People and Behavior Analysis.
Vol.
1 No.
https://doi.
org/10.
31098/pba.
Research Paper Dilemma In Superiority: Rank.
Grandiosity.
And Aggression Among Men In Uniform Kaye Marie Aguirre1* .
Audrey Elaisa Hiponia2.
Czyne Javier3.
Hannah Mae Lendio4.
Mary Glenda Lugtu5 .
Vincent Sales6 .
Neil Brianne Vedeja7 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 General Santos DoctorsAo Medical School Foundation.
Inc.
Philippines Received : January 23, 2023 Revised : March 29, 2023 Accepted : March 30, 2023 Online : March 31, 2023 Abstract Aggressive, fierce, and grandiose are the words that are often associated with our men in uniform.
Law enforcement officers have enough authority and power that can be used against citizens.
They are being severely stigmatized by these controversies, and people are generalizing police organizations.
Despite the effort to protect the country, it was reciprocated with prejudice and misconception.
The purpose of this study was to determine the level of aggression and grandiosity in terms of sex and rank.
also to find out if there is a significant relationship between rank, grandiosity, and aggression.
The researchers used purposive sampling to choose the respondents.
The participants are policemen who have a position and/or rank in a certain PNP office and are available during the conduct of the on-site survey.
A set of research questionnaires were distributed to the Philippine National Police of General Santos City-Camp Lira with a total of 55 participants.
The responses were analyzed through the use of SPSS.
Multiple regression analysis proves that the variables rank, grandiosity, and aggression are significant, < 0.
001, and reject the null Additionally, through deeper analysis, only the variables aggression and grandiosity have a significant relationship.
Keywords: Rank.
Grandiosity.
Aggression.
Policemen.
Law enforcement INTRODUCTION Men in uniform is a well-known figure that protects the country and is greatly trusted by the They possess exceptional authority with the purpose of ensuring the safety of every However, the constant complaints of civilians towards law enforcement have been drastically increasing, especially when their legitimacy soars since the "war on drugs" campaign The pandemic further amplified their authority to maintain orderliness and security in the country where many opposed the sudden change (Gonzalez, 2.
These findings brought concerns given that there was plenty of evidence against violence towards the PNP (Philippine National Polic.
, together with the allegations of abuse in the said law enforcement officials.
The number of cases in which civilians were killed by PNP is high in statistics as per surveyed by the police organization itself (Reyes, 2.
As stated by the (BCcampus, 2.
, law enforcement officers have enough authority and power that can be used against citizens, may it be deprivation of freedom, seizing of property, or use of force.
That being the case, the problem regarding their legitimacy was augmented by 2016 in spite of the limited authority being clarified.
Numerous evidences pinpointed the police aggression and alleged abuse among civilians with the use of social media platforms.
In a recent survey, the number of deaths derived from the "war on drugs" administration escalated up to 50% of killings in 2020, routinely claiming that the victims fought back during the raid (Conde, 2.
The given authority was presumed to be successful as the crime rates in the Philippines have decreased by 11% (Marquez, 2.
However, numerous reports have it that the death of some were unlawful, seeing that cases of killing involve a minor and innocents (Lucenio, 2.
These findings eventually questioned the security of the country and became an institutional concern.
Studies from (Morin et al.
, 2.
show that the rank and position of an officer are not an indicator of the level of aggressiveness of police towards civilians.
However, findings revealed that police with high position influences the level of hostility they exhibit to those of lower rankings (Saira, 2.
This illustrates how a superior's actions and behavior could significantly impact the Copyright Holder:
A Kaye Marie Aguirre et al.
Corresponding authorAos email: shaleshvinshent08@gmail.
This Article is Licensed Under:
People and Behav.
Analysis level of violence in the police force just by their intentions.
Additionally, the Philippines is known to have one of the highest rates of homicide in Southeast Asia.
This basis imparted the administration of dominance among PNP and is the reason for the surge of aggression (Kreuzer, (Kreuzer, 2.
further revealed that police are more inclined to use violence, especially if the probabilities of crime rates are high compared to places with lower crimes.
This documentation confirms that rank and authority do impact the intensity of aggression toward civilians.
From "black lives matter" to the "war on drugs", cases of mistreatment and abuse have circulated across the countries and are being held as a threat to human rights.
However, men in uniform are being severely stigmatized by these controversies, and people are generalizing police Despite the effort to protect the country, it was reciprocated with prejudice and In line with this, the PNP is seen as a menacing and intimidating figure to the public.
This study aims to know:
Level of Aggression, in terms of.
Rank Sex Level of Grandiosity, in terms of:
Rank Sex If there is a significant relationship between rank/position, grandiosity, and aggression The findings of this study rebound to the benefit of society, considering that men in uniform play an important role in the community.
This paper provided insights about ranks, grandiosity, and aggression among men in uniform.
Specifically, the research benefited the following:
Philippine National Police (PNP) This study can provide an understanding regarding aggressiveness, grandiosity, and ranks, which was very beneficial to the administrators of the PNP for the reason that having a better understanding of the etiology and meaning of aggression and grandiosity among men in uniform may lead to better solutions, options and, ultimately, better outcomes in handling such circumstances which oftentimes lead to abuse of power and position.
This study is necessary for PNP to understand the relationship between ranks and aggression and grandiosity level so that they can take appropriate steps if evidence of a significant relationship is found.
Community This study can provide insights to the people about the level of aggression and grandiosity of men in uniform, as aggressive and grandiose behaviors may lead to important individual and public health risks if neglected.
Researchers The study revealed information that helped the researchers gain a better understanding of the relationship of ranks to the aggression and grandiosity levels of men in uniform which could help to the expansion of mere knowledge on what we have right now.
Future Researchers The results will serve as a related study or basis for further researchers who wish to conduct a similar study on the topic of Ranks.
Grandiosity, and Aggression on men in uniform or any other related construct.
Methods can be replicated or improved to acquire better results which contribute to a more cohesive definition and understanding of the topic.
People and Behav.
Analysis LITERATURE REVIEW Theoretical Framework Aggression According to the Psychoanalytic Theory of Freud (Feist & Feist, 2.
, the destructive drive seeks to transform the body back into an inorganic condition.
The aggressive drive's ultimate goal is self-destruction because death is the ultimate inorganic condition.
Similar to sexual impulse, hostility can take many other forms, including teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation, humor, and taking pleasure in the misfortune of others.
Everyone has an aggressive disposition, which accounts for wars, massacres, and religious persecution.
The necessity for the boundaries that people have built to curb violence is also explained by the aggressive urge.
For instance.
Freud argued that rules like "Love thy neighbor as thyself" are important to stifle the strong, if sometimes unconscious, an impulse to harm others.
In reality, these principles are response structures.
They entail the overt and blatant manifestation of the opposing inclination as well as the suppression of strong antagonistic emotions.
Life and death impulses compete with one another continually throughout our lives for dominance, but both must submit to the reality principle, which stands for the demands of the outside world.
These constraints of the outside environment prohibit either sex or hostility from being directly, covertly, or unchallenged fulfilled.
They typically cause anxiety, which pushes many aggressive and sexual urges into the unconscious (Feist & Feist, 2.
Grandiosity/Narcissism Narcissism is one of the oldest psychological concepts, although, throughout most of its history, it has been developed under the supervision of psychodynamic theorists.
But over the past few decades, narcissism has drawn more attention from social and personality psychologists, possibly as a result of their parallel interest in self-esteem and self-control (Steinmair & LyfflerStastka, 2.
In recent years, thinking and research on narcissism have been influenced by a variety of opposing viewpoints (Kernberg, 1975.
Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001.
Westen et al.
, 1.
But grandiosity appears to be the most common trait throughout the range of clinical, developmental, and social personality models of narcissism (D.
Buss & Chiodo, 1.
The main characteristic of narcissism, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR.
American Psychiatric Association, 2.
, is an exaggerated sense of one's own importance.
Other characteristics include an excessive need for other people's approval, arrogance, a sense of one's own "uniqueness" and entitlement, a lack of empathy, envy, and a propensity to take advantage of others (Brown et al.
, 2.
Rank/Superiority According to Individual Psychology, everyone has physical defects at birth that trigger emotions of inferiority (Adler, 1956.
Feist & Feist, 2.
These sentiments motivate people to strive for either superiority or success.
Mentally unwell people aim to be better than others, but psychologically healthy people want mankind as a whole to succeed.
At the beginning of his career.
Adler thought that aggression was the dynamic force that underlies all drive, but he quickly became tired of the concept.
Adler introduced the phrase "male protest," which connoted a desire for power or the tyranny of others, after dismissing aggressiveness as a sole motivating factor.
He continued to give masculine protest a little place in his theory of aberrant development but soon abandoned it as a universal force.
Adler then referred to a single dynamic force that was competing for dominance.
But in his final thesis, he confined striving for superiority to those who aim to be better than others on a personal level and used the People and Behav.
Analysis phrase "striving for success" to describe behaviors of individuals driven by highly developed social interests (Adler, 1956.
Feist & Feist, 2.
No matter what drives them to work hard, each person is directed by an ultimate objective.
Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of this study is illustrated in Figure 1 which shows the relationships between the three variables: the rank/position, aggression, and grandiosity of PNP.
depicts how the position could affect the aggression and grandiosity of law enforcement officials and vice versa.
This reciprocal relationship is used to determine if the variables are somehow correlated with one another.
Figure 1.
Conceptual Framework Scope and Delimitations This study was focused on the significant relationship between rank/position in the aggressiveness and grandiosity of men in uniform of the General Santos City Police Office- Camp Lira.
General Santos City.
The data collection was conducted on 55 selected police who represented the population of the study.
The police organization is the representation of men in uniforms, considering that they are prone to exhibit aggression and grandiose in accordance with the public eye.
The participants are also limited to police residing in General Santos City Police office-Camp Lira and are conducted with the same provided questionnaires.
The survey was administered face-to-face and was fully approved by the police force.
Additionally, the researchers have garnered information without ethical issues and guarantee reliable sources adapted from questionnaires.
The researchers also ensured no pilot testing transpired prior to the data gathering in the police force.
Definition of Terms To facilitate the understanding of this study, different terms are defined therein:
Grandiosity Conceptually, grandiosity is defined as an exaggerated sense of one's importance, power, knowledge, or identity.
Operationally, it is a twenty-eight-item test on a four-point Likert scale, adapted from the Grandiose Narcissism Scale (Foster et al.
, 2.
People and Behav.
Analysis Aggression Conceptually, this refers to a range of behaviors that can result in both physical and psychological harm to yourself, others, or objects in the environment.
Operationally this term is a seventeen-item questionnaire on a four-point Likert scale, adopted from The Aggression Questionnaire (A.
Buss & Warren, 2.
Ranks The conceptual term is, it pertains to the position in the hierarchy of the armed forces.
Operationally, this is the position classification of men in uniform which is gathered by demographic profiling.
Superiority Conceptually, it refers to the behavior that suggests a person believes they're somehow superior to others.
On the operational side, it is the studyAos concern that was sighted by the researchers among men in uniform.
Men in Uniform The conceptual definition of this is it refers to men with identifiable authority which serves to protect and maintain orderliness in the country.
Operationally, this term is defined by the respondents of the study, specifically the Philippine National Police officers of General Santos City.
Review of Related Literature and Studies Grandiosity Over the past ten years, various stereotypes have been arbitrarily applied to police officers, such that they are vigilant, suspicious, nationalist, confrontational, rigid, and authoritarian people (Aton et al.
, 2.
Grandiosity, pride, egotism, and a lack of empathy are characteristics of narcissism (Orjiakor et al.
, 2.
For people with narcissistic qualities, a career as a police officer could be particularly appealing because it involves individual work, a lot of freedom to do as one pleases, and minimal monitoring from superiors (Moran, 2.
Narcissists also try to present themselves as flawless, which causes them to become aggressive.
These habits cause issues for other people.
The combination of these characteristics and police personnel have traits that the public finds unacceptable (Rehman et al.
, 2.
Aggression Police work is a unique profession with many unique traits.
Police officers are always at risk, are required to be on the alert for criminal activity, feel as though they must be in control of every circumstance, and operate in a field where assigning blame is frequent, according to research on the subject.
A difficult work atmosphere like this one is realistic.
Stress has been linked to aggression and violent behavior in the past, according to a study (McEntee, 2.
How should the law and society react when a leader commands a subordinate to commit a crimeAito kill anything that moves, to extract information using any force necessary, or to execute prisoners of war? Inflicting suffering on those who, even if they become perpetrators legally subject to punishment, are also victims of their leaders' violation of the duty to ask of them only what is right, the illegal order is an abuse of the authority the leader holds over their subordinates, a misuse of control over another, a betrayal of what was supposed to be a relationship of protection (Mohammed, 2.
The public's disagreement with the use of force by police is mostly based on the use of physical forceAimore severe forms of force than just an officer's presence (Rockwell, 2.
While there is a lot of research on police misbehavior in terms of aggressive behavior and violence on the part of People and Behav.
Analysis officers, there is considerably less information available regarding the efficacy of current intervention initiatives.
The words "police violence," "police brutality," and "excessive force" recall various images for different people.
The police themselves may consider police violence differently from non-police.
Police researchers typically describe force as either proper or improper.
When an officer uses force appropriately, it must be justified and proportionate to the level of the suspect's Contrarily, a force can be excessive or unnecessary when it is applied incorrectly (Allen & Anderson, 2.
The nature of police work makes it one of the most intriguing and difficult The public perception of this profession in the Philippines is stained by the tension between the challenges to their integrity and the use of force and authority in the course of their work (Aton et al.
, 2.
Weapons are believed to promote aggression by stimulating aggressive thoughts, a phenomenon known as the "weapons effect," which can occur just by having them around (Bushman, 2.
The present practice of aggressive policing has an adverse impact on the health of individuals who are exposed to it.
Policymakers must support more data openness and take structural changes in the roles police institutions play in monitoring deviance into consideration in order to solve this public health concern (Esposito et al.
, 2.
Long-standing tensions between the public and the police have frequently been sparked by incidents involving police interactions with civilians (Parry et al.
, 2019.
Peyton et al.
, 2019.
Shjarback et al.
, 2.
(Meier & Wilkowski, 2.
claim that without additional pro-social experiences like those earned via a college degree, exposure to hostile settings can lead to an increase in aggressive conduct.
A person's behavior in the face of hostile subjects may be shaped by behaviors learned in basic training, field training, and via an agency's culture (Allen & Anderson, 2.
, and these experiences are formative for younger officers.
Most research on the subject of police use of force concentrates on one of four main themes:
variables influencing police-suspect contacts, different suspect characteristics, officer characteristics, and community characteristics (Bolger & Lytle, 2.
Police officers exhibit aggressive behavior regardless of race, sex, or level of training, as shown by a quick review of realworld incidents, and the general aggression theory offers a convincing explanation of how people respond to biological, environmental, psychological, and social factors that contribute to human aggression (Allen & Anderson, 2.
According to (Plank, 2.
, the public safety may vary from the public's trust in the police as citizens are less likely to report crimes when there is low public faith in the authorities.
At this rate, the probability of crimes increasing is high and the prejudice against PNP would exacerbate.
Inappropriate behaviors made by officers in police-citizen interactions are said to be the major cause of the decrease in seeking help.
Furthermore, the result in logistic regression analysis has a statistically significant link between the responders' opinion regarding the officer's yelling and threatening remarks being deemed as unwarranted and improper behavior.
However, one of the aspects that generally influence fear among citizens is due to gossip and exaggerated claims from various resources.
Moreover, numerous studies demonstrate that membership in different social groups affects people's perceptions of what is unsafe and what poses the greatest risk of injury.
Rank The phrase "abuse of power" refers to all the ways in which police personnel might profit from the same people they have sworn to serve and protect.
While the majority of police officers take this oath seriously, others exploit it to further their own selfish interests.
One example of a law enforcement official abusing their authority comes from the use of excessive force, warrantless searches or arrests, unlawful murder, and many more.
According to reports from different nations, one in every 135.
8 police officers in the country will be accused of committing a crime due to misconduct of police officers.
While one in every 220 people may be charged with a violent crime.
People and Behav.
Analysis and 352 cases are from police officers (Stroud Law Firm, 2.
In social systems with hierarchies, there is "an implicit or explicit ranking of people or groups in relation to a valued social dimension.
The hierarchical organization helps people achieve their desire for power (Zitek & Jordan, 2.
There is also a disagreement among police officers on the application of more aggressive and potentially disruptive methods to deal with certain individuals or to implement in neighborhoods in their communities.
In comparison to older, more seasoned department administrators, younger, less experienced, and lower-ranking officers favor these more aggressive approaches (Morin et al.
Hypotheses This is a discussion of the possible outcomes created by the researchers prior to testing and data gathering.
The statements are:
Ho = There is no significant relationship between rank/position, aggression, and grandiosity Ha = There is a significant relationship between rank/position, aggression, and grandiosity RESEARCH METHOD This chapter discusses the procedures and methods of how the researchers conducted the study including its research design, research locale, subject of the study, research instruments, data gathering procedures, and the summarized results in statistical inference.
Research Design This study used descriptive correlational design, an appropriate method of research to use in conducting the study, for it was designed to measure two or more relevant variables and assess a relationship between them.
The study has three variables.
Rank and Grandiosity as the predictors and Aggressiveness of the policemen as the outcome variable.
The level of each variable was measured with the aid of the adapted tests and scales, namely, the Scale of Aggression (A.
Buss & Warren, 2.
, the Grandiose Narcissism Scale (Foster et al.
, 2.
, and the Narcissistic Personality Test (Raskin & Terry, 1.
In determining the relationship of variables to each otherAi Rank&Grandiosity.
Rank&Aggression.
Grandiosity&Agression, bivariate correlational method, utilizing Pearson r, was performed.
Multiple Regression was utilized to determine whether the relationship between the three variables was significant.
The correlation between these three would reflect the temperamental tendencies of the police force when exposed to higher positions or grandiosity.
Research Locale The study was conducted in the General Santos City Police Office- Camp Lira, 4557 WR7.
Acharon Ext.
General Santos City.
South Cotabato (See Figure .
The headquarters is marked by a red pin found at the lower left quadrant of the map.
This place was selected to know the relationship between rank/position, aggression, and grandiosity.
People and Behav.
Analysis Figure 2.
Map of General Santos City Police Office- Camp Lira.
General Santos City.
Research Respondents and the Sampling Technique The participants of this study were the Philippine National Police of General Santos CityCamp Lira, with a total of 55 participants.
Purposive sampling was utilized by the researchers to choose the respondents.
Purposive sampling is a sort of nonprobability sampling with the goal of obtaining a sample that can be rationally considered to be representative of the population (Lavrakas, 2.
It was likewise stated that purposive sampling is frequently carried out by using expert knowledge of the population to pick a sample of components in a non-random way that reflects a cross-section of the population.
As a result, this sample was suitable because the researchers already had information on the group they had selected that may support the present problem of the study.
The chosen participants are policemen who have a position and/or rank in a certain PNP office and are available during the conduct of the survey.
This condition of the participants could help in the accomplishment of this study.
Research Instruments The adapted questionnaires that is utilized for the completion of this study are the following:
The Aggression Questionnaire (A.
Buss & Warren, 2.
This self-report measure is one of the most widely used to assess aggression.
The researchers used this to assess the level of aggression of the policemen.
The factorial structure, internal consistency, and convergent validity of the AQ in a Spanish population with high levels of violence are examined in the study of (A.
Buss & Warren, 2.
The findings indicated that the AQ is an appropriate tool for assessing aggressiveness, rage, and hostility in partner assaultive men.
This questionnaire is the total revision of 75 items Buss- Durkee Hostility Inventory, a long-time standard for assessing anger and aggression (Kiewitz & Weaver, 2.
It is designed to measure the four major components of aggression.
physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and This questionnaire consists of 34 items, and another version is 29 items.
it is both rated on a seven-point Likert scale from 1 .
xtremely uncharacteristic of m.
to 7 .
xtremely characteristic of m.
People and Behav.
Analysis The researchers used the shorter version that had only 17 items.
The short version gives the total score and the scale score that correlate to their counterparts from the full AQ.
On a four-point scale that scores one to four, participants must answer 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = agree, and 4 = strongly agree.
Each scale has its equivalent range as the basis for interpreting the level of Higher scores pertain to a high level of aggression.
This test is helpful in correlation settings and can also be used for screening and program evaluation in different institutions such as schools, businesses, companies, military installations, and clinical settings.
Grandiose Narcissism Scale (Foster et al.
, 2.
This scale is used to measure the level of grandiosity among men in authority and policemen.
The Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale (NGS) was developed to clarify this distinction between high selfesteem and narcissistic grandiosity by providing a measure of narcissistic grandiosity.
The Grandiose Narcissism Scale items are divided into subscales.
When administering the GNS, the items can be presented in any sequence .
, random orde.
and ungrouped.
Items are rated on a scale of 1 .
trongly disagre.
to 6 .
trongly agre.
There are no items with reversed scores.
score, simply add up the item responses.
Despite its shortcomings, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) is the major measure of grandiose narcissism (GN).
The Grandiose Narcissism Scale (GNS), a new 33-item measure of GN, has a reproducible seven-component structure that maps to (Raskin & Terry, 1.
seven-factor GNS subscales are extremely dependable, with many being significantly more reliable than their NPI equivalents.
The GNS correlates with other variables as a whole in a way that is consistent with the theoretical portrait of GN.
Furthermore, two GNS subscales .
ntitlement and exploitativenes.
are found to predict entirely independent measures of entitlement and exploitativeness, indicating strong subscale validity.
Overall, the GNS is a feasible complement or alternative to the NPI (Foster et al.
, 2.
Ethical Considerations The research is being conducted with respondents' voluntary involvement.
Furthermore, participants have the ability to withdraw from the research at any time.
Respondents participate with their informed permission.
The premise of informed consent requires researchers to provide individuals with sufficient information and assurances about participating in order for them to understand the implications of participation and make a fully informed, considered, and freely given decision about whether or not to participate, without the use of any pressure or coercion.
the construction of Questionnaire/Interview/Focus group questions, the use of insulting, discriminatory, or other objectionable language is avoided.
Respondents' privacy and confidentiality are of the utmost concern.
The researchers adhered to the Data Privacy Act of 2012, and the Act clearly says that the study must not entail the gathering of main data.
this is to preserve the basic human right of privacy and communication while allowing the free flow of information to stimulate innovation and progress.
Data Gathering Procedure Determining the problem and discussing the variables that are needed to be measured are the things to be done first.
Then, the researchers cooperated and allotted time in finding and revising the questionnaires to be served to the intended respondents of the research.
The questionnaires that were used are adapted and revised for us to gather satisfying data.
The following instruments that were utilized for the study are The Aggression Questionnaire (A.
Buss & Warren, 2.
to measure the perceived aggressiveness of men in uniform and The Grandiose People and Behav.
Analysis Narcissism Scale (GNS.
(Foster et al.
, 2.
) measures the level of the grandiosity of policemen.
A letter of consent was physically handed to General Santos City Police Office- Camp Lira for the request to conduct a research study by their officials.
Upon request of approval, the researchers started to gather data by handling research questionnaires to the sample of the research.
Once researchers acquired the results, it was undergone to review and then proceeded to data analysis and statistical treatment.
Statistical Analysis The following problem statement was determined by the researchers using the statistical application SPSS Statistics for Windows v20 (SPSS v20.
IBM Corp.
Armonk.
NY.
USA), and p<0.
was regarded as statistically significant.
It was tallied using frequency tables and percentages to summarize the data.
The study's participants' ranks were reported using descriptive statistics.
The mean of the total of the results for each adapted test was calculated to determine the level of aggression and grandiosity of men in uniform.
The researchers employed multiple regression to evaluate and identify the relationship between rank/position, level of aggression, and grandiosity.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The purpose of the study was to determine if there is a significant relationship between rank, grandiosity, and aggressiveness of Policemen in General Santos City-Camp Lira.
Furthermore.
The Aggression Questionnaire (A.
Buss & Warren, 2.
and The Grandiose Narcissism Scale (GNS.
(Foster et al.
, 2.
) were utilized to formulate answers from the statement of the problem.
The scores determined the level of aggressiveness and grandiosity, respectively.
Additionally, the demographic profiles of the participants were presented through graphs.
The population of Policemen in General Santos City-Camp Lira who participated in the study is 55 and were qualified based on the inclusion criteria for the respondents to consider.
Five different ranks, from Patrolman/Woman to Police Major Officers participated in the survey conducted by the Figure 3.
The Demographic Profile of the ParticipantAos Sex (N=.
Figure 3 displays the percentage distribution of demographic profile in terms of the sex of the Philippine National Police that responded to the research study.
The pie graph shows that seventy-point nine percent .
9%) of the respondents were male, and twenty-nine point one percent .
1%) were females from the 55 total available respondents of the study.
The ratio of 39:16 depicts that there are more male respondents than females.
People and Behav.
Analysis Figure 4.
The Demographic Profile of the ParticipantsAo Rank (N=.
Figure 4, the bar graph presents the demographic profile of the police officersAo rank from the lowest rank.
Patrolman (Pa.
Police Corporal (PCp.
Police Staff Sergeant (PSS.
Police Executive Master Sergeant (PEMS), and Police Major (PMAJ) as the highest ranking officer who responded in the research study.
There are also participants who decided to disclose their ranks for the study.
From the total of 55 police officers, there were sixteen .
PAT, seventeen .
PCpl, four .
PSSg, two .
PEMS, one .
PMAJ, and fifteen .
police who disclosed their ranks.
Table 1.
The Level of Grandiosity of the Participants in terms of Sex Sex Mean Description Male Low Female Low Grand Mean Low Table 1, presents the level of the grandiosity of the participants in terms of sex.
The table shows that male police officers garnered an average of two point seventeen .
level of grandiosity which is described as AulowAy while female police officers gained an average of two point zero seven .
and is also described as AulowAy level of grandiosity.
Table 2.
The Level of Grandiosity of the Participants in terms of Rank Rank Mean Description Patrolman/Patrolwoman (Pa.
Low Police Corporal (PCp.
Low Police Staff Sergeant (PSS.
Low Police Executive Master Sergeant (PEMS) Low Police Major (PMAJ) High Unspecified Low Grand Mean Low Table 2, displays the level of the grandiosity of the participants in terms of their ranks.
Patrolman (Pa.
had a two-point twelve .
average, which results in a "low" level of grandiosity.
Police Corporal (PCp.
had two point zero seven .
average, described as "low".
Police Staff Sergeant (PSS.
gained two point zero four .
which is described as "low," Police Executive Master Sergeant (PEMS) had an average of two point forty three .
and still described as "low" in terms of the level of grandiosity, and Police Major (PMAJ) gained the average of two point sixty one .
that is described as "high" level of grandiosity.
Unspecified police officers had a twopoint twenty .
average which is also described as AulowAy in the level of grandiosity.
People and Behav.
Analysis Table 3.
The Level of Aggressiveness of the Participants in terms of Sex Sex Mean Male Female Grand Mean Description Low Very Low Low The level of aggressiveness of the participants in terms of sex is presented in Table 3.
male participants had an average of one point eighty-four .
, described as "low" in terms of the level of aggressiveness while female participants had one point seventy one .
average which is interpreted as "very low" level of aggression.
Table 4.
The Level of Aggressiveness of the Participant in terms of Rank Rank Mean Description Patrolman/Patrolwoman (Pa.
Low Police Corporal (PCp.
Very Low Police Staff Sergeant (PSS.
Very Low Police Executive Master Sergeant (PEMS) Low Police Major (PMAJ) Low Unspecified Low Grand Mean Low Presented in Table 4 is the level of Aggressiveness of the Participants in terms of Rank.
Patrolman (Pa.
had a one-point eighty-three .
average which results in a "low" level of Police Corporal (PCp.
had one point seventy .
average described as "very Police Staff Sergeant (PSS.
gained one point sixty-nine .
which is described as "very low," Police Executive Master Sergeant (PEMS) had an average of one point ninety-five .
and still described as "low" in terms of the level of aggressiveness, and Police Major (PMAJ) gained the average of two point twenty nine .
that is described as "low" level of aggressive.
Unspecified police officers had a one point seventy-eight .
average which is also described as AulowAy in the level of aggression.
Table 5.
Correlation Matrix Sex Rank Sex Pearson's r p-value Rank Pearson's r p-value Aggression Pearson's r p-value Grandiosity Pearson's r p-value Note.
* p < .
05, ** p < .
01, *** p < .
Aggression Grandiosity 601 *** < .
Correlation Matrix.
Table 5 depicts the correlational relationship between the variables.
The researchers tested the relationship of each variant from the demographic variable sex, rank, and aggression up to grandiosity but resulted that only aggression and grandiosity have a significant relationship (< .
at p<.
People and Behav.
Analysis Model Table 6.
Multiple Regression (Model Fit Measure.
Overall Model Test Remarks Sig.
Table 6 signifies that the overall regression model was significant.
F=15.
5, p<.
RA= 0.
The analysis has shown significant values among the predictors, rank, and grandiosity to the dependent variable, aggression.
Predictor Grandiosity Rank Table 7.
Model Coefficients Aggression Estimate Remarks Sig.
Not.
Gig Table 7 indicates the model coefficients in relation to aggression .
The table depicts that grandiosity has a significant relationship with aggression as it meets the condition p < .
while rank got the p-value of 0.
332 which results in no significant relation towards aggression.
Discussions In this research study, the researchers measured the level of aggression and grandiosity in terms of rank and sex to determine if there is a significant relationship between the independent variable, rank, grandiosity, and the dependent variable, aggression.
Data for the study was gathered from the Philippine National Police of General Santos CityCamp Lira, with a total of 55 police respondents.
Seventy point nine percent .
9%) of the respondents were male, and twenty-nine point one percent .
1%) were females.
The data gathered have revealed the level of aggression of both sexes.
females, with an average of 1.
71 were interpreted to have a very low level of aggression, and males, with average of 1.
84, also indicated a low level of aggression.
This result implies that sex and aggression have no significant relationship with each other.
It is also discovered that sex has nothing to do with the level of the grandiosity of men in uniform, as the data suggest that there is no significant relationship between sex and the level of grandiosity.
The male had an average of 2.
17, and the female had a 2.
07 average which makes both sexes garner a low level of grandiosity.
There were five identified ranks of police respondents, namely.
Patrolman.
Police Corporal.
Police Staff Sergeant.
Police Executive Master Sergeant, and Police Major.
Given the sampling method, purposive sampling with a condition of availability and ranks of the officers, the research respondents in each rank were not proportionate but still suffice the total number of respondents needed in the research study.
Upon the calculation of the gathered data, it shows that although the average of the two higher "ranks" increased when calculating the level of the grandiosity of each rank, the result still revealed that there is no significant relationship between the rank and the level of grandiosity.
The result also suggests that there is also no significant relationship between rank and aggressiveness since all ranks have been consistently low on the average when solving for the level of aggression.
(Refer to Table 2 & Table .
According to (Morin et al.
, 2.
, a high position/rank in the Police force is not an indicator of the level of aggressiveness.
In fact, inexperienced and low-ranking officials tend to be more provocative and are more likely to exhibit aggressiveness rather than those in higher positions.
further concluded that the majority of law enforcement are only forced to display aggression to maintain the figure of public authority.
People and Behav.
Analysis The researchers have tested the relationship of each variable, each dependent variable was paired with the independent variable, and each has shown no significant relationship, but grandiosity and aggression have shown a (< .
at p<.
05, which means that there is a significant relationship between the two variables.
In multiple regression analysis, the result also says that ranks and grandiosity do contribute to the men in uniform's level of aggressiveness.
This result also coincides with the study of (Rehman et al.
, 2.
, wherein Narcissistic Personality Inventory.
Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, and Buss & Perry Aggression Scale were used, and his study revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between narcissism, perfectionism, and aggression among police officers and that there is no significant gender difference on narcissism, perfectionism, and aggression.
CONCLUSIONS
As a result of the study, the researchers concluded that the level of aggression in terms of rank is interpreted as low with a grand mean of 1.
87, while in terms of sex male respondents had garnered a low level of aggression in a 1.
84 average while female respondents had a very low level of aggression with an average of 1.
The level of grandiosity in terms of rank had a grand mean of 25 which is also interpreted as a low level of grandiosity, while in the context of the demographic profile sex, males have shown a low level of grandiosity given the average of 1.
84, and female with an average of 1.
71 that means it also depicts a low level of grandiosity.
However, the result shows that there is a significant relationship between the rank/position, grandiosity, and aggression pvalue of < 0.
001, < 0.
05, which rejects the null hypothesis.
Since the study shows that there is no significant relationship between the other variables other than aggression and grandiosity, the data collection also reveals a very low level of grandiosity and aggression when correlated to other variables of the research study.
This research suggests that policemen, specifically the men in uniforms of the Philippine National Police of General Santos City, only show authority in the field.
Their intimidating presence and strong personality is something they need in their job as they are the one implementing our rules and regulations in our city to keep it peaceful and to ensure civilians' safety.
It is stated in the result that ranks may contribute to the police's aggression.
regardless of this concluded result.
Police Lieutenant Colonel Eric De Venancio Force Commander said that a little grandiose and aggression is a must, especially if an officer holds a higher rank that he needs to execute authority to command and assign, in that way a higher officer maintains the proper order and implementation in work.
This work has implications based on the results for the PNP and the community, as follows:
The PNP administrators must consider establishing scheduled monitoring to assess the level of grandiosity and other factors that may contribute to the level of aggression among the policemen.
The community should be more open to the idea that policemen are not aggressive by nature.
they are just obliged to imply authority.
LIMITATION & FURTHER RESEARCH
During this investigation, the researchers identified different areas where the further study was needed.
Thus, providing the following recommendations: .
The conduction of the study must be done for a longer period of time that is needed for the gathering of data.
The scope of the research participants should include policemen who are deployed in the different PNP precincts, for they are more exposed to the public than those policemen in police offices.
The researchers recommend other researchers examine other facets that contribute to aggression.
People and Behav.
Analysis REFERENCES