Disable: Law Review Volume 1 Nomor 1 Juny 2025 The Urgency of Formulating Clear Accessibility Norms for the Effectiveness of Fulfilling Disability Rights Monalisa Anggraini Habeahan1.
Dina Lolita Aulia2.
Arum Prasetya Rini3.
Faza Rahma Anggraini4.
Sjazilda Sjamsu5 1Department of Law PSDKU.
Universitas Negeri Surabaya.
Magetan.
Indonesia, 24111764052@gmail.
2Department of Law PSDKU.
Universitas Negeri Surabaya.
Magetan.
Indonesia, 24111764055@gmail.
3Department of Law PSDKU.
Universitas Negeri Surabaya.
Magetan.
Indonesia, 24111764063@gmail.
4Department of Law PSDKU.
Universitas Negeri Surabaya.
Magetan.
Indonesia, 24111764077@gmail.
5Department of Law PSDKU.
Universitas Negeri Surabaya.
Magetan.
Indonesia, 24111764082@gmail.
Abstrak People with disabilities in Indonesia still face various obstacles in fulfilling their rights, especially in relation to accessibility, discrimination, and negative stigma.
This study examines the implementation of Law No.
8 Year 2016 regarding persons with disabilities, which is not fully effective in ensuring physical access, transportation, education, and employment opportunities for persons with disabilities.
This study uses a normative legal method with a qualitative approach to analyze the unclear legal definition of AuaccessibilityAy and its impact on the performance of the rights of persons with disabilities.
The results of the study show that there are national and local regulations, such as those in Denpasar City and BOA Lemory Regency, which still limit discrimination and access to public institutions.
Cultural factors and local values also influence local governments' acceptance of the rights of persons with This article provides recommendations for the government to create an integrated environment and design more detailed guidelines regarding accessibility to support the independence of persons with disabilities.
Keywords: Accessibility.
Disability.
Discrimination.
Human Rights.
Inclusive Policies.
INTRODUCTION
Persons with disabilities are part of society who possess equal rights as others in various aspects of life, including employment opportunities, access to education, and utilization of public facilities.
However, in practice, they still face numerous challenges and discrimination that hinder the fulfillment of these rights (Bagus & Kesuma, 2.
In the city of Denpasar, although there are various regulations such as the Human Rights Law, the Disabilities Law, and the Bali Regional Regulation regarding Persons with The Urgency of Formulating A A A Disabilities, individuals with disabilities still encounter difficulties in securing Negative stigma in the workplace, along with the perception that they have limitations in making productive contributions, poses significant obstacles for them in obtaining equal job opportunities (Abdussamad et al.
, 2.
Persons with disabilities in Boalemo Regency face various challenges that are not only focused on discrimination in the workplace but also include difficulties in accessing educational services and public facilities.
The lack of public understanding regarding the rights of persons with disabilities exacerbates this situation (Abdussamad et al.
, 2.
To address these issues, the Government has enacted Law No.
8 Year 2016 on Persons with Disabilities as a replacement for Law No.
4 Year 1997.
Although the regulation has provided protection for the rights of persons with disabilities, its implementation still encounters various obstacles such as the ambiguity of the term "accessibility" in the legislation.
The phrase "accessibility" is a central legal issue in this research because it has not been defined in detail, leading to broad interpretations which can create inconsistencies in its field application and impede the fulfillment of the rights of persons with disabilities.
Additionally, the weak enforcement of the law and inadequate sanctions further hinder the effectiveness of the legislation (Paikah.
Consequently, the rights of persons with disabilities have not been fully realized, and cases of discrimination against them continue to occur frequently across various Research based on these problems is needed further to examine the meaning of AuaccessibilityAy in Law No.
8 Year 2016 because the unclear meaning of AuaccessibilityAy can have an impact on public facilities and infrastructure that are not disability-friendly and the service programs implemented tend to be symbolic.
In this accessibility policy, not all implementers comprehend the purpose of accessibility that can be seen from the Disable: Law Review.
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This research also examines how cultural factors can influence public acceptance of individuals with disabilities and presents legal practices in other countries as a comparison that serves as a basis for policy renewal.
Based on this explanation, the main question in this study is, why does the ambiguity of the meaning of accessibility in Law No.
8 Year 2016 hinder the implementation of the rights of persons with disabilities in Indonesia? This article presents the current situation by comparing several previous studies that discuss legal protection for individuals with disabilities in Indonesia.
A study conducted by I Made Subawa and Ida Bagus Winata Kesuma from the Faculty of Law at Udayana University indicates that Bali has not fully implemented regulations concerning disabilities, particularly regarding job opportunities for individuals with disabilities in Denpasar City (Bagus & Kesuma, 2.
Simultaneously, a study by Gladiola Invita Danona Pareira and I Gusti Agung Ayu Dike Widhiyaastuti discusses efforts to provide sign language interpreters in Bali as a measure to reduce discrimination and crimes against individuals with disabilities (Invita et al.
, 2.
the other hand, research conducted by Zamroni Abdussamad and colleagues from the Faculty of Law at Gorontalo State University highlighted a cultural studies approach in the legal protection for persons with disabilities in Boalemo District, outlining the challenges faced by disabled individuals in their daily lives that require special attention (Abdussamad et al.
, 2.
Persons with disabilities in Indonesia generally have not had their rights fulfilled optimally, with the main challenges being discrimination and low accessibility services (Abdussamad et al.
, 2.
Accessibility is a crucial element as it supports the daily lives of persons with disabilities.
However, the ambiguity of the definition of The Urgency of Formulating A A A 'accessibility' in Law No.
8 Year 2016 negatively impacts the fulfillment of their rights (Bagus & Kesuma, 2.
This journal provides a more specific and practical contribution to enhancing the understanding of legal protection for persons with disabilities in Indonesia, both from a normative perspective and by emphasizing the concept of 'accessibility' in law and its application in everyday life, which has been overlooked in other studies.
The aim of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of legal protection for persons with disabilities in Indonesia based on Law No.
8 Year 2016, as well as to examine how cultural factors influence societal acceptance and treatment of persons with disabilities.
This research also aims to identify concrete strategies that can be implemented by the government and other stakeholders to improve accessibility and reduce the level of discrimination against disability groups.
This research employs a normative legal method, using a legislative approach and a comparative approach.
The legal issue of this study pertains to the vague norm concerning the unclear phrase 'Accessibility' in Law No.
8 Year 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities, aimed at protecting and ensuring the rights of individuals with disabilities.
The normative research method is chosen because its primary focus is on analyzing statutory regulations to theoretically address legal issues, thereby providing a basis for argumentation regarding the issue being discussed based on valid legal sources.
The comparative approach is also used in this research to find out the legal system of other countries that protect and guarantee the rights of people with disabilities, in this case the comparison used is the regulation from Argentina.
This research uses two legal materials, namely primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations and secondary legal materials in the form of scientific works such as journals and articles that can help in analyzing issues regarding disability (Priscyllia.
Disable: Law Review.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Disability is defined from various perspectives as a condition experienced by an Before the term 'disability' was used to describe someone with special needs, the term 'handicap' was employed.
However, with the growing public awareness and understanding, disability is interpreted as a condition experienced by an individual.
public awareness and understanding of equality in human rights increased, the term 'handicap' was deemed inappropriate to refer to individuals with special needs, and the term 'people with disabilities' has replaced it.
When the term 'persons with disabilities' was formed, the term 'people with disabilities' was modified and corrected as it was considered less respectful and pleasant (Arianto & Apsari, 2.
Persons with disabilities in Indonesia continue to face various challenges in fully realizing their rights, particularly concerning accessibility, discrimination, and social stigma.
Although Law No.
4 Year 1997 was replaced by the government with Law No.
8 Year 2016 on Persons with Disabilities, the assessment of its effectiveness remains ongoing.
This is evidenced by the fact that the rights of persons with disabilities, such as transportation accessibility, education, and employment opportunities, are still not adequately fulfilled.
The ambiguity of the term 'accessibility' in the legislation is one of the main issues raised in this research.
This lack of clarity has led to various interpretations and directly impacts the accompanying national and local policies.
Accessibility should encompass more than just physical ease.
It should also include equal rights to education, career, communication, and mobility.
The Urgency of Formulating A A A Accessibility refers to the facilities provided to individuals with physical, cognitive, or sensory limitations to access and utilize various services, facilities, technologies, and information.
According to Law No.
8 Year 2016, accessibility is the ease provided for persons with disabilities to realize equal opportunities.
The goal of accessibility is to ensure equality for persons with disabilities in accessing various Efforts to enhance accessibility must be pursued, as this is regulated by both national and international policies that respect the rights of individuals with disabilities (Maspaitella et al.
, 2.
Accessibility in Indonesia is very concerning.
health, employment facilities, and public amenities on roads and public transportation need more attention from both the central and regional governments.
This is in stark contrast to the accessibility in Argentina, where accessibility is meticulously considered and a separate regulation has been established to enhance accessibility for persons with In Argentina, accessibility is regulated under Law Number 24.
314, which embodies the government's responsibility towards its citizens who require special protection and attention.
Accessibility in the principles of legal norms encompasses fundamental principles that guarantee the rights of individuals to participate fully and equally in These principles are not always explicitly written in the law, yet they embody the spirit or essence that permeates various regulations and legal decisions.
It can be said that legal principles are the 'higher and more abstract rules of the game' that guide the formation, interpretation, and application of law (Riyadi, 2.
These principles include equality, non-discrimination, full participation, equality of opportunity, and accessibility itself.
The principles of law serve as the philosophical foundation or fundamental values that embody the spirit of the legal system and regulatory In the context of accessibility, there are several fundamental principles:
Disable: Law Review.
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This principle emphasizes the importance of removing barriers and creating an inclusive environment for all individuals to fully participate in social, economic, and political life.
Accessibility is viewed as a fundamental human right inherent to every individual without exception.
This principle is reflected in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) which Indonesia ratified through Law No.
19 Year 2011.
Article 9 of the CRPD emphasizes that states must take appropriate measures to ensure that persons with disabilities have access to the physical environment, transportation, information, communication, and other facilities, whether in urban or rural areas.
Accessibility is not merely a technical it is an embodiment of the principle of equality in modern law, manifesting the belief that every individual, regardless of their physical condition, has an inherent right to fully participate in society.
Physical and social barriers that impede accessibility are considered forms of discrimination that strip away dignity and opportunity.
This principle views accessibility not as a form of assistance or charity, but as a prerequisite for independence and social It aligns with the social model of disability, which asserts that disability does not reside within the individual but rather in environmental barriers and societal attitudes.
Principle of Non-Discrimination The principle of non-discrimination is a fundamental principle that guarantees that everyone is treated equally and should not be distinguished based on The Urgency of Formulating A A A specific criteria such as race, religion, gender, origin, or other statuses.
This principle aims to ensure that all individuals have equal rights and opportunities in various aspects of life, such as education, employment, public services, and others, without any detrimental or discriminatory treatment.
This principle emphasizes that physical differences should not be a basis for unfair treatment or exclusion.
Discrimination in accessibility is often structural and institutional, rather than merely individual.
Therefore, this principle demands the provision of reasonable accommodation as an integral part of non-discrimination obligations, ensuring that environments and services are tailored to meet the diverse needs of individuals.
Without reasonable accommodation, the principle of non-discrimination will remain an empty concept for many persons with This principle calls for fair and equitable treatment for all individuals, including vulnerable groups such as persons with disabilities.
Indonesian law, this principle is stated in Law No.
8 Year 2016 on Persons with Disabilities (Article 5 paragraphs .
), which affirms that persons with disabilities have the right to equal treatment and freedom from discrimination in various aspects of life.
Principle of Participation This principle encourages the active involvement of the community, particularly persons with disabilities, in the process of formulating policies and legislation that affect their lives.
This principle is guaranteed in Article 4 paragraph .
of Law No.
12 Year 2011 concerning the Formation of Legislation and is also reflected in the approach of 'Nothing About Us Without Us' in global disability policies (Quinn et al.
, 2.
This principle is the heart of the "Nothing About Us Without Us" movement.
It acknowledges that people with disabilities are Disable: Law Review.
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Their involvement in policy formulation not only ensures relevance but also legitimizes and sustains accessibility policies.
This principle also supports the concept of universal design, where products and environments are designed to be usable by everyone, as much as possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.
Accessibility in the context of legal norms needs to be regulated in its own set of rules that includes commands, prohibitions, and obligations that must be fulfilled in accessibility for persons with disabilities.
Legal norms in the formulation of laws regarding accessibility for persons with disabilities need to be linked because they carry sanctions if violated (Taufik, 2.
Standardization in meeting accessibility requirements must be regulated in the law.
failure to meet these standards may result in sanctions in the form of fines, both administrative and punitive.
The following can be outlined in legal norms regarding accessibility:
Obligations of Public Facility Providers This norm transforms the principle of accessibility from an abstract concept into a legal obligation that can be enforced.
It encourages a proactive approach from facility providers to ensure inclusivity, rather than a reactive stance after discrimination has occurred.
This norm often requires minimum standards that must be met, covering various dimensions of accessibility .
hysical, information, communication, technolog.
The challenge lies in how to formulate this norm to be flexible enough to accommodate different types of facilities, yet specific enough to be enforceable.
The norms in Law No.
8 Year 2016 and Law on Human Rights No.
39 Year 1999 mandate the provision of The Urgency of Formulating A A A accessible infrastructure.
Although concrete, there still exists a gap in physical and non-physical implementation.
Rights of Persons with Disabilities This is the other side of the obligation coin.
If there is an obligation to provide accessibility, then there is a right for persons with disabilities to demand it.
This norm empowers persons with disabilities as legitimate rights holders.
This right encompasses various aspects of life, from physical access to buildings, inclusive education, equal employment opportunities, and access to comprehensible information and communication.
Emphasizing this right is important to shift the paradigm from 'assistance' to 'a right that can be claimed.
' The CRPD and Law No.
8 Year 2016 clarify the right to access education, employment, transportation, and public services.
A study by Eko Riyadi .
noted the continued low fulfillment of these rights in higher education institutions in Yogyakarta.
Public Participation Procedures This norm is crucial to ensure participatory democracy in the law-making It is not only about listening to opinions but also about providing meaningful opportunities for the community to influence the final outcomes.
This may involve structured public consultations, the right to submit written feedback, and the obligation for the government to provide rational responses to such input.
Without this norm, the principle of participation can become empty rhetoric without clear implementation mechanisms.
The law mandates the right to be heard and considered in the formation of regulations, highlighting public participation in the formulation of the Job Creation Law, which is also relevant for individuals with disabilities (Hidayaturrahman, 2.
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this legal rule reflects normative provisions that can serve as a basis for legal actions and as a reference in policy formulation and its implementation in the These rules play a crucial role in ensuring the actual and measurable implementation of legal principles (Riyadi, 2.
The following are legal rules that can be added regarding accessibility:
Concrete regulations regarding the technical specifications of accessible The legal provisions in the field of accessibility include technical details that must be met by public facilities to be accessible to everyone, including persons with disabilities.
For instance, in the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No.
14 Year 2017 concerning the Requirements for Building Facility Accessibility, it specifies in detail the dimensions of ramps .
aximum slope of 1:.
, a minimum door width of 90 cm, braille signage in elevators and toilets, as well as the provision of guiding blocks and auditory or visual warning systems in public spaces.
These provisions provide legal certainty in the implementation of the concept of universal design.
Regulations regarding sanctions for violations of accessibility obligations The legal rule also imposes sanctions on parties that neglect or disregard the provision of accessibility.
For instance, in Law No.
8 Year 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities.
Article 118 states that anyone who obstructs or neglects the fulfillment of the rights of persons with disabilities, including the right to accessibility, may be subject to administrative or criminal sanctions.
This indicates that neglecting accessibility is not merely a technical oversight, but a legal violation with judicial implications (Shobiihah, 2.
The Urgency of Formulating A A A Regulations regarding the complaint mechanisms and law enforcement.
In addition to establishing obligations and sanctions, the rechtsregel also contains a complaint mechanism that can be used by the community, particularly vulnerable groups, to demand their rights.
For instance.
Article 145 of Law No.
8 Year 2016 states that persons with disabilities may submit complaints to the National Disability Commission, supervisory bodies, or the courts if their rights to accessibility are violated.
In practice, this mechanism enables active participation of citizens in promoting the enforcement of law and accountability of public or private institutions.
Accessibility is a vague norm characterized by the lack of clarity in the formulated regulations, thus requiring interpretation to avoid legal uncertainty (Rusnan.
In Law No.
8 Year 2016, the term "accessibility" is included but is not accompanied by an operational definition, measurement indicators, or implementation criteria that can serve as a reference for policy implementers at both local and national Consequently, this leads to inconsistencies in implementation and the potential for unnoticed discrimination, as such treatment contradicts the principle of legal certainty, which lacks elements of fairness and consistency in its implementation.
address the challenges associated with vague norms, interpretation is necessary.
in this case, the interpretation conducted is a teleological one that emphasizes the purpose for which the norm was created.
Teleologically, accessibility in the norms is established with the aim of realizing justice and equal opportunities for persons with disabilities.
therefore, all facilities and infrastructure must be oriented towards equality and the independence of persons with disabilities.
Accessibility for persons with disabilities is an essential element in realizing equal rights.
In Argentina, accessibility regulations are comprehensively governed by Disable: Law Review.
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314 Year 1994, which is an amendment of Law No.
This regulation not only affirms the obligation of the state to fulfill the rights of individuals with disabilities but also details the principles of physical and social accessibility as primary conditions for integration.
In this context, accessibility encompasses not only the physical ability to move but also guarantees the dignity, safety, and independence of persons with disabilities in their daily lives (Argentina_Law-No.
-24314-on-accesibilityfor-persons-with-limited-mobility id, 1.
Accessibility for persons with disabilities to physical environments is regulated under the Law, specifically in Article 20, which requires the government to eliminate physical barriers in urban spaces, including sidewalks, parks, and public buildings, and to redesign them to accommodate the needs of wheelchair users and other assistive Furthermore.
Articles 21 and 22 explicitly address the design of buildings and transportation facilities that must be inclusive, with administrative penalties for noncompliance.
Moreover, the Argentine government also issued Decree 656/2019, which mandates compliance with WCAG 2.
0 digital accessibility standards in the public sector and public services, with direct oversight by ONTI.
(Argentina_Law-No.
-24314on-accesibility-for-persons-with-limited-mobility id, 1.
Persons with disabilities in Argentina are highly considered by the government, in Article 21 of Law No.
24,314 regulates buildings that are accessible to people with disabilities both public and privately owned buildings.
Building standardization is a form of government commitment in ensuring the comfort of people with limited In contrast, although Indonesia has Law No.
8 Year 2016 on Persons with Disabilities which replaces Law No.
4 Year 1997, the regulation has not explicitly and technically regulated accessibility aspects, many provisions are general in nature and are not equipped with implementation guidelines or implementation deadlines.
This has The Urgency of Formulating A A A led to low implementation in the field, where public facilities such as public toilets, ramps, lifts, special lanes for the disabled, and transportation services are only provided as a formality without sustainability.
Research by (Anggraeni & Sandra, 2.
confirms that the absence of operational policies at the regional level is a major obstacle in the fulfillment of disability rights, especially in the field of public accessibility.
Accessibility in the context of legal harmonization, the differences between Argentina and Indonesia reveal gaps that need to be bridged.
Harmonization does not mean copying the legal systems of other countries, but rather adapting the effective principles of those legal systems into the national framework.
The inclusive development in Indonesia, which is not yet equitable, is attributed to the lack of technical standards and the low synergy between the central and regional governments in providing adequate facilities for persons with disabilities.
This disparity becomes even more pronounced when viewed from a comparative law perspective.
According to this approach, the analysis not only compares the normative content of a regulation but also its effectiveness and implementation in society.
In this context.
Argentina exhibits a more concrete and implementable approach compared to Indonesia.
A study by (Syuib, 2.
indicates that Indonesia still faces significant challenges in terms of law enforcement and the realization of disability policies, even in comparison to other developing countries.
Accessibility for persons with disabilities in Law Number 24.
314 not only regulates facilities and infrastructure but also sets a clear deadline for implementation to ensure the effectiveness of the application.
To implement Articles 20 and 21 in building a disability-friendly city, a period of three years has been allocated, and the development must adhere to the standards established by the law.
In addition, the adaptation of transportation that is friendly to disabilities is also granted a grace period.
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Accessibility in Argentina is mandated by the government to conform to established standards, indicating the country's seriousness in ensuring accessibility for persons with disabilities, which is not merely a formality but a genuine action in the process of building a disability-friendly nation (Argentina_Law-No.
24314-on-accesibility-for-persons-with-limited-mobility Therefore.
Indonesia needs to learn from Argentina in terms of drafting detailed accessibility regulations, implementing strong oversight, and establishing clear sanctions for The Indonesian government should promptly develop more technical derivative regulations and measurable implementation timelines from Law No.
8 Year 2016 so that the principles of accessibility can be truly applied in practice, not merely in a normative sense.
Moreover, collaboration between the state and society in maintaining public facilities must also be enhanced to create a culture of inclusion that is not only legally based but also rooted in collective awareness.
Persons with disabilities in Indonesia need to be given attention.
the government should design public service access that is disability-friendly.
Improving access to public services for persons with disabilities can enhance their independence.
Facilities such as public toilets, ramps, lifts, accessible pathways, and transportation services are often provided merely as a formality, rather than as an inclusive responsibility.
Some facilities even fail to function as intended due to lack of maintenance and oversight.
This indicates a still low level of understanding and awareness among various parties regarding the importance of comprehensive and meaningful accessibility (Salsabila & Cipta Apsari, 2.
In building a safe and friendly nation for persons with disabilities, there needs to be good cooperation between the community and the government.
addition to the government formulating policies and providing infrastructure for The Urgency of Formulating A A A accessibility for individuals with disabilities, society must also participate in supervising and jointly maintaining public facilities provided for this group.
With this cooperation, the community can become aware of the shared rights and obligations, thus eliminating discrimination against individuals with disabilities.
Societal stigmas need to be changed in how they perceive vulnerable groups with disabilities, as discrimination arises from societal perspectives that view the disabilities of these individuals negatively (Amnesty, 2.
In realizing the rights of persons with disabilities.
Indonesia is one of the countries that has not yet succeeded in addressing these issues.
Although addressed in the policies issued by the government, it is evident that, to this day, inappropriate incidents against individuals with disabilities still occur The issuance of Law No.
8 Year 2016 by the government has made a calm for groups of people with disabilities, with the existence of this law, equal rights and obligations and empowerment of disabilities can be implemented, but in this case policies regarding accessibility are not strictly regulated so that inclusive policies are needed regarding accessibility rules for disabilities (Christina et al.
, 2.
Persons with disabilities require special categorization, and such categorization has socio-legal consequences that pertain to issues of rights and status within the social Everyone is entitled to humane treatment, including persons with disabilities who need a healthy environment and should not have to live in conditions where they face excessive discrimination.
In Indonesia, accessibility remains limited, and the lack of full government attention towards individuals with disabilities creates an unfriendly environment for them.
In this regard, the government has yet to develop detailed policies that regulate accessibility rights for persons with disabilities.
One form of fulfilling the rights of persons with disabilities is through the provision of adequate accessibility to support them in living independently, integrating into society, and fully Disable: Law Review.
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, 2.
Government accessibility services for persons with disabilities are needed, which include:
Physical accessibility that facilitates access to the physical environment such as buildings and vehicles.
In this case, the government should regulate and fulfill the accessibility rights of people with disabilities, such as designing pedestrian routes for wheelchair users, stairways and ramps that are designed vertically and horizontally, parks or open spaces that have adequate facilities to ease mobility.
Transportation accessibility refers to access that facilitates individuals with disabilities in enjoying transportation services, such as providing special transportation and parking for people with disabilities.
Accessibility of Education that provides disability-friendly learning media, in addition to special learning places, the government also offers disabilityfriendly education in public schools to prevent discrimination.
The enactment of a law concerning accessibility specifically containing regulations for standardizing every disability requirement, such as a chapter on accessibility for the visually impaired that includes standards for the visually impaired, for instance, the availability of special aids in public services, providing information boards that use braille to facilitate reading, and other aids that can assist individuals with disabilities in their activities.
CONCLUSION
The ambiguity of the term "accessibility" in Law No.
8 Year 2016 leads to varying interpretations at the implementation level.
This hinders the provision of truly inclusive facilities, as there are no clear technical standards, implementation indicators, or sanctions for violations.
As a result, the rights of persons with disabilities are not optimally fulfilled, and public facilities often remain merely symbolic.
This vague legal The Urgency of Formulating A A A norm also undermines legal certainty and the enforcement of disability rights, with this uncertainty impacting the differences in understanding and policy implementation across various regions.
The ambiguity of the meaning of accessibility also results in suboptimal law enforcement, making it difficult to uphold rights recognized by law due to the absence of implementation measures.
This indicates that fundamental principles such as non-discrimination, equality, and social inclusion have not yet been fully translated into binding operational norms and technical regulations.
This research offers applicable suggestions, namely that the government needs to formulate detailed policies and regulations concerning accessibility for persons with disabilities, including access to education, employment, and the provision of adequate facilities in public places as well as inclusive transportation services.
With the implementation of this recommendation, it is hoped that the fulfillment of the rights of persons with disabilities in Indonesia can significantly improve, enabling them to fully participate in various aspects of life and contribute to national development.
Furthermore, it is essential to continuously conduct research and evaluation of the policies that have been implemented, utilizing a multidisciplinary approach and involving various stakeholders, to create a friendly, inclusive environment that is free from discrimination.
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REFERENCE