MUDRA Jurnal Seni Budaya Volume 38.
No.
4, 2023
p 420 - 431
E-ISSN 2541-0407
Literary Tourism: Maintaining Balinese Identity in 'Host-Guest' Interaction in Short Stories by Balinese Writers I Nyoman Darma Putra1*.
Ida Bagus Jelantik Sutanegara Pidada2 Department of Indonesian Literature.
Faculty of Humanities Udayana University.
Bali.
Indonesia I Nyoman Darma Putra: Scopus 24741071600.
Orchid 0000-0002-2852-7918 darmaputra@unud.
The development of tourism in Bali with strong socio-cultural influences has inspired Balinese writers to create literary works about the interaction between Balinese people .
and tourists .
, both in Indonesian and Balinese language.
This study examines how Balinese authors maintain Balinese identity in host-guest interactions featured in short stories by Balinese writers.
The main object of research is the anthology of Balinese short stories Mekel Paris (Madame Paris, 2.
by IBW Keniten because all short stories in this anthology contain stories of interactions between Balinese and foreigners.
Data from the short stories and interviews with authors were analyzed qualitatively using a tourism literary approach, an approach that uses anthropological tourism theory of host-guest contact introduced by Valene Smith.
The results showed that there are various forms of hostguest interaction expressed in the Mekel Paris anthology, namely harmonious, conflict, mutualistic, and transactional interactions.
Although there are various forms of interaction, all of them have one goal, which is to convey the message so that the Balinese people are not carried away by foreign influences, but are firm in maintaining Balinese identity.
In addition to enriching the discussion on how Balinese people maintain their identity, this article also contributes to the development of the study of tourism literature that is growing rapidly in Indonesia.
KeywordsAitourism literature, host-guest interaction.
Balinese literature.
Balinese identity *Corresponding author Received: June 12, 2023.
Accepted July 8, 2023.
Published July 11, 2023 https://doi.
org/10.
31091/mudra.
A 2023 The Author.
Published by Pusat Penerbitan LP2MPP Institut Seni Indonesia Denpasar.
This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-SA license I Nyoman Darma Putra (LiteraryA) MUDRA Jurnal Seni Budaya Volume.
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, 2.
are quoted by Indonesian researchers INTRODUCTION In the last three years, namely since the publication of the book Sastra Pariwisata (Literary Touris.
, the development of literary tourism studies in Indonesia has emerged rapidly.
The rapid growth is marked by the emergence of literary tourism studies in the form of articles published in humanities journals that have a literary and tourism In addition, there are also many seminars, undergraduate and masterAos theses, and dissertations that apply literary tourism approach (Simanihuruk et , 2022.
Sianturi, 2022.
Putra and Riska, 2022.
Artika, 2021.
Arini.
Son.
Bhaskara, 2021.
Artawan Literary tourism have also emerged with a storynomics approach, (Sari, 2020.
Sukmadewi & Dane, 2.
, or in studying the role of literary-based films tourism promotion (Pracintya et al.
, 2022a.
Pracintya et al.
, 2022.
The book Literary Tourism (Anoegrajekti.
Surono.
Putra [Ed.
, 2.
, was published as a realization of the ideas of the participants of the HISKI (Association of Literary Scholar.
national meeting in Aceh in July 2019.
The book contained nearly 30 articles written by literary researchers from all over Indonesia.
Beside considering it as an important milestone in the development of new literary approach, the book also can be seen as a strong spur to the lively study of literary tourism in Indonesia.
In addition, the significantly large in number researchers interested in literature and in tourism are a great potential that makes literary tourism will continue to be lively.
Up until recently, research on literary tourism focus on various topics including literary places such as author houses promoted as tourist attractions (Andiani et al.
, the role of legends in promoting tourism attractions (Anoegrajekti &.
Imawati, 2020.
Ardian, 2021.
Azizurrohman, 2.
, on tourist attraction based on literary place of literary works (Endriani, 2015.
Diamond, 202.
Isnaini et al.
, 2022.
Kompas.
, on legacy of literary figures or authors (Putra, 2019.
, and on travel account across countries (Eri Dia, 2.
The pioneering study of literary tourism emerged in the West in the transition of the 2000s, as can be seen from Melton's book Mark Twain.
Travel Books, and Tourism .
0 ), and the emergence of two volumes edited by Watson The Literary Tourist Readers and Places in Romantic &.
Victorian Britain .
and Literary Tourism and Nineteenth-Century Culture .
These two books were followed by Jenkins & Lund's .
) entitled Literary tourism: Theories, practice, and case studies .
These books and other journal articles (Herbert 1996.
Hoppen et suggested that the spirit of developing literary tourism studies in Indonesia has been inspired by these books.
The initial interest in the study of literary tourism in Indonesia only began in the early 2010s, as can be seen from Bahtiar's .
paper entitled "Literary Tourism: Introducing Indonesian Literature with Tourism to World Literature", included in the proceedings of the seminar "Language and Literature in the Age of Technology" held by IKIP University Mataram (Nurmawati .
, 2.
Bahtiar proposed the need to promote the richness of Indonesian literature in three ways, namely translating Indonesian literary works into international languages, conducting literary festivals, and retracing places popularized by literary works.
For the latter, he mentioned the success of the novel Laskar Pelangi (Hirata, 2.
which promoted the beauty of Belitung Island (Liputan6.
Three years after the publication of the proceedings of IKIP Universitas Mataram, "The Role of Language.
Literature, and Culture in Tourism Development" were published by the Diploma 3 English Language Study Program and S1 English Literature.
Faculty of Cultural Sciences.
Diponegoro University in the form of proceeding (Subiyanto, 2.
This proceedings contain many papers on the study of tourism literature as an indication of growing interest in the object of study with this new approach.
The rapid growth of literary tourism studies is due to the undeniable fact of the close reciprocal relationship between literature and tourism.
The reciprocal relationship can be seen in at least three forms (Putra, 2.
First, many literary works inspired by the attractiveness of tourist attraction or tourism destinations, such as the novel Eat Pray Love .
by Elizabeth Gilbert which was inspired by the natural beauty of Italy.
India, and Bali (Time.
There are many examples of Indonesian literature, including.
Andrea Hirata's novel Laskar Pelangi .
inspired by the natural beauty of Belitung landscape and beaches which beauty gained great expose in the film under the same title (Bahtiar, 2.
Sunaryono BasukiAos novel Aku Cinta Lovina .
, which depicts a love story between Balinese people and British inspired by the beauty of Lovina Beach which used as its story setting (Artawan 2020.
Arini et al.
, 2021.
Sunaryono 2.
Another example is Gde Aryantha SoethamaAos novelette Turis Amerika Dibunuh di Ubud (American Woman Murdered in Ubud, 2.
by inspired by culutral and natural attarction of Bali especially Sanur and Ubud (Putra, 2008.
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In line with the continuous growth of Bali tourism, the number of tourism-inspired literary works also continues to emerge, either in the form of short stories, poems, or novels / novelettes.
Literary works of Balinese authors that take the theme of tourism appeared recurrently.
In their works, readers are presented with interesting stories of interactions between Balinese and Westerners.
In the study of tourism anthropology, the relationship between guest and host is termed host and guest interaction (Smith, 1989.
Aramberri, 2001.
Gillespie, 2.
Host-guest is one of the key concepts in the study of interactions between visitors and local people in a variety of contexts, such as culture, service, friendship, or business.
Zheng & Zhang .
use the concept of host-guest as an analytical tool in AirBnB's accommodation service business and hospitality, while Zhang & Xu .
apply the concept in the context of ethnic tourism with the aim of evaluating whether it is true that in host and guest interactions, the impact will be felt more by the host as a host than by the guest.
This article focuses on the interaction between hosts and guests as depicted in literary works by Balinese There are many literary works that portray the interaction between Balinese and Westerners, but for this study, it selected the anthology of short stories Mekel Paris (Madame Paris, 2.
by IBW Widiasa Keniten, as the main object of the study, with following reasons.
First, all 12 short stories in this anthology uniquely and specifically depict the story of interactions between Balinese and Westerners or host-guests.
Second, this short story anthology received the Rancage Literature Prize in 2012/2013 so it is interesting to explore its Third, the short stories in this anthology present stories about Balinese relationships with Westerners until they marry, as opposed to most others, especially those published before 2012 (Putra 2008.
Stories depicting the relationship between Balinese and Westerners have appeared for a long time in the literary works of Balinese authors that had been subject of studies by Putra .
At least such works were published in the late 1960s, when signs of mass tourism appeared in Bali (Vickers Picard 1.
, as can be read from AuSahabatku Han Schmitter" (My Friend Han Schmitter 1.
by Nyoman Rasta Sindhu.
In the years that followed.
Balinese and Western themes continued to emerge Therefore, it is interesting to compare these stories with similar stories that describe the relationship between Balinese and Westerners or host-guests (Putra 2008.
If there are differences and similarities, the reasons need to be sought or interpreted.
In addition to enriching the understanding of the discourse of the relationship
between host and guest in the context of Bali tourism through literature, this research also contributes to enliven the growth of tourism
METHOD
This research is a qualitative study focused on the study of tourism phenomena, especially the form and meaning of host and guest interactions as represented in literary works written in Balinese As stated previously, the main data is the Balinese short story anthology Mekel Paris .
by IBW Widiasa Keniten, which contains short stories all of which individually depicts interactions between Balinese and Westerners, or host-guests.
Data collection techniques use in this studies are library or desk research and interviews.
Desk research was conducted to find literary works of Balinese writers that portray the relationship between Balinese and Westerners, while interviews were conducted to obtain views, opinions, opinions from sources who have knowledge of the relationship between literature and tourism.
The interview was conducted with the author of Mekel Paris short story anthology .
IBW Widiasa Keniten.
In interviews, information related to the creative process was explored, but did not include to ask question related to the purpose of his story because this is a space for interpretation from researchers.
Data analyses by literary tourism approach, especially host-guest interaction.
The result of analysis than compared to the study previously done to literary works had published previously (Putra.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This section outlines three main points that are First, the biography and creative process of IBW Widiasa Keniten, the author of the short story collection Mekel Paris .
This biography is useful as a background to understand the creativity and creative process of the author that is relevant to the object of the work studied.
Second, the discussion of host-guest interaction forms in Mekel Paris short story anthology.
Third, the meaning of host-guest interaction in the Mekel Paris short stories anthology is carried out by linking with short stories by other writers to gain cultural awareness of Balinese authors in general.
Literary tourism offers four fields of study, namely analysis of literary themes, literary figures and I Nyoman Darma Putra (LiteraryA) MUDRA Jurnal Seni Budaya Volume.
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places, literary festivals, and ecranisation or transformation of literary works like novel into film (Putra, 2019b.
This study prioritizes the analysis of literary characters and literary themes, namely by examining the forms of interaction between the characters of the short story studied and providing meaning to the themes that color the interaction of story characters, namely host and guest interactions.
this anthology were written by the author before his visit to Paris in 2014, meaning that the idea of writing them was entirely from observing the interaction of tourists with the Balinese.
In 2021, this anthology was selected in a translation project to Indonesian by Balai Bahasa Bali.
Through the translation of the writer Oka Rusmini.
Mekel Paris's short stories are now present in Indonesian, meaning that the potential of readers has become Short Story "Mekel Paris" and Author Published in 2012.
Widiasa Keniten's Mekel Paris contains 12 stories, 69 pages long.
Short stories in IBW Widiasa Keniten and the cover of his short story collection.
The characteristics of the 12 short stories in Mekel Paris can at least be distinguished into the following four points.
First, all short stories tell the relationship between Balinese .
and Westerners .
Second, the stories are depicted against the background of Bali tourism development.
Third, the main characters of the story for the Balinese are almost all people with brahmin status, while from Westerners are tourists .
Fourth, the story depicts conflict but in the end most of it ends with a happy ending, namely the harmony of relations between Balinese and Westerners.
Conflict and prejudice do exist but only slightly compared to harmonious interactions.
The stories in this anthology as the name implies are indeed very short, an average of five pages.
This book is published by Pustaka Ekspresi.
Tabanan.
Bali.
The short size of the story makes the story enjoyable to read quickly.
The author Widiasa Keniten was born in Karangasem, 20 January 1967.
After attending elementary and junior high school in his home town, he continued to the State Teacher Training School (SPGN) in Klungkung Regency.
After SPGN, he continued his D-3 education .
raduated in 1.
and undergraduate (S-.
Study Program of Indonesian Language.
Literature, and Regional Education at Undiksha Singaraja, graduating in 1997.
His last higher education was postgraduate (S.
Linguistics Study Program.
Udayana University Postgraduate Program, graduated with honors in 2012.
Widiasa Keniten worked as a teacher, initially a teacher at SMPN 3 Abang, then in 1999 moved to SMAN 2 Amlapura, both in Karangasem.
He is one of the prolific authors of modern Balinese Between the 2010s and 2020s, almost every year he published a storybook, mainly anthologies of short stories.
He is an interesting figure because he pursues three types of literature, namely classical Balinese literature (Old Javanes.
, modern Balinese literature (Balines.
, and I Nyoman Darma Putra (LiteraryA) MUDRA Jurnal Seni Budaya Volume.
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Indonesian literature.
His interest in literature began at a young age, by first pursuing classical Balinese literature with several literary practitioners who were mostly close relatives who became pedandas (Hindu priest.
In 2006.
Widiasa Keniten received the Rancage literary award from the Rancage Cultural Foundation.
Bandung, led by writer Ajip Rosidi, with a collection of short stories Buduh Nglawang (A Made Man Dancing Aroun.
His short story entitled Lukisan Bali (Balinese Paintin.
got the top five story book in Jakarta.
The book Jro Lalung Ngutah (Jero Lalung Vomit, 2.
received the Widya Pataka award from the Bali Provincial Government.
Since the beginning of literary writing carrier.
Widiasa Keniten has been interested in revealing stories containing Balinese local wisdom.
For example, the family story "Bekung" (Barre.
tells the story of a couple who cannot have children, but they are described as thinking that their child is actually Tri Kaya Parisudha, which is three good deeds according to Hinduism: thinking, saying, and doing good.
This short story that expresses the values of trust in Balinese society won third place in the Balai Bahasa Bali short story competition in As an author.
Widiasa Keniten initially wrote in Indonesian, then in the Balinese language.
This transition was based on a very deep love for the Balinese language.
In the interview.
Widiasa Keniten said that she loves Balinese very much.
His love made him promise in his heart to be able to publish a collection of short stories in Balinese at least one title every year.
I can honestly say.
I really love the Balinese In my heart.
I promise to write literature in Balinese.
I continue to write in Balinese because I take pride in the Balinese Despite this.
I continue to write also in Indonesian (Interview, 5 July 2.
I observed in the field and wanted to put it in a short story (Interview, 5 July 2.
In reality, many see the reciprocal relationship between Balinese and Westerners.
Balinese people can accept and understand Western culture, as well as Westerners can accept and enter into Balinese The influence can be seen from various forms of behavior and knowledge and culture.
Interestingly, all the stories depict the lives of foreigners, and more or less also allude to their native country.
The short story 'Mekel Paris' is set in France, 'Jero Japan' is set in Japan and the short story 'Sara' is set in New Zealand, but the author has never been to the area at all.
It was only in 2014, two years after Mekel Paris was published, that Widiasa Keniten had the opportunity to go to Europe following the Visit Program (Benchmarkin.
to Germany, then to Paris (Franc.
Belgium, and Amsterdam (Netherland.
When writing the story before.
Widiasa Keniten's knowledge only came from the books he read.
Forms of "Host-Guest" Interaction in the Anthology "Mekel Paris" All the stories in Mekel Paris depict interactions between Balinese and Westerners, or in a host and guest pattern.
According to Smith, since the first concept of host and guest was introduced, the concept has been widely used in case studies discussing the impact of the relationship between guest and host.
Regarding its application in various case studies, the results are determined on which type of tourism the impact of the host and guest relationship is studied.
Based on the type of leisure mobility carried out by tourists.
Smith distinguishes five types of tourism, namely ethnic tourism, culture tourism, historical tourism, environment tourism, and recreational tourism (Smith, 1989, pp.
For example, a study of host guest relationships in ethnic tourism type will show minimal impact because the number of people who interested in this type of tourism is very small.
Widiasa Keniten conveyed that the idea of writing short stories about foreigners, such as the relationships and experiences of foreigners when they were in Bali.
There are so many interesting ideas were there because:
Zhang & Xu .
see that the power relationship between host and guest is not in the real sense but is symbolic related to two things, namely economy and For him, hosts who are visited and become objects to enjoy do not always have lower power than guests who have economic advantages.
There were many foreigners in Bali.
Many of them have contributed to Bali.
Many Balinese have received outside influences.
All this shows the existence of mutualism symbiosis between Balinese and foreigners.
ThatAos what Based on close and heuristic reading, the 12 stories in Mekel Paris can be seen as ethnic tourism and cultural tourism.
In both types of tourism, host and guest interactions are marked by their interests in culture and economic dimensions.
There are five I Nyoman Darma Putra (LiteraryA) MUDRA Jurnal Seni Budaya Volume.
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forms of interaction are fewer than harmonious and mutualistic relationships.
However, the harmonious 15 forms of host-guest interaction that can be identified, namely: .
conflict vs.
harmony, .
dominant vs.
dominated, .
social/friendly vs.
economic, .
mutualistic vs.
individualistic, and .
protection and exploitation.
These five patterns of forms were used to analyze the form of interaction of story characters in Mekel Paris anthology Of the five forms of interaction, harmonious and mutualistic forms of interaction is the most often Conflict, exploitative, one-sided, economic and mutualistic interaction described by the author as temporary because some stories describe the harmony ending in turmoil.
In conflict-ridden interactions, the author describes that disharmony was caused by foreigners.
The forms of interaction of each short story are mapped out in Table 1.
Table 1.
Host-Guest Interaction Forms Mekel Paris's Short Story No Heading Mekel Paris Story A meeting between a Balinese man and a Parisian woman ended in marriage and live in Bali.
Forms of Interaction Harmonious.
Jack Kris The story of an American tourist married a Balinese woman who was working at a hotel.
They lived in Bali owning a business called PT Jackris.
Harmonious, mutualistic internally, but conflict externally.
Polyng A Balinese man named Ida Bagus Polyng, worked as a painter, married an American tourist.
Nancy, but divorced due to incompatibility about feelings and Material conflict Jro Japan An interaction between a Balinese man and a Japanese tourist that ended in marriage, first settled in Japan, then in Bali.
The Japanese character became Balinese.
Harmonious.
Made Smith Conflict vs harmony Takamur An Australian man who studied Balinese customs and culture at a griya and married the widow of the The big family disagreed, but Ida Pedanda agreed with the consideration that otherwise, their relationship was like an animal.
The story of a Japanese soldier who was described as cruel and forced to take control of a Balinese woman, who was also used as intelligence to capture Balinese John Foreign tourists who settle in Bali, built houses, but like small children, paedophilia.
At the end of the story.
John was arrested by the police.
Exploitation Jro Mangku Leiden Dutch people who loved Balinese customs and culture then followed the initiation process into jero As an expert on Balinese customs and culture, he was also able to complete his doctoral education with a dissertation that praised the Balinese peopleAos obedience in maintaining customs and culture.
He was surprised when he went to Bali he saw many physical changes in Balinese Harmony, paradox Dominant, exploitation I Nyoman Darma Putra (LiteraryA) MUDRA Jurnal Seni Budaya Volume.
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Harmony, mutualistic 15 Sarah The story of a New Zealand tourist, named Sara, who studied Balinese language and culture, then invited his teacher a Peranda Gde Angkasa to be a guest lecturer to New Zealand.
Van Boch Van Bukit The story of a Dutch man who showed a helping attitude by establishing the Bali Sruti Foundation.
the end of the story.
Dutch and Balinese characters wanted to marry Luh Sruti, whose name used as the name of their foundation.
Dutch people who was on holiday in Bali and bought land in the hills to build villas and made the originally quiet village atmosphere become noisy because of guests there.
Economical, one-sided because happy Westerners.
Helping turned out to be showoff.
Exploitative, conflict because Westerners behave arbitrary Janet The story of a woman from Darwin.
Australia, who studied Balinese culture, wanted to become a balian .
Harmonious, but in a strange context that is the introduction of black magic.
The forms of harmonious and mutualistic interaction in the above short stories are depicted in various settings, plots, and endings.
Two of the 12 stories depict the harmonious relationship between hostguest through marriage.
However, none of these mutualistic harmonious relationships are lasting, because there are other interests that are not fulfilled in these relationships, such as the marriage of Balinese characters with Westerners who never give them offspring.
In the Balinese belief system, the situation of a married couple who do not have children is considered a 'panes' .
couple, which occurs because of inter-caste marriages, or different religions, or different ethnicities.
The short story "Mekel Paris" which is the title of this anthology and the short story "Jro Jepun" both depict Balinese characters with foreigners getting The Balinese characters were men from families with a background with brahmin status .
he highest status in the caste level system in Bal.
, while the foreign figures were French and Japanese tourists respectively.
These two stories were very similar in opening, plot, and ending, specifically this can be seen in the ending of the story of the foreign characters who both become Balinese, as was clear from the name: Mekel Paris and Jro Japan.
The pronunciation of her new name after marrying a Balinese indicates that they had have a Balinese In the short story "Mekel Paris", marriage took place between a Parisian woman named Christian and a Balinese man named Ida Bagus Rai.
It does not clear where exactly the two first met, at the beginning of the story it is mentioned that Ida Bagus Rai became a tour guide and often in Kuta.
It can be assumed that their meeting took place in Kuta.
Most parts of the narrative tell Christina or Mekel Paris' loyalty to Balinese culture.
He not only learned Balinese language to communicate, but also learned on how to make offerings.
The following excerpt demonstrates that:
Mekel Paris further improved her skills, learned to speak Balinese, learned to make Talking about offerings.
All of those understood the matters were not doubt to Mekel Paris' loyalty .
o Bal.
2, p.
Mekel Paris' pride in Balinese culture made her accepted by her family and society as a part of the family member or as a Balinese.
The more closer she was accepted, the more diligently she learned everything about Bali, for example learning to sing traditional Balinese song wargasari and Balinese However, the process she had constructed her Balinese identity did not always giving her equal happiness because after three years of marriage.
Mekel Paris had not pregnant yet.
There was no sign of giving offspring to the coveted grya family that made she so sad.
According to one shaman.
Mekel Paris' failure to become pregnant occurred because she performed inter-caste marriage.
Her husband.
Ida Bagus Rai was not suitable to marry out-caste person .
rdinary perso.
like her.
Another reason that Mekel Paris failed to had pregnancy was because during the wedding ritual there were people who harmed her spiritually .
2, p.
It becomes serious source of worry for Ida Bagus RaiAos parent because they have no grandchildren who could continue the existence of their noble Ida Bagus Rai's father and mother, called him and Mekel Paris, and suggested him to marry Dayu Sastra, a brahmin woman who believed to become I Nyoman Darma Putra (LiteraryA) MUDRA Jurnal Seni Budaya Volume.
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an ideal couple in the context of caste system in Bali.
This seems to be part of the politics of same-caste Whether Ida Bagus Rai wants to marry Dayu Sastra, was unclear, because the story ends with an open phrase reflecting the response of Ida Bagus Rai and Mekel Paris to their parent and parent in law's marriage proposal: AuIda Bagus Rai looked Christina was shockedA.
It was difficult to capture the thoughts of both of them because neither of them said anything, the author was in a hurry to finish the story and let the story hang and allow the reader to interpret its meaning.
What it seems clear here is that the depiction of harmonious relationship between host and guest overshadowed by the cloud of disharmonious.
Two things can be learned in this story, namely: .
the author describes that foreigners love Balinese culture and if they have decided to marry they show that they act like the Balinese, such as making .
Mixed marriages give happiness in one respect, but give sadness in another, that they cannot have children.
Thus, although the idea of mixed marriages accepted in the beginning, in the end it is un acceptable because it fails to guarantee the sustainability of the brahmin family.
It is not the idea of mixed marriage it is rejected but the failure of providing offspring.
In the story "Jro Japan" the harmonious and mutualistic interaction begins and lasts until the end of the story.
The Japanese character not only changed his name to Jro Japan, a typical Balinese name, but agreed to become a priest, a must for a spouse to do so.
Her husband's family had agreed to courtship the intermarried couple as priests in a madiksa ceremony, the initiation of rebirth into The aim is that the Brahmin grya still has a The ceremony itself is not depicted as taking place in the story, but the decision of the Brahmin elder to initiate his son and daughter-in-law shows the harmonious interaction between Balinese and foreigners, which was originally a host and guest The Meaning of Host-Guest Interaction in "Mekel Paris" and Other Works Many works of Balinese literature present stories of interaction between Balinese people and tourists.
Tourists can mean Westerners who are also often referred to as buly, such as with Germans.
British.
Americans.
French.
Australians, and New Zealanders.
it can also mean Asians such as Japanese and Indian.
For Asians, there are stories that with Japanese characters, there are no other story with Asian characters apart from this.
This is likely to happen because in the world of tourism industry.
Japanese tourists visit Bali a lot, compared to tourists from other Asian countries.
In the last five years, many Chinese or Chinese tourists began to come to Bali, even becoming the highest number of tourists visiting Bali during the pre-pandemic covid19.
However, in reality intermarriage between Chinese tourists and Balinese is not commoner has not become a special phenomenon, compared to intermarriage between Bali and buly, commonly depicted with coffee-milk couples because of the black-and-white skin contrast.
Stories of Balinese interaction with buly have begun to be written by Balinese writers since the late 1960s, as seen in the short story work of Nyoman Rasta Sindhu who wrote the short story AuSahabatku Hans SchmitterAy ("My Best Friend Hans Schmitter") published by the leading and influential literary magazine Horison .
This short story features a male character from Germany, a tourist who fulfils the characteristics of a so-called hippies.
In this story, host-guest interaction takes place between Balinese man and buly man.
Rasta Sindhu wrote several other stories, such as the short story AuAku bukan PembunuhnyaAy ("I am not the Kille.
" published in the Kompas daily in 1972.
While in the first story depicts a character of a typical of hippies, the second story portray the character is a rich person, a banker, as it told by the narrator.
But, the character who claimed to be a banker, in fact turns out to be a bank robber back in their own country (Putra, 2011, pp.
The host-guest interaction in these two Rasta Sindhu short stories are beyond romance, there is no courtship, and because it is same-sex, of course the potential for marriage does not occur.
The story of the interaction of characters of different types, began to appear in the short story "Sanur Tetap Ramai" (Sanur Remains Bus.
by Faisal Baraas published in the popular-entertainment magazine Varia in 1970, republished in the short story anthology Leak .
by Faisal Baraas.
In the short story "Sanur Tetap Ramai" depicted a harmonious and romantic interaction between a Balinese man and a young woman from America, her name is Joice.
Balinese man Nyoman Sumerta, a tour guide falls in love with Joice, and they travel and vacation in Ubud.
When staying in Ubud they have sex.
At that time it was revealed that Joice was a lesbian, but became normal again after getting the satisfaction of having sex with Wayan.
In this story.
Bali is not only a beautiful place to vacation, but also a place where Westerners can regain their normal Wayan and Joice agree to meet again and get married, but none of that happens, because the promise is unrealistic.
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romantic interactions between host and guest do not continue at marriage, they are separated, each back to their own respective life.
The romantic-based model of love and the intention to marry but not come true, appears repeatedly in subsequent stories, not only in short stories as discussed above, but also in novelettes and novels.
The novelette "Suzan" .
8/2.
by Gde Aryantha Soethama is one such example.
The novelette was originally serialized in Sarinah women magazine .
, then published with a change of title after publication as the book American Wanita Amerika Dibunuh di Ubud (Woman murdered in Ubud,2.
In this novelette, a Balinese man, named Bram, meets Suzan, a tourist from America, in a ngaben cremation ceremony.
Suzan was interested in the ngaben tradition, and Bram who met her at that time, explained the meaning of ngaben in sober English.
From there they fell in love and had sex at an accommodation in Ubud.
They also wanted to get married, but it did not happen, after Suzan was shot dead by a rival syndicate pursuing her from America.
Suzan turns out to be a syndicate selling weapons who fled to Bali as a tourist.
Suzan leaves a will for her family and asked herself to be cremated in the Balinese At the end.
Bram helped her family to perform a cremation for Suzan, an interesting storyline because the scene of Suzan watching the ngaben event at the beginning of the story becomes another scene at the end of the story.
Various meanings can be expressed in Suzan's story when viewed from the tendency of the theme of Bali-buly interaction.
First, the Balinese are always open and face no obstacles in interacting with Westerners.
With limited English, they can quickly get intimate and make love.
Second, although the Balinese-Western interaction was intimate, they were never able to continue that interaction into the bonds of marriage.
There are authors' reasons for making that not happen, such as killing Western Third.
Westerners are described as interested in Balinese culture.
They not only want to know but even want to be part of Balinese customs and culture, like Suzan who left a will for her body to be cremated in Balinese Hinduism.
While the story above is written in Indonesian, it is interesting to read the Balinese novel entitled Depang Tiang Bajang Kayang-kayang (Let Me Be Alone Foreve.
by Nyoman Manda.
The novel tells the story of host-guest interaction, between a Balinese woman named Sari and an Australian man named George Pike.
In addition to different languages, this novel also features different story characters, where the stories above are male characters from Bali, while female story characters are foreigners.
in this novel the character from Bali is female, while the foreign story character is male.
Long story short, the two fell in love, and agreed to get married.
The wedding day was set, and friends and family from Australia had arrived in Bali to attend the wedding, but disaster struck.
That night, a few days before the wedding.
George, who lives in Ubud, picked up his friends to Kuta.
That night they stopped by the Sari Club just as terrorists attacked the Sari Club.
George Pike and his friends died in a bomb blast at the Sari Club.
Eventually.
Sari and George's marriage did not take place.
The author stops the interaction between the two by killing Western figures.
The author does not want the marriage between Balinese and Western figures to take place.
There are some similarities and differences between host-guest interactions patterns in literary works by the authors mentioned above and those that can be seen in the short stories in Mekel Paris' anthology.
First, the stories above and those published in Mekel ParisAo both describe the interaction of BalineseWesterners against the background of the development of Balinese tourism.
This shows that tourism activities are an important and sustainable source in the creation of literary works by Balinese Of course there are other sources of inspiration such as caste conflicts, but the works of Widiasa Keniten and other authors studied clearly point to tourism as the main source of inspiration.
The author Widiasa Keniten, in the introduction to his Mekel Paris' short story .
-book version, no introduction in print editio.
also says this.
There are many types of tourists who come to Bali, some come for vacation only, there are also researchers, some are eager to know Balinese There are also tourists who bring trouble like in the short story "John".
2, p.
Second, in describing the interaction between host and guest.
Widiasa Keniten and other Balinese authors describe the outgoing or confident of Balinese characters in getting along with Westerners, even with limited language skills, they have no difficulty in interacting.
In cases where the interaction progresses to intimacy, their oppositesex relationship escalates to sexual intercourse and promises to marry.
Third, in describing host-guest interactions.
Widiasa Keniten and other Balinese authors tend to portray Western characters interested in Balinese art and I Nyoman Darma Putra (LiteraryA) MUDRA Jurnal Seni Budaya Volume.
38 No.
4, 2023
culture, and even want to be part of Balinese customs and culture, such as the story character who asked to be Hindu cremated in the story American Wanita Amerika Dibunuh di Ubud by Gde Aryantha Soethama.
In Widiasa Keniten's work.
Westerners' interest in Balinese culture is evident in their decision to learn Balinese language.
Balinese offerings, and other Balinese cultural arts works.
Second, in IBW Widiasa Keniten's Mekel Paris short stories anthology, the attraction of foreigners to Bali is depicted more vividly and intensely by learning Balinese art and culture, marrying a Balinese, and using new names after the wedding, such as Mekel Paris and Jro Jepun.
Zhang & Xu .
in their study "The power dynamics in localAetourist interactions" conclude that local people are not necessarily at a disadvantage and passive in their interactions with guests.
they often take the initiative and direct shifts in social roles by changing definitions or situations to show their relative power.
That's what story characters do in the literary works of Balinese In the short stories studied, it appears that foreign characters are depicted as not only interested but totally Balinese and proud of Balinese identity.
This difference can be used as a shift in the literary narrative of Balinese authors in describing the interaction between host and guest from the absence of marriage to the occurrence of marriage in the Mekel Paris' short stories present as works that do not prevent marriage in the story, thus these works reflect the reality in society.
In society, the marriage of Balinese and foreigners in the context of tourism is very common.
Through his works.
Widiasa Keniten took a different position from the previous author who prevented the marriage between host and guest in the story.
should also be noted, in the anthology Mekel Paris.
IBW Widiasa Keniten also created stories about other host-guests, who had nothing to do with marriage, for example stories about tourists involved in paedophilia cases and cases of tourists who lived in villages in Bali but caused more problems than giving blessings.
The presence of these short stories does not undo the shift shown in presenting hostguest interactions assimilated through marriage.
sided relationships.
The author depicts Balinese characters with the West to the level of marriage, which marks a form of harmonious and mutualistic Compared to literary works, especially short stories of Balinese writers published earlier .
orm 1960s to 2000.
in Indonesian, there are similarities in terms of harmonious and mutualistic relationships, but the difference is very prominent in terms of the absence of marriage between Balinese and Westerners even though they are eager to do so.
The reasons used by the author to prevent the marriage were to kill one of the characters in various tragic accidents and disasters, especially Western figures, thus preventing assimilation between host and guest or between Bali-buly.
Behind the harmonious interaction or conflict-interaction, laid a strong message from Balinese literary writers that in interacting with outsiders.
Balinese people are always open but still able to maintain their Balinese Although the marriage is described as taking place in several short stories of Widiasa Keniten such as the short stories "Mekel Paris" and "Jro Jepun", it does not mean that the Balinese are drifting away assimilating with Westerners or Asians, but rather the guests who are described want to become Balinese.
It is not the Balinese identity that is lost or eroded by foreign culture, but foreign figures .
who marry Balinese figures .
who merge themselves into Balinese.
In other words, while respecting the outside culture.
Balinese authors always try to maintain and emphasize how important it is for Balinese to maintain Balinese BIBLIOGRAPHY Andiani.
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