access and potential.
In contrast, development policies for remote, isolated, and underdeveloped regions such as border areas have not been prioritized.
Even the development being carried out is just building cross-border posts, which are ineffective in supporting the Welfare of border communities.
The development of border areas so far is one area that needs special attention and handling in various development fields in Indonesia, especially in border areas in North Kalimantan.
The border area of North Kalimantan has an essential economic, geopolitically, and in terms of defence and security because it is directly adjacent to the neighbouring countries (Sabah and Sarawa.
of Malaysia, which have relatively better economic levels.
The potential of natural resources in this area is quite abundant, but until now, they have not been utilized On the other hand, various issues are urgent to be addressed because of the large impacts and losses that can be caused.
The availability of basic social and economic facilities such as community health centres, schools, and markets is also very limited.
Border communities will feel this limitation more clearly when they compare it with the development conditions in neighbouring Malaysia.
But so far, border development focused on PLBN development has not yet significantly impacted border communities.
The research team from the Center for Research and Policy Development and Technology Application (Puslitbang KPT) in 3 different PLBN, namely in Belu.
East Nusa Tenggara (NTT).
Entikong.
West Kalimantan.
and Sebatik.
North Kalimantan, showing that there is a problem of differences in economic ideology between commercial and local.
The construction of PLBN has the main function of customs, immigration, quarantine, and security.
PKPTs reported that apart from a different economic ideology, the commercial and local economies are technically not connected.
In Entikong, for example, the agro-economy is produced from commodities of pepper and rubber.
This commodity contributes a lot of income to its citizens.
In addition.
PLBN Motaain in Belu also has no connection with the local economy.
This is because the people there earn a lot from raising and planting corn.
Meanwhile, the PLBN supports commercial and retail activities.
Then in the Sebatik area, the potential for expanding the agricultural regions is limited, so the community expands them into protected forests.
It is necessary to reduce agricultural development into protected areas or 134 | Jurnal Borneo Administrator.
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Border Development Model on the Human Development Aspects for Sustainable Community sulfur forests and the need for priority on water resources and management.
The construction of water storage reservoirs is required in certain locations, such as valleys, which can provide water for households and agriculture.
Meanwhile, for the Entikong border, agricultural development should not be intensive, and it should be necessary to develop annual crops such as rubber and pepper to drive the economy at the border.
Andriansyah, in his research, said that three main activities determine the effectiveness of development and community empowerment in border areas: organizing, interpreting, and The Organization for the Acceleration of Development in Disadvantaged and Special Regions (P2DTK), which is the policy of the Central and Regional Governments, has made policies to support border areas.
However, in its implementation, different interpretations by different implementers and target groups at various levels affect the success of development implementation in the regions.
Various policies on border development still have a centralized nuance and are still dominated by the top-down development paradigm.
So that in carrying out its development, it creates multiple interpretations in the field.
On the other hand, the low level of human resources and public Welfare caused by the lack of social services that reach people in border areas is the cause of the inhibition of local economic activities.
Because of the limited facilities and infrastructure can fade national identity and a sense of nationalism in border area communities (Muta'ali, 2.
If compared with the theory by Jones .
, the results of various studies on border areas generally identify three main issues in the management of Indonesia's border areas, namely:
problems relating to boundary delimitation .
llocation, delimitation, and demarcatio.
, either land .
and sea .
, .
issues of security of border areas, and .
problems of development of border areas .
At the border, area management needs to be oriented towards human-centric development.
Przeworski.
Alvarez.
Cheibub, & Limongi .
say the state is the organic body with logic and self-interest.
The state's interest is to bring the community to a higher level of development, in the sense that the state must prosper the economy of the border communities by giving greater attention, especially regarding the development of human resources and the development of the productive economy of the community.
So far, border areas are synonymous with isolated, remote, backward areas in various social, economic, cultural, defence, and security activities.
The disparities in development, especially in border and non-border areas, are indeed the accumulation of various very complex problems.
This is Border Development Model on The Human Development Aspects.
Development focuses on the people as the centre of attention, and the development process must benefit all In this context, the problem of poverty and the Welfare of border communities can be one of the causes of instability that will have negative effects, such as loosening social ties and weakening values and human relations.
Therefore, the commitment to fairly increasing economic growth without excluding the poor increases social and political integration based on human rights and non-discrimination and protects those disadvantaged-the essence of the development paradigm centred on the people.
The people-centred development strategy aims to improve the quality of life of all people with individual and collective aspirations and expectations in their current cultural traditions and customs.
The people-centred development strategy's objective goals are eradicating absolute poverty, realizing distributional justice, and increasing community participation significantly.
The people-centred development approach model is the antithesis of the production-oriented development model.
This productionoriented development model includes economic development models that position the fulfilment of the needs of the production system as more important than the needs of the people.
Management of border areas needs to find a new formulation through human-centric The border area is the main manifestation of a country's territorial sovereignty, which has an important role in determining the boundaries of the sovereign territory, exploiting Jurnal Borneo Administrator.
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Samuel Risal.
Irawanto.
Putri Hergianasari, and Ika Devy Pramudiana natural resources, defence and security, and economic freedom.
A bottom-up system, namely the community's development system up to analyzing the conditions and needs of the people in the region, is expected to be realized.
Figure 2.
Border Development Model on The Human Development Aspects The paradigm of developing border areas is to change the direction of development policies that have tended to be " inward-looking " to " outward-looking " so that these areas can be used as a gateway to economic and trade activities with neighbouring countries.
In that sense, the approach to developing the state border area in North Kalimantan must be directed at a welfare approach without neglecting the security approach.
Thus, the consistency of government programs and state sovereignty can synergize by developing Indonesia from the CONCLUSION The government has an extended plan for developing national border areas.
However, in its implementation, many programs in border areas still do not follow the needs of border Thus, to present policies and programs that follow the requirements of border communities, involve the community actively in formulating and making decisions so that policies do not get caught up in the government's wishes but also accommodate the people's In addition, it is also necessary to explore the potential for developing cooperation in border management with neighbouring countries, which has been focused on the security aspect and expanded to the Welfare and socio-cultural factors.
Thus, the interests of security.
Welfare, and socio-cultural border areas will be fulfilled together.
In the security approach, government policies must be oriented toward the economic development of border communities to enjoy the prosperity and benefits of development so that they will protect and maintain state sovereignty at the border.
Border development needs 136 | Jurnal Borneo Administrator.
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Border Development Model on the Human Development Aspects for Sustainable Community to be carried out with a welfare approach by accelerating the increase in economic growth at the border, improving the quality of human resources, and strengthening the institutional capacity of development in border areas.
Acknowledgement We would like to thank all participants for supporting this study by sharing time and perspectives with valuable information.
Any mistakes are our responsibility.
Contributorship The first author contributed to formulating ideas, designing study designs, conducting research, and analyzing data.
The second author contributed to processing the interview data, presenting the data, and discussing the results.
Furthermore, the third author assisted in mapping the problem and compiling the analysis.
And a fourth author assisted in conducting the research and compiling the analysis.
All authors contributed to perfecting the study and approving the final manuscript.
REFERENCES