.
ICT Res.
Appl.
Vol.
No.
1, 2024, 69-80
Performance of Interconnected Hybrid ZigBee-Optic for Extended Wireless Sensor Networks Octarina Nur Samijayani.
Aina Sabrina.
Raihan Zaky Thamrin.
Dwi Astharini & Ary Syahriar Electrical Engineering Department.
Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia.
Jalan Sisingamangaraja.
Kebayoran Baru.
Jakarta 12110.
Indonesia *E-mail: octarina.
nur@uai.
Abstract.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN.
are widely used to monitor remote areas far away from the monitoring center.
For large-scale or high-capacity WSNs, when they contain many sensor nodes, a transmission system with low latency and large bandwidth is required.
In order to extend the network range, the use of optical communication is one of the alternatives to provide more capacity and a longer This study discusses the performance of a range-extended WSN utilizing a hybrid of ZigBee and optic transmission.
The performance of the proposed method was evaluated by analyzing the throughput, delay per meter, package loss, and error, which were then compared to a ZigBee-Wifi based system.
The experimental results showed that the throughput of the hybrid ZigBee-Fiber Optic (ZigBee FO) system was about 12% greater than that of the ZigBee-Wifi system, and it transmitted the sensor data with a significantly lower delay, reduced by 83%, compared to the ZigBee-Wifi.
The package loss and error of ZigBee-FO was 7% lower than that of ZigBee-Wifi.
Based on these results, the ZigBee-FO WSN has the advantage of significantly improving network performance by reducing the transmission delay, therefore it is beneficial in extending the WSN Keywords: hybrid.
wireless sensor networks.
ZigBee.
Introduction Wireless sensor networks (WSN.
contain several nodes with sensors to monitor site conditions .
Sensor nodes may be located in areas that are difficult for humans to access due to their safety, distance, and also communication capabilities .
A ZigBee-based WSN is a sensor network that utilizes the ZigBee standard, which is the key technology to implement massive and real-time monitoring, for example in smart cities, since it has low power consumption, a low price, and a large network capacity, and is reliable and secure .
ZigBeebased WSNs can have up to tens of thousands connected nodes.
However, if only a radio frequency (RF)-based wireless ad-hoc network is used in a large-scale sensor network, it requires too many hops, which causes address assignment and time delay problems .
, triggering hazardous network congestion .
The Received November 7th, 2023.
Revised April 13th, 2024 Accepted for publication May 31st, 2024 Copyright A 2024 Published by IRCS-ITB.
ISSN: 2337-5787.
DOI: 10.
5614/itbj.
Octarina Nur Samijayani, et al.
further the distance between the nodes, the more time delay, which leads to poor quality of real-time data transmission.
Other issues in large-scale WSNs involve their energy consumption, which also affects the network coverage and lifetime.
Reducing energy consumption is important to extend and improve the lifetime of WSNs .
Darif, et al.
examined energy consumption optimization in WSNs using IR-UWB.
Clustering is one method that has been developed to overcome energy consumption issues.
This is a method used for grouping sensor nodes into clusters with a cluster head (CH).
The CH has a data aggregation function that helps in reducing the cost of transmission .
Different types of clustering algorithms and techniques have been proposed, such as hierarchical, distributed, and centralized techniques.
Haitimi, et al.
studied a hexagonal WSN model, which showed the best results in terms of the largest number of packets transmitted in the network utilizing the available energy to achieve maximum efficiency.
WSNs using radio frequency transmission has limitations related to the capacity and latency required to accommodate large-capacity sensor networks.
Challenges in WSNs with a large number of nodes and a wide range are latency or delay and the quality of data transmission.
Therefore, it is necessary to develop a network design with a transmission technique that accommodates a large capacity and low Optical technology provides a significant contribution to the development of telecommunication, including high capacity and low latency of data transmission, where the transmission bit rate can reach 1,125 Tb/s, as stated in Madry, et al.
To cover the need for high scalability, high speed, low latency, and low-cost architectures, optoelectronics has been widely developed in recent times.
This is due to its ability to provide high scalability and high performance at a manageable cost by imposing optical links in suitable locations when designing the architecture .
In the present paper, a hybrid ZigBee-Fiber Optic (FO) system is proposed that was designed as an alternative solution for large-scale and long-range WSNs.
The proposed WSN combines ZigBee with fiber optic transmission.
The performance characteristics of the proposed ZigBee-FO system were compared with a ZigBeeWiFi system.
This study aimed to identify the performance of the hybrid ZigBeeFO to extend the range between the coordinator node and the monitoring center.
The performance analysis included the throughput, interval delay per meter, and package loss and error, which were compared with those of a ZigBee-WiFi-based WSN.
Hybrid ZigBee-Optic for Extended Wireless Sensor Networks Basic Theory WSNs are widely used for health, military, environmental, agricultural, transport systems, and security applications .
Sensors are used to capture or collect information from the surroundings and then transmit it to a node .
via wireless media such as Wi-Fi.
Bluetooth, infrared, or others .
The use of ZigBee wireless technology is due to its rapid adoption for building wireless sensor networks with low transmission speeds, up to 250 kbit/s.
ZigBee was designed to work with low power consumption and in low-level personal ZigBee is a wireless communication protocol standard in Ie ZigBeeAos standard characteristics are working in the 915 MHz and 2.
GHz frequency bands, 10-100m range, 255-65,000 nodes, 1 mW power consumption, and data rates up to 250 kbps .
The range of a WSN can be extended using a hybrid method between the RFbased network and an optical-based technique such as radio over fiber (RoF), which is a process of sending radio signals over fiber optic cables.
RoF is widely used because by using fiber optic cable as a transmission medium, a wider bandwidth and greater transmission speed can be obtained compared to ordinary feeder cables.
The transmitted signal can be in the form of an RF signal, an IF signal, or a baseband signal .
RoF technology combines the high bandwidth of optical communication with the flexibility of wireless communication.
In the RoF system, radio-frequency and microwave signals can be directly modulated on the optical carrier and transmitted through the fiber cable, so the distance between the RF wireless device can be extended over the fiber optic link .
Fiber optic communication enables telecommunication links to be made over greater distances with lower levels of loss in the transmission medium .
Thus it is able to extend the range of a network, as discussed in Souza, et al.
Raman laser provided the power transmitted over a 10-km single-mode fiber (SMF) cable to the low consumption driving electronics of a remote RF receiver.
An optical amplifier such as EDFA can be utilized to amplify every 40 km of the transmission network, as discussed in Jihad, et al.
Methodology This study implemented a WSN with a ZigBee network interconnected with optical transmission to enhance the performance of the WSN and extend its range.
The experiment compared the performance between a ZigBee-Wifi WSN and the proposed ZigBee-FO WSN.
The components and the experimental setup, as shown in Figure 1, consisted of sensor nodes with a ZigBee Xbee S2C radio module .
s router and coordinato.
, an Xbee Gateway, a media converter, a single-mode duplex FO cable of 1310 nm with a length of 5 m, and a personal Octarina Nur Samijayani, et al.
The specifications of all components used in the experiment are provided in Table 1.
The experiment was conducted to investigate WSN performance, including throughput, delay per meter, and package loss and error.
Throughput is the ratio of the number of packets that have been successfully sent within a certain of time or the speed of data transmission.
The throughput is obtained by calculating the number of bits that were successfully transmitted and the time needed to transmit the data.
Interval delay or the interval delay per meter is the calculation between the interval delay time relatively to the distance.
Packet loss is obtained by calculating the ratio between the data received and the total data sent.
Packet error is obtained by comparing the content .
he similarity of the received bi.
of the received packets to the transmitted packets.
The transmitted data was taken at the sensor node, while the received data was displayed on the PC in the monitoring center through Digi Device Discovery.
Figure 1 Experimental system design: .
ZigBee network extended using optical transmission and .
ZigBee network extended using radio frequency transmission.
Hybrid ZigBee-Optic for Extended Wireless Sensor Networks Table 1 Specification of components used in the experiment.
Component Transceiver ZigBee S2C Transmission Frequency Indoor Range/Outdoor RF LoS Range Transmit Power Output RF Data Rate Operating Current Digi XBee ZigBee Gateway Protocols Python Version Processor and Memory Transmit Power/Receive Sensitivity Data Rate 10/100Mbps Media Converter Standards and Protocols Wavelength Network Media 100BASEFX Extends fiber distance Personal Computer and Software Processor Installed RAM Software Specification 4GHz to 2.
5GHz 200 ft/ up to 4000 ft 3 mW .
Boost, 2 mW .
Normal 250,000 bps 33 mA .
3 V.
Norma.
, 45 mA .
3 V Boos.
UDP/TCP.
DHCP Freescale i.
MX28, 20 MB RAM, 10 MB file space Digi XBee ZB SMT transmit power 6.
3 mW ( 8 dB.
receiver sensitivity .
% PER) -102 dBm.
Up to 72.
2 Mbps Ie 802.
Ie 802.
Ie 802.
Single-mode Fiber up to 20 km .
4 mile.
Intel Core i3-7100U CPU @ 2.
40GHz 2.
40 GHz
4,00 GB
Windows 10 .
Digi XCTU Digi Device Discovery Digi Device User Interface Results and Discussion This study analyzed the performance of a WSN with a range that was extended using optical fiber transmission (ZigBee-FO WSN), in terms of throughput, time delay, and package loss and error.
The experiment was conducted with different numbers of nodes, different numbers of sensors in one node, and different data Throughput Figure 2 is the data result of the throughput performance between two nodes, with variation of capacity.
The throughput is increased when it is used to send more It can be observed that the throughput for the ZigBee-FO WSN had an increasing slope of 86.
5, which is higher compared to the ZigBee-WiFi with 81.
Octarina Nur Samijayani, et al.
This indicates that ZigBee-FO was able to send the data faster than ZigBee-WiFi and performed better in terms of capacity.
Throughput y = 86,549x 34,765 y = 81,407x 47,352 Bytes/s Bytes Throughput FO Throughput WIFI Figure 2 Throughput between nodes with various capacities.
Figure 3 shows the throughput of the network for different numbers of nodes.
When the WSN consisted of more nodes, the throughput decreased.
However, the throughput of ZigBee-FO had a higher rate by about 12% compared to ZigBeeWiFi.
Throughput y = -9,9123x 110,46 y = -11,121x 97,998 Bytes/s Throughput FO Throughput WIFI Number of Nodes Figure 3 Throughput for different numbers of nodes.
Hybrid ZigBee-Optic for Extended Wireless Sensor Networks Further analysis was done to investigate the throughput for a one-node WSN with multiple sensors, as shown in Figures 4 and 5.
For the multi-sensor-WSN, the throughput followed the capacity of the data sensor.
The throughput of ZigBeeFO also worked with a higher rate of throughput by about 17% compared to ZigBee-WiFi.
400,00
350,00 300,00 250,00 FO .
200,00 WIFI .
150,00 FO .
100,00 WIFI .
50,00 0,00 number of node Figure 4 Throughput with a payload of 200 bytes and 400 bytes.
Figure 5 Throughput with number of sensors in one node.
Octarina Nur Samijayani, et al.
Delay of Data Transmission The following discussion analyzes the performance in terms of delay per meter, which indicates the quality of WSN transmission within a certain range.
A lower delay per meter provides better ability to extend the range or coverage of the sensor network.
In Figure 6, it can be seen that the delay per meter for ZigBee-FO was about 5 times lower than for ZigBee-WiFi, i.
, its delay was reduced by 83.
This means FO can send data faster than WiFi.
From this figure, it can be analyzed that ZigBee-FO was able to maintain lower delay at higher capacity transmission, while ZigBee-Wifi WSN increased the delay.
This is because FO uses an isolated line, so the signal is not getting interfered with by the environment or other electromagnetic waves.
Delay per Meter y = 0,6453x - 2,3007 y = 0,1196x - 0,4288 Second Bytes Delay FO Delay WIFI Figure 6 Delay per meter with variation of capacity.
Figure 7 shows that when the WSN consists more nodes, the trend of time delay This is because there are many nodes that forward the data to a coordinator node.
This figure shows that the FO-based WSN still works with a lower time delay.
Hybrid ZigBee-Optic for Extended Wireless Sensor Networks Delay per Meter y = -0,1123x 0,8315 Second Delay FO Delay WIFI y = -0,0137x 0,1417 Number of Nodes Figure 7 Delay per meter with variation of the number of nodes.
Figure 8 shows the time delay of the network with a different number of sensors in one node.
For more sensors in one-node WSN, the time delay increased.
needs more time to send more sensor data.
The time delay of ZigBee-FO was lower than that of ZigBee-WiFi.
Figure 8 Delay per meter with the number of sensors in one sensor node.
Octarina Nur Samijayani, et al.
Package Loss and Error From Figure 9, it can be seen that the more bytes of data sent, the greater the For data transmission of 100 to 3,000 bytes, all data was sent and received with the same packet payload.
All data was sent and received successfully and the produced package loss and error was 0%.
However, when the data transmission was about 4,000 to 9,000 bytes of data, several data were lost or Percentage (%) Package loss and error y = 0,0574x - 0,2375 -0,1 -0,2 -0,3 y = 0,0513x - 0,2425 Bytes Package Loss FO Package Loss WIFI Figure 9 Delay per meter with variation of capacity.
Figure 9 also shows that the package error for ZigBee FO was lower than for ZigBee-WiFi.
This means that FO sends data more accurately with less loss than ZigBee-WiFi.
Conclusion Hybrid ZigBee-fiber optic WSNs are beneficial in extending the range of WSNs.
The experimental result showed that the hybrid ZigBee-fiber optic WSN provided a throughput that was about 12% greater than that of ZigBee-Wifi WSN, and it transmitted the sensor data with a significantly lower delay, reduced by about 3%, compared to ZigBee-Wifi.
The package loss and error of the ZigBee-FO 7% lower than that of ZigBee-Wifi.
The throughput increased with the increasing number of nodes or capacity.
The interval delay parameter increased with more nodes but ZigBee-Optic WSN had a lower average time delay.
Since FO uses an isolated transmission line, the signal is not easily interfered with, especially with the occurrence of other electromagnetic waves.
Hybrid ZigBee-Optic for Extended Wireless Sensor Networks Acknowledgement This publication was funded by a Regular Fundamental Research Grant 2023, from Ministry of Education.
Culture.
Research, and Technology.
Republic of Indonesia, and facilitated by the Electrical Engineering Laboratory.
University Al Azhar Indonesia.
References