p-ISSN: 2477-4081 e-ISSN: 2502-5503 Vol.
5 |No 1 | 2019
Strengthening War Victim Protection in Modern Conflicts Harwita Sari Drajat* University of Jayabaya
ARTICLE INFO
Keywords:
Geneva Conventions 1949.
International Humanitarian Law.
International Criminal Court (ICC).
Modern Conflicts.
War Victim Protection.
ABSTRACT
War victim protection is a critical aspect of international humanitarian law, as highlighted by the 1949 Geneva Conventions.
This article explores the implementation of the 1949 Geneva Convention on the Protection of War Victims in modern conflicts, addressing both the challenges and prospects for the future.
It delves into the legal safeguards provided by the Geneva Conventions and their relevance in contemporary Additionally, it examines the intricate relationship between international and national laws in the context of war victim protection.
Furthermore, the article emphasizes the role of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in enforcing these conventions and ensuring accountability for violations.
conclusion, it underscores the importance of strengthening war victim safeguards in modern conflicts and offers recommendations for enhancing the implementation of the 1949 Geneva Conventions.
drajatharwita@gmail.
Perlindungan korban perang adalah aspek penting dalam hukum humaniter internasional, sebagaimana yang diungkapkan dalam Konvensi Jenewa 1949.
Artikel ini menggali implementasi Konvensi Jenewa 1949 tentang Perlindungan Korban Perang dalam konflik modern, mengatasi tantangan dan prospek di masa depan.
Ini menjelajahi perlindungan hukum yang disediakan oleh Konvensi Jenewa dan relevansinya dalam perang saat ini.
Selain itu, artikel ini memeriksa hubungan yang rumit antara hukum internasional dan nasional dalam konteks perlindungan korban perang.
Selanjutnya, artikel ini menekankan peran Mahkamah Pidana Internasional (ICC) dalam menegakkan konvensi ini dan memastikan Sebagai kesimpulan, artikel ini menyoroti pentingnya memperkuat perlindungan korban perang dalam konflik modern dan menawarkan rekomendasi untuk meningkatkan implementasi Konvensi Jenewa 1949.
The Southeast Asia Law Journal Volume 5 Nomor 1 Juli - Desember 2019 p-ISSN: 2477-4081 e-ISSN: 2502-5503 1Ae12 A2019 SALJ.
All rights reserved.
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The Southeast Asia Law Journal Volume 5 No.
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INTRODUCTION
Geneva detailed definition is provided in the 1977 humanitarian consequences.
During World War I Convention (Boro, 2014.
Danial, 2.
A more Throughout history, warfare has wrought dreadful .
Additional Protocol II, encompassing situations where conflicting parties operate within a single personnel, civilians, and allies alike.
Similarly, country's territory.
World War II, spanning from September 1, 1939, to August 14, 1945, proved even deadlier (Whitt, 2.
Furthermore.
Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva War has always been a specter in human history.
Convention specifically applies to non-international yielding incalculable destruction.
Human proclivity armed conflicts.
Protocol II of 1977 offers more for conflict manifests in various forms, ranging detailed criteria to classify an armed conflict as non- international, which involves aspects such as the disputes (Wardoyo, 2015.
Asnawi, 2017.
Jabri, 1.
conflict occurring within a state's territory, the However, war doesn't merely result in loss of life.
responsible command, and control over part of the brings forth various violations, including breaches state's territory.
of the rules of warfare and human rights abuses, which harm both frontline combatants and non- The definition of non-international armed conflict combatant civilians (Bouckaert, 2007.
Schmid, 2011.
proposed by the International Committee of the Red Lin.
Abney, & Bekey, 2.
To address these Cross (ICRC) and Hans-Peter Gasser describes humanitarian impacts, international law has sought armed confrontations within a country between the to regulate armed conflicts through international government and insurgent groups (Gasser, 1994.
Paulus, & Vashakmadze, 2009.
Abiodun, & Abila, individuals, particularly during wartime (Asnawi.
These groups can go by various names, such Dewi, 2013.
Sholehudin, 2015.
Aslamiyah, as rebels, insurgents, or freedom fighters, and their Hardiwinoto, & Setiyono, 2.
objectives may vary from seizing control of the government to seeking greater autonomy or even A pivotal step in this endeavor is the 1949 Geneva secession and the formation of their own state.
Convention, an integral part of the international humanitarian legal framework governing the A key distinction between international and non- protection of war victims (Pictet, 2.
This international armed conflicts lies in the legal status Convention aims to set the standard guidelines for of the parties involved.
In international armed the treatment of war victims, whether actively conflicts, both parties enjoy equal legal status as engaged in combat or not (Meron, 1987.
Yingling, & In contrast, in non-international armed Ginnane, 1952.
Gasser, 2.
Within international conflicts, the legal status of the two parties is not on law, the Geneva Convention and the 1977 an equal footing.
one party is a state, while the other Additional Protocols govern two forms of armed is a non-state armed group.
conflicts: international and non-international.
In the annals of war history, military casualties have International armed conflicts occur when two or often been viewed as an inevitable consequence, more states engage in hostilities, whether declared whereas civilian casualties have consistently been or unrecognized by one party.
These conflicts are seen as a tragic outcome to be avoided.
The regulated by Article 2 of the 1949 Geneva principles of protection in the 1949 Geneva Convention (Kusumo, & Tejomurti, 2.
Convention contrast, non-international armed conflicts lack a populations and individuals not taking part in the -2- Drajat.
/Strengthening War Victim Protection in Modern Conflicts conflict must receive full protection.
However, the By upholding these principles and continually reality on the ground often differs, especially in exploring how the 1949 Geneva Convention modern conflicts like the war between Russia and impacts the treatment of war victims in both Ukraine, where civilian lives continue to be at risk.
international and non-international armed conflicts The persistence of these human rights violations in the contemporary era, a deeper understanding of these distinctions and principles becomes essential implementing the 1949 Geneva Convention.
One in comprehending the challenges and prospects for the future implementation of the 1949 Geneva Convention.
Exploring how these principles are protection of war victims is the principle of applied and respected in modern conflicts will aid This principle classifies individuals in in formulating more effective solutions to protect armed conflicts into two main groups: combatants and non-combatants.
Combatants are organized, humanitarian consequences.
By examining ongoing armed members of the military, while non- violations, we can find ways to improve the combatants encompass healthcare personnel, clergy implementation of the 1949 Geneva Convention.
in the armed forces, and civilian populations.
The Thus, we can envision a future where armed principle of distinction is crucial to ensure clear conflicts no longer result in significant human loss identification of those engaged in combat and to and humanitarian suffering.
protect civilians from attacks.
However, the application of this principle can vary under This research aims to explore the role and different international agreements.
challenges of the 1949 Geneva Convention in the context of modern conflicts.
Furthermore, we will Nevertheless, alongside the principle of distinction, delve deeper into how these principles can be other principles must be considered in the context effectively applied in various conflict situations, of armed conflict.
One of these is the principle of with the hope that improved implementation can military necessity, which justifies the use of force to have a positive impact on protecting war victims in achieve military objectives.
This principle must be the future.
Through a better understanding of constrained by the principles of limitation and The international humanitarian law and the role of the 1949 Geneva Convention, we can guide the world prohibits the use of weapons that may cause towards a safer and more humane future in excessive damage or unnecessary suffering, while addressing the challenges of modern conflicts.
the principle of proportionality mandates that harm to civilians or civilian objects must be proportionate RESEARCH METHODOLOGY to the expected military advantage.
In the quest to comprehend the implementation of Furthermore, the principle of humanity is a crucial the 1949 Geneva Convention in the context of foundation in addressing armed conflicts.
This modern conflicts, this research employs a robust methodological approach.
Legal research, as the humanitarian aspects and avoid the use of violence initial step in grasping this issue, constitutes a series that could result in excessive harm or unnecessary of systematically and structured scientific activities.
In the context of protecting war victims in According to Soekanto .
, legal research is a modern conflicts, adherence to these principles is scientific endeavor grounded in specific methods, key to addressing the existing challenges and systematics, and thought processes, with the aim of outlining future prospects for the implementation of the 1949 Geneva Convention.
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The Southeast Asia Law Journal Volume 5 No.
1 Juli 2019 investigating particular legal phenomena.
In this political parties with a specific purpose .
uch as context, the research focuses on international law.
selecting candidates for legislative elections, etc.
The sources of data utilized encompass a spectrum The Geneva Conventions consist of four main of aspects, ranging from primary legal materials to treaties and three additional protocols that establish secondary and tertiary legal sources.
The primary international legal standards for humanitarian legal material at the core of the analysis of the protection during armed conflicts.
The Geneva implementation of war victim protection is the 1949 Conventions apply during times of war and armed Geneva Convention.
Additionally, secondary legal conflicts to countries that have ratified them, materials such as literature, legal journals, expert although this sometimes creates tension with the opinions, and relevant legal articles serve as vital national sovereignty of these countries.
The history of the Geneva Conventions dates back to 1862 when Henry Dunant published his The data analysis process in this research is monumental work, "A Memory of Solferino," conducted qualitatively, allowing the author to documenting the horrors of war.
His firsthand articulate and elucidate research findings with experiences as a war witness inspired his ideas on Data obtained from the aforementioned the importance of:
sources are scrutinized meticulously and with great .
Forming a Humanitarian Aid Association:
Furthermore, data interpretation is employed Dunant proposed the establishment of a to derive robust conclusions from this research.
With provide assistance during wars, eventually implementation of the 1949 Geneva Convention, giving rise to the Red Cross.
Recognizing recommendations for addressing challenges and Neutrality Inter- Governmental Aid: He also advocated for the safeguarding war victims.
Thus, this research formation of inter-governmental agreements constitutes a vital initial step in addressing complex that would recognize the neutrality of such organizations and grant them permission to humanitarian protection within the context of provide aid in conflict zones.
This second modern conflicts.
proposal led to the First Geneva Convention.
Due to his crucial role in this.
Henry Dunant
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
became one of the first recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901.
The 1949 Geneva Conventions Subsequently.
In the diplomatic context, the term "convention" Bahasa Indonesia articles of the First Geneva Convention.
This (Jacobs, 1.
Gardiner, 2.
According to the Besar August pioneering countries boldly adopted the first ten refers to an international agreement or treaty Kamus marked the initial step in international awareness of (Indonesian the need for humanitarian protection during armed Dictionary, 2.
, it defines "konvensi" as .
an In this regard.
Clara Barton played a agreement or consensus.
an international significant role in mobilizing the United States to agreement between countries, ruling authorities, ratify the convention in 1882.
The next steps were and the like.
a conference of public figures or the Second Geneva Convention in 1906, focusing on the protection of wounded, sick, and shipwrecked -4- Drajat.
/Strengthening War Victim Protection in Modern Conflicts members of the armed forces, and the Third Geneva Since its founding in 1863, the International Convention in 1929, which regulated the treatment Committee has been a key agent in implementing of prisoners of war.
the Geneva Conventions for the Protection of Wounded However, changes in the landscape of armed Most these conventions are based on the respect for challenged the relevance of the existing 1949 Conventions.
humanitarian conventions.
The core principles of conflicts, especially during the Cold War era.
Geneva Combatants individual dignity.
These principles underscore the importance of providing assistance selflessly and internal or civil wars, and there was a surge in without discrimination to all individuals in distress, asymmetric armed conflicts.
Public concern about be they wounded, prisoners of war, or shipwrecked.
war crimes exposed at the Nuremberg Trials after Therefore, there is no reason to view them as World War II triggered a series of conferences in Nevertheless, over time, international law has The result was the refinement, expansion, and gradually expanded its coverage to protect various modernization of the three existing Geneva types of war victims in response to evolving warfare Conventions, along with the adoption of the The Red Cross has also increased the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of level of assistance provided to them, from those Civilian Persons in Time of War, a highly detailed wounded on the battlefield to civilians threatened Nevertheless, it is essential to remember that by the impacts of war.
However, the reality is that over time, it became evident that these treaties the law often lags behind the developments in the remained incomplete in addressing the changing real world.
It takes time for the law to adapt to the dynamics of armed conflict.
Many modern armed realities of life and human needs.
Therefore, the task conflicts inflicted ever-increasing civilian casualties.
of accelerating legal development is a noble one that This necessitated the revision of the Hague requires foresight and wise thinking.
Since its Conventions of 1899 and 1907.
International Committee In response to these changes, two Protocols were adopted in 1977, significantly expanding the 1949 humanitarian conventions, adapting them to the Geneva Conventions with additional protective demands of the times, and formulating new In 2005, a third Protocol was adopted, designating the Red Crystal as an additional protection for millions of prisoners during the Committee of the Red Cross, founded in 1863 and challenging years of the 1939-1945 period and based in Geneva, plays a central role in monitoring Prisoners of War.
This convention provided of victims in armed conflicts.
The International 1929 Convention Relative to the Treatment of pillar of international law governing the protection establishment of new conventions, especially the The Geneva Conventions stand as a primary One of the Committee's major achievements was the protective emblem for medical services of armed However, the outbreak of war in 1945 created a complex task of amending international In times of peace, continuous efforts law based on the experiences gained during the are made to enhance humanitarian protection based The Geneva Conventions consist of four on international law for individuals suffering from treaties and three additional protocols that establish the effects of war.
international legal standards for humanitarian treatment during armed conflicts.
While the Geneva
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The Southeast Asia Law Journal Volume 5 No.
1 Juli 2019 Conventions provide significant protection for All of this translates into prohibitions against individuals and groups affected by armed conflicts, torture, the abuse of individual dignity, and it is important to understand that international law execution without trial, as enshrined in the Geneva often has to grapple with the tension between Conventions.
provide the right to care and protection for those sovereignty of the involved states.
medical treatment and transportation to a safe Geneva Conventions In an effort to provide broader protection, the The 1949 Geneva Conventions, a cornerstone of Geneva Conventions bind parties involved in comprehensive protection for various categories of war victims, who are wounded, including the right to receive Legal Protection of War Victims Under the 1949 Furthermore, including civilians, humanitarian law and ensure that their personnel medical personnel, volunteers, and clergy.
These conventions comprise four main treaties and three This themselves to upholding human rights and additional protocol amendments that serve as individual dignity in high-pressure and conflict- explanations and extensions of existing principles.
ridden situations.
To understand the depth of protection provided by the Geneva Conventions, it is crucial to delve into Furthermore, it is important to emphasize two key how these conventions safeguard war victims at a articles in the Fourth Geneva Convention, namely more specific level.
Article 3 and Article 4, which specifically focus on the protection of war victims.
Article 3 offers .
The First and Second Conventions, for instance, protection to civilians who are not directly involved focus on the protection of wounded soldiers and in armed conflict.
They must be treated humanely, without discrimination, and their beliefs, customs, treatment of them.
The Second Convention and religious practices must be respected.
Article 4, extends this protection by regulating it for Additionally, on the other hand, provides protection for Third combatants who are no longer actively engaged in Convention grants rights to prisoners of war combat due to injury or capture.
Fundamental and mandates humane treatment of them.
The Third Geneva Convention rights, such as protection from torture and medical treatment, are affirmed in this article.
delineates ten crucial protections for prisoners The importance of the Geneva Conventions lies in of war, such as the right to receive medical care their ability to present a comprehensive and and correspondence from their families, as well cohesive framework for protecting war victims.
as the freedom to practice religion.
The Fourth Convention Moreover, these conventions provide unparalleled protection, whether in international or non- international armed conflicts.
Other international civilians, including the right to care and humanitarian laws also offer protection for war protection for those who are wounded.
This is a victims in non-international armed conflicts, as key element in the Geneva Conventions' efforts to safeguard the most vulnerable groups in Conventions and Additional Protocol II to the 1977 armed conflicts.
Geneva Conventions.
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in Article 3 of 1949 Geneva Drajat.
/Strengthening War Victim Protection in Modern Conflicts It is essential to remember that the protection Signing can also influence the binding of a state offered by international humanitarian law in to an agreement, depending on the provisions international and non-international armed conflicts of the agreement and the consent of the has significant differences.
These include the scope involved states.
Therefore, states must follow of application, the level of detail, and the the applicable national legal procedures to bind responsibilities of parties involved.
However, one themselves to international agreements.
This thing remains consistent: the commitment to agreement has profound implications because it preserving human dignity in conflict situations, is only through these steps that states can be which is the core value in the effort to protect war bound by the agreement and obligated to comply with its provisions.
In this context, bridging the gap between international law and The Relationship Between International Law and national law is a complex necessity that requires National Law in the Context of War Victim careful management to achieve the common Protection goal of creating order and justice at both When examining the legal protection of war victims international and national levels.
under the 1949 Geneva Conventions, a crucial .
Legal Protection for War Victims: Implementing aspect that emerges is the relationship between the 1949 Geneva Conventions international law and national law.
In this realm, two main perspectives that have long been a subject It is important to highlight the forms of legal of debate are dualism and monism.
Dualism protection for war victims regulated by the 1949 considers international law and national law as two Geneva Conventions.
These conventions play a separate legal systems, while monism views them crucial role in governing the rights and as one unified universal legal system binding protection of various groups of war victims.
The individuals and non-state entities.
Despite being Fourth Geneva Convention, as an example, based on different premises, both international law provides protection for civilians and grants the and national law share a common goal, which is to right to care and protection for those who are establish order and justice.
When armed conflicts occur, civilians must be protected and are prohibited from .
The Process of Incorporating International Law being targeted, a principle that reflects the Provisions into National Law When commitment to the principles of the Geneva Conventions.
international law provisions into its national .
Protection for War Victims: Adhering to the law, several steps can be taken, including Principles of the Geneva Conventions ratification and accession.
Ratification is a state's act of expressing its consent to be bound by an The principles of the Geneva Conventions apply international agreement that has been jointly not only to civilians but also to combatants, agreed upon.
Conversely, accession occurs prisoners of war, hospitals, and medical when a country that was not previously personnel, children, women, the disabled, and involved in the making of an international others involved in armed conflicts.
Each of these agreement declares its intention to become a groups has specific provisions governing their party to that agreement.
These principles also affirm that all parties involved in armed conflicts must respect .
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1 Juli 2019 international humanitarian law and ensure that its role in ensuring the enforcement of the law as their personnel comply with its provisions.
mandated by the 1949 Geneva Conventions.
Enforcing Conventions:
Principles The Role Geneva National The establishment of the International Criminal Court has deep roots in the formation of previous International Law international criminal tribunals.
First, following World War II, the International Military Tribunal To enforce the principles of the Geneva (IMT), also known as the Nuremberg Tribunal, was Conventions, national and international law This formed in 1945, followed by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) in 1946.
harmonization and coordination between these Second, after the end of the Cold War, the two legal systems to ensure that the rights of International Criminal Tribunal for the former war victims are recognized and respected Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) emerged.
These four international law, as represented by the 1949 international criminal tribunals were ad hoc in Geneva Conventions, provides a universal The ICC assumes a crucial role with far- reaching implications:
concrete tools to implement these principles within each country's jurisdiction.
In this way, .
Establishment of the International Criminal the protection of war victims in modern Court (ICC) conflicts can be significantly enhanced, and the The ICC is the first permanent and independent common goal of creating order and justice at international criminal court.
Its primary goal is both the international and national levels can be to adjudicate serious violations of international The humanitarian law, such as crimes against Implementation Geneva humanity, war crimes, and genocide, which Conventions in the Context of the International contradict the values of the 1949 Geneva Criminal Court (ICC) Conventions.
In the realm of humanitarian law's protective .
Jurisdiction with Universality principles, it is crucial to underscore the pivotal role International Criminal Court A prominent feature of the ICC is its universal (ICC), jurisdiction, meaning that it can prosecute established on April 11, 2002, under the legal crimes committed anywhere in the world, framework of the Rome Statute.
This marks a provided these crimes are committed by individuals from states that have ratified the enforcement of international law, particularly in Rome Statute.
In this regard, the ICC plays a upholding the humanitarian values embedded in significant role in incorporating the protection humanitarian law.
The Rome Statute grants the ICC the authority to .
thnic/national Geneva .
Prevention of Crimes Against Humanity and concern, committed by individuals.
These crimes Conventions within a universal scope.
prosecute the most serious crimes of international Ending Impunity destructio.
, crimes against humanity, war crimes.
The significance of the ICC also lies in its role in and aggression.
These crimes provide the legal basis for the International Criminal Court to fulfill -8- Drajat.
/Strengthening War Victim Protection in Modern Conflicts .
By enforcing penalties for serious hospitals, children, women, the disabled, and violations of international humanitarian law, others in situations of armed conflict.
the ICC has a significant preventive impact.
This .
Supporting the Principles of the Geneva aligns with the goals of the Geneva Conventions Conventions to protect war victims and prevent violations Thus, the role of the ICC extends beyond against them.
Cooperation Member States protecting war victims within the framework of International Organizations Geneva The ICC also collaborates with member states Conventions.
This is a vital part of the global and other international organizations to ensure effort to respect and uphold the dignity of that crimes against humanity are not repeated individuals in situations of armed conflict.
in the future.
This includes efforts to strengthen .
Strengthening the Protection of War Victims protection for war victims, a primary focus of It is essential to remember that the ICC is the Geneva Conventions.
committed to preventing violations of the .
Protection for War Victims in the Context of the Geneva Geneva Conventions Conventions violators are tried fairly and independently.
The ICC plays a crucial role in ensuring that This reflects the urgent need to strengthen the violations of the 1949 Geneva Conventions are protection of war victims in the context of not only punished but also adjudicated fairly modern conflicts.
and independently.
This aligns with the .
Enhancing Alignment with the Principles of the principles of the Geneva Conventions aimed at Geneva Conventions protecting war victims, including civilians, combatants, medical personnel, volunteers, and Furthermore, the ICC collaborates with member strengthen alignment between international law .
Role in Protecting War Victims enforcement efforts and the principles of the The ICC does not only prosecute perpetrators of Geneva Conventions.
Thus, the ICC plays a crimes against humanity but also provides crucial role in creating a safer environment and assistance and protection to victims of these crimes, including war victims protected by the humanitarian law.
Geneva Conventions.
This underscores the .
Securing the Rights of War Victims in Modern ICC's commitment to ensuring that victims of Armed Conflicts crimes against humanity receive the protection Overall, the role of the ICC in securing the rights and justice they deserve.
of war victims in modern conflicts reflects a .
Contribution to the Implementation of the Principles of the Geneva Conventions principles of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Through its actions, the ICC contributes to the the underlying humanitarian values.
This implementation of the principles of the Geneva reinforces the international legal protection Conventions, system aimed at safeguarding the most vulnerable individuals in situations of armed -9- The Southeast Asia Law Journal Volume 5 No.
1 Juli 2019 Geneva Conventions.
Its mandate to prosecute individuals responsible for grave breaches of CONCLUSION international humanitarian law extends the reach of In conclusion, the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the these principles globally.
The ICC's universal International Criminal Court instruments for protecting war victims in today's significantly to enforcing the Conventions on a complex conflicts.
While significant progress has global scale.
The ICC's role extends beyond been made, continued efforts are essential to it also encompasses the protection of war victims.
By prosecuting perpetrators and implementation of these instruments.
By fostering supporting victims, the ICC plays a pivotal role in cooperation, raising awareness, and ensuring preventing impunity and strengthening the legal accountability, the international community can protection of individuals affected by armed neutrality, and impartiality enshrined in the RECOMMENDATIONS Conventions, ultimately providing a brighter future for war victims.
The exploration of the 1949 Geneva To enhance the effectiveness of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and their application in modern Conventions and address the challenges they face in conflicts, along with the critical role played by the modern conflicts, several recommendations can be International Criminal Court (ICC), reveals several These include:
Prioritizing implementation of the Geneva Conventions and The Geneva Conventions, created to protect war their Additional Protocols by states, promoting victims, maintain their relevance and importance in harmony between international and national These Conventions offer a comprehensive framework for .
Launching safeguarding the rights and dignity of individuals combatants, medical personnel, and others.
Their .
Continuing to support the ICC in its mission to dignity during times of conflict.
prosecute individuals responsible for the most The relationship between international law, as serious international crimes, ensuring adequate embodied in the Geneva Conventions, and national funding, state cooperation, and the removal of legal systems remains a central concern.
The ongoing debate between dualism and monism among various stakeholders.
of the international community to uphold human understanding of the Conventions' provisions enduring significance underscores the commitment awareness campaigns at both national and affected by armed conflicts, including civilians.
Court's international and national legal frameworks.
Strengthening efforts to protect war victims by Striking this balance is vital to ensuring the effective providing psychological, medical, and legal implementation of the Conventions' principles.
The International Criminal Court (ICC) emerges as comprehensive support.
a key player in upholding the principles of the -10- Drajat.
/Strengthening War Victim Protection in Modern Conflicts .
Enhancing cooperation between the ICC, states.
Boro.
Jajak Pendapat Timor Timur and international organizations to create a more Dalam seamless system for enforcing international Masyarakat Sipil Pasca Konvensi Jenewa humanitarian law.
Masalah-Masalah Hukum, 43.
, 380-388.
Periodically Perlindungan Hukum Bouckaert.
Why they died: Civilian casualties international and national legal frameworks to in Lebanon during the 2006 war (Vol.
No.
Human Rights Watch.
Perspektif conflicts and protect vulnerable groups.
Danial.
Revitalisasi Prinsip Pembedaan .
Establishing clear mechanisms at the state level (Distinction Principl.
Upaya for holding individuals and entities accountable Perlindungan Korban Konflik dalam Konflik for violations of international humanitarian Bersenjata law, complementing the ICC's work and Hukum, 23.
, 200-208.
promoting a culture of accountability and Modern.
Jurnal Media Dewi.
Penegakan dan Implementasi respect for the Geneva Conventions.
Hukum Humaniter Hukum Internasional dan Hukum Nasional.
Basic
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