Biofarmasetikal Tropis (The Tropical Journal of Biopharmaceutica.
2025, 8.
, 39-43 e-ISSN 2685-3167 p-ISSN 2828-6685 Inhibitory Activity Test of Sea Grape (Caulerpa racemos.
Against Salmonella typhi Bacteria Indri J.
Kereh1.
Yessie K.
Lengkey1*.
Sonny D.
Untu1.
Margaretha S.
Ginting1.
Ferdy A.
Karauwan1.
Selvana S.
Tulandi1.
Adolfina Sumangando1 Department of Biology.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
Christian University of Indonesia in Tomohon *Corresponding author.
yessiekellylengkey@gmail.
Accepted: 15 Januari 2025 .
Approved: 10 April 2025
ABSTRAK
Salmonella typhi merupakan bakteri penyebab utama penyakit tifoid yang masih menjadi masalah kesehatan serius di negara berkembang, termasuk Indonesia.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji Uji Aktivitas Daya Hambat Anggur Laut Caulerpa racemosa Terhadap Bakteri Salmonella thypi.
Ekstrak diperoleh melalui metode maserasi dan diuji menggunakan metode difusi agar dengan kertas cakram pada berbagai konsentrasi .
, 200, 300, dan 400 AAg/dis.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak C.
racemosa mampu menghambat pertumbuhan S.
typhi dengan rata-rata diameter zona hambat sebesar 25 mm .
AA.
, 27,3 mm .
AA.
, 28,8 mm .
AA.
, dan 29,5 mm .
AA.
Kontrol negatif .
tidak menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri.
Berdasarkan klasifikasi, seluruh konsentrasi ekstrak menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri yang sangat kuat.
Semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak, semakin besar daya hambat yang dihasilkan.
Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa C.
berpotensi sebagai sumber antibakteri alami terhadap S.
typhi dan dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut dalam pengobatan alternatif tifoid.
Kata kunci: Caulerpa racemosa, antibakteri.
Salmonella typhi, zona hambat, alga laut.
ABSTRACT
Salmonella typhi is the primary bacterial cause of typhoid fever, which remains a serious health concern in developing countries, including Indonesia.
This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory activity of sea grape (Caulerpa racemos.
extract against Salmonella typhi.
The extract was obtained through maceration and tested using the agar diffusion method with paper discs at various concentrations .
, 200, 300, and 400 AAg/dis.
The results showed that C.
racemosa extract inhibited the growth of S.
typhi with average inhibition zone diameters of 25 mm .
AA.
, 27.
3 mm .
AA.
, 28.
8 mm .
AA.
, and 29.
5 mm .
AA.
The negative control .
istilled wate.
showed no antibacterial activity.
Based on classification, all concentrations exhibited very strong antibacterial activity.
A higher extract concentration corresponded to greater inhibitory effect.
These findings suggest that C.
racemosa has potential as a natural antibacterial agent against S.
typhi and may be further developed for alternative typhoid treatment.
Keywords: Caulerpa racemosa, antibacterial.
Salmonella typhi, inhibition zone, seaweed.
INTRODUCTION
asymptomatic carriers, and is often associated with poor sanitation and limited access to clean Indonesia megabiodiversity country, hosting more than two-thirds of the world's marine species, which makes it one of the richest regions in terms of marine biodiversity2.
One of the natural resources that has demonstrated potential as an antibacterial agent is sea grapes (Caulerpa Salmonella typhi is a Gram-negative bacterium and the primary causative agent of typhoid fever, a systemic infection that poses a significant public health burden, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia.
Transmission of S.
typhi typically occurs through the consumption of food or water contaminated with feces from infected individuals or Biofarmasetikal Tropis (The Tropical Journal of Biopharmaceutica.
2025, 8.
, 39-43 racemos.
, a species of green algae commonly found in tropical waters, including those of Indonesia.
racemosa is known to contain various bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, which exhibit antimicrobial properties3,4.
These compounds are capable of disrupting bacterial cell walls, interfering with protein synthesis, and inhibiting the growth and development of pathogenic bacteria.
Numerous studies have reported that secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins possess antibacterial and antioxidant activities5-7.
Previous research has shown that extracts of Caulerpa racemosa exhibit antibacterial activity against several Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas However, studies on the antibacterial activity of this algae against Salmonella typhi remain limited.
Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the inhibitory activity of Caulerpa racemosa extract against the growth of Salmonella typhi as part of the effort to explore potential natural antibacterial sources for further e-ISSN 2685-3167 p-ISSN 2828-6685 The extract concentrations and control used were as follows:
K1: Sea grape extract at 100 AAg/disc K2: Sea grape extract at 200 AAg/disc K3: Sea grape extract at 300 AAg/disc K4: Sea grape extract at 400 AAg/disc Control: Distilled water at 50 AAL/disc Research Procedure Sample Collection of Sea Grape (Caulerpa The sea grape (Caulerpa racemos.
used in this study was fresh green algae collected from Basaan Beach.
Southeast Minahasa.
North Sulawesi Province.
The samples were thoroughly washed with running water, drained to reduce moisture content, and chopped into smaller pieces to facilitate the extraction of active compounds.
A total of 2 kg of the sample was weighed, air-dried, and subsequently subjected to maceration.
Preparation of Sea Grape Extract (Caulerpa A total of 450 g of Caulerpa racemosa was extracted using the maceration method for 2 y 24 hours, repeated twice .
y 24 hours The soaked samples were filtered using filter paper and a funnel, resulting in Filtrate 1 and Debris 1.
Debris 1 was then resoaked in 96% ethanol until fully submerged and macerated again for 2 y 24 hours.
This process was repeated to obtain two filtrates, which were combined.
The combined filtrates were evaporated at 40AC to obtain a concentrated extract of Caulerpa racemosa, which was stored in tubes, weighed, and kept Preparation of Nutrient Broth (NB) for Bacterial Culture Activation A total of 0.
8 g of Nutrient Broth (NB) was dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water in an Erlenmeyer flask and stirred until fully The solution was then distributed into test tubes.
A stock culture of S.
typhi was added into the test tubes and incubated for 24 hours until turbidity was observed, indicating bacterial growth.
Preparation of Tools and Media for Bacterial Testing For Nutrient Agar (NA), 6.
9 g of NA was dissolved in 300 mL of distilled water in an Erlenmeyer flask and homogenized using a magnetic stirrer.
The NA solution was used for pour-plate media preparation and RESEARCH METHODS Tools and Materials The equipment used in this study included a rotary evaporator (IKA RV .
, diving gear, autoclave, incubator, ultraviolet lamp, chamber.
TLC plate, micropipette, balance, gloves, scissors, knife.
Erlenmeyer flask, measuring cylinder, beaker, 15 cm Petri dishes, spatula, tweezers, microtubes, glass rod, refrigerator, urine collection container, caliper, vials, inoculation loop, lab coat, glass vessels, test tubes, 8 mm Advantec paper discs, and camera.
The materials used were: sea grape (Caulerpa racemos.
Salmonella typhi bacteria, 95% ethanol, 70% alcohol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, 8 mm paper discs.
Nutrient Agar (NA).
Nutrient Broth (NB), and distilled water, which was used as a control.
Type and Design of the Study The bacterial inhibition test method used in this study employed the agar diffusion technique with paper discs.
This research is a laboratory experimental study, using various extract concentrations with three replications for a single bacterial species.
Biofarmasetikal Tropis e-ISSN 2685-3167 p-ISSN 2828-6685 (The Tropical Journal of Biopharmaceutica.
2025, 8.
, 39-43 sterilized in an autoclave at 121AC for 15 zones around the discs was observed, and tests were conducted in triplicates for each concentration against S.
Inhibition Zone Diameter Calculation5:
Procedure for Antibacterial Activity Testing The bacterial suspension was mixed with sterile media and poured into Petri dishes .
mL per dis.
, then allowed to solidify.
Paper discs were immersed in test solutions of 100, 200, 300, and 400 AAg concentrations .
issolved in 70% alcoho.
, and dried for 24 hours in a desiccator.
The dried discs were placed onto the surface of solidified media in Petri dishes, which had been pre-labeled, and incubated at 34ACAe 37AC for 24 hours.
The formation of inhibition yaIyayayayayauyao: yaE = A B C Description:
A = vertical diameter B = horizontal diameter C = diagonal diameter D = average inhibition zone diameter Table 1.
Antibacterial Activity Classification6 Inhibition Zone Diameter .
2Ae5 mm 5Ae10 mm 10Ae20 mm Ou20 mm Data Analysis Data processing in this study was based on observations and measurements of inhibition zones resulting from antibacterial activity tests of Caulerpa racemosa extract.
The diameter of inhibition zones was measured after 24-hour incubation using a caliper for precision.
The collected data were tabulated and presented in graphical form to facilitate result interpretation.
Antibacterial Activity .
Very weak Moderate Strong Very strong allowed to dry in a vacuum desiccator for 24 The dried discs were then placed onto solid media inoculated with Salmonella typhi in Petri dishes.
The paper discs used had a diameter of 8 mm, and the Petri dishes measured 15 cm in This test was specifically conducted against Salmonella typhi.
Five treatments were applied in this study, involving ethanol extracts of the sea grape (Caulerpa racemos.
at concentrations of 100 AAg, 200 AAg, 300 AAg, and 400 AAg per disc, with distilled water .
used as the negative The negative control consisted of 50 AAg of distilled water applied to the paper disc.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This test employed the agar diffusion method using paper discs.
The paper discs were pre-impregnated with the test extract and Table 2.
Antibacterial activity of Caulerpa racemosa extract against Salmonella typhi Extract Concentration .
Caulerpa racemosa Caulerpa racemosa Caulerpa racemosa Caulerpa racemosa Control .
istilled wate.
100 AAg 200 AAg 300 AAg 400 AAg 50 AAg/disc Rep.
2 mm 5 mm 1 mm 8 mm 0 mm Salmonella thypi Rep.
II Rep.
0 mm 22.
0 mm 5 mm 27.
0 mm 5 mm 28.
0 mm 8 mm 29.
0 mm 0 mm 0 mm Average .
0 mm 3 mm 8 mm 5 mm 0 mm Biofarmasetikal Tropis (The Tropical Journal of Biopharmaceutica.
2025, 8.
, 39-43 e-ISSN 2685-3167 p-ISSN 2828-6685 Figure 1.
Inhibition zone results of Salmonella typhi treated with crude extract showed no inhibition zone.
These findings demonstrate that each concentration produced a different level of antibacterial activity, with the zone of inhibition increasing as the extract concentration increased.
Average Value .
The results shown in Table 2 and Figure 1 indicate that at a concentration of 100 AAg, the average inhibition zone was 25 mm.
at 200 AAg, 3 mm.
at 300 AAg, 28.
8 mm.
and at 400 AAg, 5 mm.
The control treatment .
istilled wate.
Figure 2.
Inhibition zone activity curve of Salmonella typhi The results of the inhibition zone activity test in Figure 2 show that all concentrations of sea grape extract have inhibitory activity.
The smallest inhibition zone was observed at 100 AAg/disc .
, and the largest at 400 AAg/disc .
5 m.
, indicating a positive correlation between extract concentration and inhibition zone diameter.
In contrast, the distilled water control exhibited no inhibitory activity.
According to antibacterial activity classification, the inhibition zones observed in Figure 2 confirm that Caulerpa racemosa extract demonstrates very strong antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi5.
CONCLUSION
The results showed that the ethanolic extract of sea grapes (Caulerpa racemos.
has very strong antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi.
All concentrations tested .
, 200, 300, and 400 AAg/dis.
produced inhibition zones with diameters that increased with increasing extract concentration, namely 25 mm, 3 mm, 28.
8 mm, and 29.
5 mm, respectively.
n contrast, the negative control .
istilled wate.
showed no antibacterial activity.
These findings suggest that the higher the concentration of the extract, the greater its inhibitory effect on the growth of S.
Biofarmasetikal Tropis (The Tropical Journal of Biopharmaceutica.
2025, 8.
, 39-43
BIBLIOGRAPHY