DEIXIS FOUND IN THE FIRST VICTORY
SPEECH OF JOE BIDEN AS UNITED STATES PRESIDENT
Hery Ricca1 Universitas Putera Batam.
Batam.
Kepri.
Indonesia pb181210070@upbatam.
Mhd.
Johan2 Universitas Putera Batam.
Batam.
Kepri.
Indonesia johan@puterabatam.
ABSTRACT
This research aimed to analyze Deixis found in The First Victory Speech of Joe Biden as United States President On 7 November 2020.
Deixis is a part of Pragmatics that being used to understand the words and phrases context which identify person, time, and place.
The object of the research was to identify the deixis found in the Joe BidenAos speech by categorizing to person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis, and to find the most dominant deixis used in the A qualitative research method was applied in this research.
The data source in this research was the transcript of Joe BidenAos victory speech as the President of the United States.
The data was collected by document review, and the data was analyzed by using theory of Miles and Huberman in Sugiyono .
which had three steps: Data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing.
The result showed as the most dominant deixis found in Joe BidenAos speech was person deixis with total 198 deixis and the least category found was temporal deixis with total 12 deixis Keywords: Pragmatics.
Deixis.
Joe BidenAos Speech Introduction Every place has its own language to be used as communication tool.
Language is variety, and it has been developed from time to time.
According to Ondondo .
, language is the primary form that expresses messages by written or spoken in communication.
Therefore, language has important role for human beings to communicate with each other.
Not only in formal situations, but also in informal situations, language is always being used by humans.
In addition, language is a part of literature consisting of semantics, pragmatics, prepositions, speech acts, deixis, and others (Liawati.
Rizkiani.
Jamaludin.
Sometimes, people do understand the 83 | P a g e language, but they accidentally put themselves in a misunderstanding situation because of context issue.
Besides of using correct grammar form, context interpreting is also the key to a good communication both in utterance and written forms.
For that reason, language analysis is interesting and essential to be learned.
There is a study about language called as Linguistics.
Linguistics is a study that analyze language form, context, meaning including all the factors that relate to the language itself.
Then, there are two fields in Linguistics, they are Macro-Linguistics and MicroLinguistics.
According to Mahmood .
Macro-Linguistics is an analysis Linguistics Sociolinguistics.
Neurolinguistics.
Psycholinguistics.
Computational Linguistics, etc.
In contrast.
MicroLinguistics is an analysis of Linguistics analysis that focus on core levels such as Morphology.
Phonology.
Phonetics.
Syntax.
Semantics, and Pragmatics.
As defined by Yule .
Pragmatics is a study of implied meaning in writing or speaking.
Pragmatics is also relating the knowledge about a language such as vocabulary and patterns with the context used (Griffiths, 2.
Based on the definitions above, it can be stated that Pragmatics is more about how people recognize and interpret the meaning of a text than how it is stated.
For example.
AuItAos very hot here!Ay.
This is one of the Pragmatics examples that happens in daily situations.
When a person says the statement above, literally it can be understood that the speaker is feeling cold.
Pragmatically, the speaker might have hidden message to someone who is also in the same place to do some action.
In the other hand, if the listener interprets the statement only by literally, there will be no action done in this situation.
Another example is AuI heart you!Ay.
The AuheartAy in this context does not mean the organ in body, it means love.
Because heart is usually used as love symbol in communication, and by saying AuI heart youAy can be interpreted as same as AuI love youAy.
Besides of two examples above, there are still many words or phrases that can be analyzed in daily life.
Even though the two examples analysis above have different context analysis, but both are still categorized as Pragmatics in Linguistics.
In short.
Pragmatics itself also has branches.
Pragmatics has subfields, they are presupposition, and deixis.
Deixis can be defined as a linguistics expression, word, or phrase to point a discourse object or property that is contextually accessible (Birner, 2.
Also, the expression, word, or phrase that mentioned above must be related to time, location, and person.
In fact, time, location, and person mostly occur in utterance or written forms in Therefore, analysis objective is to identify and interpret the context of time, location, and person in an utterance or text.
Literature Review There are three categories of deixis, they are person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis (Yule.
Firstly, person deixis has deictic expressions that related to person including first person, second person, or third person pronouns such as I, me, 84 | P a g e you, we, her, him, them, that man, etc.
Secondly, spatial deixis describes deictic expressions that related to place such as here, there, above, near, behind, etc.
Lastly, there is temporal deixis which refers to deictic expressions of time such as now, then, later, tomorrow, yesterday, etc.
For example:
Ann says.
AuI need you in the office tomorrow.
Brian.
Ay From the example above, there are two pronouns of AuIAy and AuyouAy which refer to subject and object in the To interpret these pronouns, deixis is needed to point and analyze the contexts.
Based on Levinson explanation in (Horn & Ward, 2.
that deixis involves subjective, attentional, intentional, and context-dependent structures into natural languages, which is also critical for human capability to understand a language.
Therefore, it can be understood that the deixis found in the sentence above is person deixis and temporal deixis because there is pronoun AuIAy that refers to Ann as the speaker, and AuYouAy refers to Brian as the listener, also AuTomorrowAy as time Meanwhile, if there is no reference to a meaning in the utterance or text, a deictic expression will not be able to be categorized as deixis.
illustrate, there is phrase of AuWe spread love!Ay that written on the wall or road.
This phrase will not be able to be analyzed and categorized as deixis because the pronoun AuWeAy does not refer to anyone clearly unless there is person or community name in the phrase too.
Sometimes, people use deictic expressions in their utterance or text as generalization even though the references of deictic expressions are not clear.
Thus, deixis analysis relates the deictic expression with its There is previous research that related to deixis analysis in a speech.
The research title is Deixis in Donald TrumpAos Speech to UN General Assembly, and it is written by Retnowaty .
The aim of the research is to find out the deixis that used in Donald TrumpAos Speech to UN General Assembly.
In the research.
Retnowaty had found the conclusion by after identifying and analyzing the deixis Moreover.
Retnowaty had sorted the deixis and found the most dominant found in the speech.
By combining the theories of Yule and Levinson.
Retnowaty found person deixis, spatial/place deixis, temporal/time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis in Donald TrumpAos Speech to UN General Assembly.
In the conclusion, the most used deixis is the person deixis with total 279 of 344 total deixis found in the speech.
In this research, the researcher is interested to analyze deixis that found in Joe BidenAos victory speech as the new president of United States on 7 November 2020, because this speech has not been used by any researchers in analyzing deixis.
The video of the speech was posted by the official BBC (British Broadcasting Corporatio.
in their YouTube Channel, it also has been being watched for 2.
5 Million times and still counting (AuJoe BidenAos first speech as US president-elect US Election @BBC News live - BBC,Ay 2.
As well as the video, this news article which including the speech transcript also has been announced by online on some other website, one of them is by ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporatio.
News website (AuUS president-elect Joe 85 | P a g e Biden claims victory.
Read his speech in full,Ay 2.
By using the speech transcript on the website, the researcher does the research based on Yule .
deixis categories theory to find the categories and which deixis category is mostly used in the speech.
Research Method Research design or method is structure of the requirements for collection and analysis of data with purpose to combine information that related to the research with economy in procedure (Kothari, 2.
It is not only discussing about what method the researcher uses in the research, but also about how the data of research is collected, how the data is being analyzed, and how the result is Because the object in this research is Joe BidenAos victory speech transcript, the research method is by using qualitative research.
Qualitative research focuses more to human or social issues and making interpretation of the result with flexible structure (Creswell, 2.
According to Catherine Marshall and Gretchen B.
Rossman in Sugiyono .
Data collection by qualitative researchers can be gathered by the observation, interview, in the depth interviewing, and document review.
Then, the data collection in this research is by document review.
Furthermore, the researcher collect the data by finding the transcript of related Joe BidenAos speech which found on ABC News website.
After data collection, next step is data analysis.
Miles and Huberman in Sugiyono .
stated that qualitative data analysis was done interactively and continued to completion.
Based on the statement, there are three steps of analyzing data.
They are data reduction, data display, and conclusion Therefore, the first step to analyze the data in this research is by deducting the other data that not related to deixis expressions and only highlighting the data which is categorized and classified as deictic expression based on Yule .
deictic Because data display can be showed by graphic, table, flowchart, , the researcher uses table to show the most used deictic expression in Joe BidenAos victory speech transcript.
Based on the table, the researcher also explains by using narrative text as the conclusion drawing.
Result and Discussion The analysis in this research is by categorizing and classifying the deixis used in Joe BidenAos first victory speech As mentioned, in previous chapter, the researcher uses Yule .
deixis categories which are person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis.
At the end of the discussion, the result shows which deixis is found mostly in the Joe BidenAos first victory speech transcript.
The classification of deixis categories is summarized and presented in tables.
Table 1.
Person Deixis in Joe BidenAos Victory Speech Transcript No.
Deictic Frequency Percentage Expressions 86 | P a g e Her His Our She Their Them They You Your Total Based on Table 1 as above, the total of person deixis found in Joe BidenAos victory speech transcript is 198, and the highest number of words used is AuIAy with total 45 times Then, the lowest number of words used is AuthemAy with total only 1 time and 0.
The 5 examples of the findings of person deixis are as below.
I see my buddy, senator Tom Carper and I think Senator Coons is there and I think the Governor is around and former governor Ruth Ann Minner They have delivered us a clear victory, a convincing victory, a victory for we, the people What I must admit has surprised me And I am humbled by the trust and confidence you have placed in me Table 2.
Spatial Deixis in Joe BidenAos Victory Speech Transcript No.
Deictic Frequency Percentage Expressions Here There This Total Based on Table 2 as above, the total of spatial deixis found in Joe BidenAos victory speech transcript is 20, and the highest number of words used is AuThisAy with total 11 times and 55.
Then, the lowest number of words used is AuHereAy with total only 3 times and 15.
The 5 examples of the findings of spatial deixis are as below.
and I think Senator Coons is there Anyway, folks, the people of this nation have spoken we have seen all over this nation I sought this office to restore the soul of America the middle class, and to make America respected around the world again, and to unite us here at home 87 | P a g e No.
Table 3.
Temporal Deixis in Joe BidenAos Victory Speech Transcript Deictic Expressions Frequency Percentage Now Then Tomorrow Tonight Total Based on Table 3 as above, the total of temporal deixis found in Joe BidenAos victory speech transcript is 12, and the highest number of words used is AuNowAy with total 6 times and 50.
Then, the lowest number of words used is AuThenAy and AuTomorrowAy with total only 1 time 33% of each word.
The 5 examples of the findings of temporal deixis are as Tonight the whole world is watching America And now together, on eagle's wings What I must admit has surprised me Renewed faith in tomorrow to bring a better day And now, the work of making that vision is real Table 4.
Deixis Categories Found in Joe BidenAos Victory Speech Transcript No.
Deixis Categories Frequency Percentage Person Deixis Spatial Deixis Temporal Deixis Total From the table 4 as listed above, it can be summarized that total deixis found in Joe BidenAos Victory Speech Transcript is 230 Then, the highest deixis found is person deixis with total 198 and 86.
Followed by spatial deixis with total 20 deixis 70%, after that the temporal deixis becomes the lowest deixis found with total 12 deixis and 5.
Conclusion From the result and discussion of the analysis, it can be stated that there are three deixis categories found in the Joe BidenAos Victory Speech Transcript.
These three deixis are person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal Also, the most common category found is person deixis with total 198 deixis and the least category found is temporal deixis with total 12 deixis.
Therefore, it can be concluded that Joe Biden used person deixis the most on his first victory speech in the United States presidential election on 7 November 2020.
References