Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Analyzing Social Capital Factor for Agrotourism Development: A Case Study of Tambakbaya Village.
Banten Province Sulastri Nainggolana.
Harini Muntasibb.
Eva Rachmawatib a Natural Resources dan Environmental Management Science.
IPB University.
IPB Baranangsiang Campus.
Bogor, 16129.
Indonesia Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism.
Faculty of Forestry.
IPB University.
IPB Dramaga Campus.
Bogor, 16680.
Indonesia Article History Received 14 June 2024 Revised 1 August 2024 Accepted 19 September 2024 Keywords confirmatory factor analysis, development, social capital ABSTRACT Research on social capital in tourism development has been widely conducted using various This study examines the social capital of the Tambakbaya Village community to support the development of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Using a survey method, data was collected over three months (December 2023AeFebruary 2.
from community members directly and indirectly involved in agrotourism activities.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted using IBM SPSS Version The findings reveal that proactive action is the most significant factor influencing social capital in the community.
To strengthen social capital.
Sukabungah Agrotourism management should enhance community engagement, build trust among stakeholders, expand social networks, and improve compliance through formal socialization and social media, with support from the local Introduction Social capital is a crucial element in tourism development, as it can mobilize and strengthen modern communities .
The strength of social capital in a region positively influences the economy and welfare .
Strong social capital fosters collaboration, support, and resource access .
Research on social capital in tourism development has been extensively conducted .
Ae.
Social capital can illustrate the social life of individuals involved and facilitate effective collaboration to achieve common goals, with either positive or negative effects .
Ae.
Social capital is a feature of elements of social organizations such as networks, trust, norms, and networks that can enhance the efficiency of society by implementing coordinated aims .
The most studied elements of social capital include trust, social norms, proactive action, and social networks .
Ae.
First, trust is an attitude of mutual trust in society that enables members to unite and contribute to improving social capital .
Coleman and Putnam are two individuals who defined trust as a key component of social capital because human interaction and societal functioning rely on trust.
it serves as the foundation for both formal and nonformal institutions, decision-making processes, and social, political, and community relations .
Second, social norms play a crucial role in controlling the forms of behavior that emerge within the community .
Social norms foster community and coordination, positively impacting tourism development .
Ae.
Third, proactive actions represent the strong desire of group members not only to participate but also to find ways to engage in community activities constantly .
Proactive action enhances community engagement in tourism development .
Fourth, social networks reflect the collaboration and coordination of individuals or groups based on active social ties .
When a community forms strong network ties, various resources can be shared, thus increasing opportunities to benefit from these networks .
Social networks influence residents' involvement in tourism development .
Corresponding Author: Sulastri Nainggolan edelweismaia@gmail.
Science.
IPB University.
IPB Baranangsiang Campus.
Bogor.
Indonesia.
Natural Resources dan Environmental Management A 2025 Nainggolan et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, allowing unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided proper credit is given to the original authors.
Think twice before printing this journal paper.
Save paper, trees, and Earth! Social networks also help identify and acquire tourism development resources .
Sukabungah Agrotourism, an agricultural educational tourism site in the Lebak Regency, has the potential to become a beacon of sustainable development.
This agrotourism site is collectively managed by the Farmers Group Association (Gabungan Kelompok Tani or Gapokta.
Sukabungah.
The management of Sukabungah Agrotourism requires strong social capital.
Gapoktan is a combination of several farmer groups engaged in agribusiness activities based on the principles of collaboration and partnership, thereby increasing production and income for its members and other farmers .
Many agrotourism ventures are unsustainable because of the low social capital of the individuals involved .
To develop sukabungah agrotourism, social capital is crucial to encourage the involvement of the Tambakbaya Village community, directly and indirectly.
Previous researchers have conducted studies on tourism development based on social capital without distinguishing the types of community involvement around the tourism destination area .
Ae10,.
Local communities can participate directly in developing sustainable tourism through brainstorming, labor, skills, and financial participation, ensuring community involvement from the planning stage to the effective implementation of development .
In another study, communities directly involved in tourism development showed a more positive attitude because they could actively participate .
However, this study did not specify who the directly involved community was.
Therefore, this research aims to analyze the factors of social capital of the community directly and indirectly involved in the development of sukabungah agrotourism in Tambakbaya Village.
Cibadak District.
Lebak Regency, and Banten Province, emphasizing the crucial role of their involvement in the success of the project.
Materials and Methods Study Area This study was conducted in Tambakbaya Village.
Cibadak District.
Lebak Regency.
Banten Province (Figure The location was purposively selected because Agrowisata Sukabungah represents agrotourism that is managed collaboratively and is still ongoing.
The data were placed for 3 months from December 2023 to February 2024.
Figure 1.
Research unit maps.
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Data Collection Methods Data were collected using a census method through interviews guided by a questionnaire.
All members of the population were surveyed.
The respondents were communities that were both directly and indirectly The separation of these two classifications of respondents is based on the tourism supply chain.
Respondents from the directly involved community comprised 65 respondents, including Sukabungah Agrotourism managers, restaurants, homestays, souvenir sellers, and local tour guides.
Meanwhile, the indirectly involved community comprised 140 respondents who were not directly engaged in the tourism industry Sukabungah Agrotourism, but played a role in supporting tourism activities, such as rice farmers in the Sukabungah Agrotourism area and food suppliers.
The total number of respondents in this study was 205.
The questionnaire was developed based on a literature review and was modified according to the research The questionnaire consisted of 27 questions related to elements of social capital .
rust, social norms, proactive actions, and social network.
It utilizes the Likert scale, one of the most fundamental and frequently applied psychometric tools in educational and social research .
Likert scales are essential for segmenting populations and analyzing perceptions in social research .
RespondentsAo answers were assessed using a Likert scale, which consisted of Strongly Agree (SA=.
Agree (A=.
Neutral (N=.
Disagree (D=.
, and Strongly Disagree (SD=.
are called responses.
Data Analysis Responses collected from respondents through the questionnaire were tabulated for factor analysis.
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to analyze factors forming social capital .
CFA is commonly used in social research.
Several researchers have previously conducted similar research .
Ae.
CFA was used to determine the factors that form the social capital of the Tambakbaya Village community in the development of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
In this research.
CFA was conducted using IBM-SPSS (International Business Machines - Statistical Package for the Social Science.
Statistics Version 26 using Dimension Reduction analysis by previous researchers .
The steps of the CFA output analysis were as follows: .
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and BartlettAos test.
This test compares the observed correlation level with the partial correlation level.
The value produced by the KMO Measure of Sampling Adequacy should be greater 50 to ensure that the factor analysis can be processed.
Bartlett's Test of sphericity was used to test the relationship between variables that serve as indicators of a factor.
Bartlett's test of sphericity aims to show that the variables in question are not correlated with each other in the population.
an anti-image correlation test.
This test is useful for showing the calculation of the anti-image correlation test and displaying a set of numbers forming a diagonal with the symbol AuaAy.
This symbol represents the measure of sampling adequacy (MSA) for each tested indicator.
If the MSA value of an indicator or variable is less than 0.
5, factor analysis is repeated without including variables / indicators that have values below 0.
Total variance explains the test to analyze the amount of variation associated with each factor.
This analysis shows the percentage of the total variance explained by the formed factors.
The threshold value for the factor-forming eigenvalues is 1.
if the value is less than 1, there are no factorforming variables.
Rotated component rotation is used in the factor analysis because unrotated component matrices generally do not provide sufficient information to classify or categorize variables into new components.
The rotation method used is the varimax method, which is an orthogonal rotation method .
aintaining a 90-degree angle between the axi.
that simplifies the columns of the component matrix .
To conduct a confirmatory factor analysis of social capital within the Tambakbaya Village community, this study tested four variables: trust, social norms, proactive actions, and social networks (Table .
Table 1.
The variables and indicators of social capital studied.
Variables Trust Social norms Indicator Trust in fellow Tambakbaya Village community Trust in the community members involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism Trust in the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism Trust in the Tambakbaya Village Government Trust in the Head of Tambakbaya Village Trust in NGOs Trust in religious leaders Trust in community leaders Compliance with the regulations issued by Tambakbaya Village Compliance with the religious norms prevailing in Tambakbaya Village Compliance with the prevailing legal norms This journal is A Nainggolan et al.
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Variables Proactive action Social Networks Indicator Compliance with the traditional norms in Tambakbaya Village Willingness to share information with fellow Tambakbaya Village community Willingness to share information with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism Willingness to share knowledge with fellow Tambakbaya Village community Willingness to share knowledge with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism activities Willingness to participate in Sukabungah Agrotourism activities Willingness to participate in decision-making related to the development of Sukabungah Agrotourism Willingness to seek information about agrotourism development Collaboration with the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism Collaboration with fellow Tambakbaya Village community Collaboration with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism Collaboration with the Department of Culture and Tourism Collaboration with the Tambakbaya Village Government Collaboration with the Village Agricultural Extension Officer Collaboration with the Agricultural Field Officer Collaboration with visitors Results Characteristic of Respondents RespondentsAo characteristics encompassed several dimensions.
By gender, respondents are female .
31%) and male .
69%).
In terms of age distribution, respondents were aged 15Ae29 years .
54%), aged 30Ae44 years .
04%), aged 45Ae60 years .
59%), and over 60 years .
83%).
The respondents were formal ungraduated .
95%), ungraduated elementary school .
78%), primary school .
68%), ungraduated junior high school .
93%), junior high school .
32%), graduate senior high school .
95%), diploma .
98%), and bachelor's degree .
41%).
In terms of occupation, respondents were engaged in various types of work, such as agricultural laborers .
12%), traders .
88%), farmers .
88%), employees .
36%), and the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism .
76%).
Finally, in terms of origin, respondents were native residents .
07%) and settlers .
93%).
Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Directly Involved Community The KMO for the directly involved community showed a KMO value of 0.
714 > 0.
5, indicating that the adequacy of the research data is acceptable, and overall, there is a sufficient correlation among the indicators to proceed with further analysis.
Additionally.
BartlettAos test value of 1,305.
45, with a significance of less than 05, indicated that the correlation among variables was strong enough to perform factor analysis.
Therefore, the next CFA test, the MSA, can be conducted.
The results of KMO and BartlettAos test for directly involved communities are presented in Table 2 below.
Table 2.
KMO and BartlettAos test for directly involved community.
KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx.
Chi-Square Sig.
1,305.
The MSA test is conducted to measure the relationship between indicators, with the MSA value approaching 1 indicating a strong relationship (Table .
The MSA value below 0.
5 indicates that the relationship between that variable and others is not strong enough, thus preventing further factor analysis.
Variables or indicators with the MSA value below 0.
5 can be removed, and then the KMO and BartlettAos test can be performed again.
The result of the MSA test for directly involved communities shows that all variables have values greater than The results of the total variance explained test for the directly involved community indicated that component 1 was the largest component with a variance explained value of 32.
562% (Table .
Component 6 was the smallest component, with a variance explained value of 5.
The total variance explained was the accumulation of all the variances explained for each component.
If the cumulative percentage is greater than 60%, it can be concluded that the results of the factor analysis calculation are satisfactory.
The total variance explained by the value for the directly involved communities was 72.
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Table 3.
The MSA test for directly involved community.
Variable Indicator Trust Trust in fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Trust in the community members involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Trust in the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Trust in the Tambakbaya Village Government.
Trust in the Head of Tambakbaya Village.
Trust in religious leaders.
Trust in community leaders.
Compliance with the regulations issued by Tambakbaya Village.
Compliance with the religious norms prevailing in Tambakbaya Village.
Compliance with the prevailing legal norms.
Compliance with the traditional norms in Tambakbaya Village.
Willingness to share information with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Willingness to share information with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to share knowledge with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Willingness to share knowledge with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism activities.
Willingness to participate in Sukabungah Agrotourism activities.
Willingness to participate in decision-making related to the development of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to seek information about agrotourism development.
Collaboration with the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Collaboration with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Collaboration with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Collaboration with the Department of Culture and Tourism.
Collaboration with the Tambakbaya Village Government.
Collaboration with the village agricultural extension officer.
Collaboration with the agricultural field officer.
Collaboration with visitors.
Social norms Proactive Social networks Anti-image Measures of Sampling Adequacy (MSA).
Table 4.
Total variance explained for directly involved community.
Total variance explained Initial eigenvalues Component Total % of Cumulative % Extraction sums of squared % of Total Cumulative % Rotation sums of squared loadings Total % of Cumulative % Extraction method: principal component analysis.
The total variance explained test aims to determine which indicators should be included in which components through rotated component matrices using the varimax method.
The rotated component matrices test results for the directly involved community revealed 24 indicators with loading factor values greater than 0.
Meanwhile, two additional indicators with loading factor values less than 0.
5 are Trust in fellow Tambakbaya Village community .
and Trust in religious leaders .
The output of the rotated component matrix for directly involved community is listed in Table 5.
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Table 5.
Rotated component matrix for directly involved community.
Rotated component matrixa Variable Indicator Trust Trust in fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Trust in the community members involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Trust in the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Trust in the Tambakbaya Village Government.
Trust in the Head of Tambakbaya Village Trust in religious leaders.
Trust in community leaders.
Compliance with the regulations issued by Tambakbaya Village.
Compliance with the religious norms prevailing in Tambakbaya Village.
Compliance with the prevailing legal norms.
Compliance with the traditional norms in Tambakbaya Village.
Willingness to share information with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Willingness to share information with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to share knowledge with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Willingness to share knowledge with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism activities.
Willingness to participate in Sukabungah Agrotourism Willingness to participate in decision-making related to the development of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to seek information about agrotourism Collaboration with the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Collaboration with fellow Tambakbaya Village Collaboration with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Collaboration with the Department of Culture and Tourism.
Collaboration with the Tambakbaya Village Government.
Collaboration with the village agricultural extension Collaboration with the agricultural field officer.
Collaboration with visitors.
Social norms Proactive actions Social networks Component Extraction method: principal component analysis.
rotation method: varimax with kaiser normalization.
rotation converged in 6 iterations.
Interpretation of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) Results for Social Capital of Directly Involved Community The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicate that six factors constitute the social capital of the directly involved community.
These factors include proactive actions, trust, social networks .
inking social capita.
, social norms, social networks .
inking and bridging social capita.
, and decision-making process and The findings of this analysis are presented in table 6 below.
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Table 6.
Factor forming social capital elements in directly involved community.
Factor Factor name Eigenvalue Proactive Actions Trust Social network .
Social norms Social networks .
ridging and Decision-making and Persentase of Indicators Willingness to share information with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Willingness to share information with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to share knowledge with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Willingness to participate in Sukabungah Agrotourism activities.
Willingness to participate in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Trust in the community members involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Trust in the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Trust in the Tambakbaya Village Government.
Trust in the Head of Tambakbaya Village.
Trust in community leaders.
Collaboration with the Department of Culture and Tourism of Lebak Regency.
Collaboration with the Tambakbaya Village Government.
Collaboration with the village agricultural extension officer.
Collaboration with the agricultural field officer.
Collaboration with visitors.
Compliance with the regulations issued by Tambakbaya Village.
Compliance with the religious norms prevailing in Tambakbaya Village.
Compliance with the prevailing legal norms.
Compliance with the traditional norms in Tambakbaya Village.
Collaboration with the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Collaboration with fellow Tambakbaya Village Collaboration with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to participate in decision-making related to the development of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to seek information about agrotourism development.
Loading Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Indirectly Involved Community The output of the KMO MSA test showed a value greater than 0.
5, specifically 0.
This indicates that the adequacy of the research data is acceptable and that there is a correlation between the variables.
Furthermore, the significance value was 0.
000, less than 0.
05, indicating a sufficient correlation between the variables to proceed with the factor analysis.
This aligns with the requirement that the KMO MSA value be > 5 and that the significance value be below 0.
Table 7 presents the results of the KMO and Bartlett tests.
The MSA test measures the relationship between indicators, with the MSA value approaching 1 indicating a strong relationship.
The MSA value below 0.
5 indicates that the relationship between that variable and others is not strong enough, thus preventing further factor analysis.
Variables or indicators with the MSA value 5 can be removed, and then the KMO and BartlettAos test can be performed again.
The result of the MSA test for directly involved community can be seen in table 8 below.
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Table 7.
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and BartlettAos test for indirectly involved communities.
KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx.
Chi-Square Sig.
Table 8.
The MSA test for indirectly involved community.
Anti-image Matrices Variable Indicator Trust Social norms Proactive Social Trust in fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Trust in the community members involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Trust in the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Trust in the Tambakbaya Village Government.
Trust in the Head of Tambakbaya Village.
Trust in NGOs.
Trust in religious leaders.
Trust in community leaders.
Compliance with the regulations issued by Tambakbaya Village.
Compliance with the religious norms prevailing in Tambakbaya Village.
Compliance with the prevailing legal norms.
Compliance with the traditional norms in Tambakbaya Village.
Willingness to share information with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Willingness to share information with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to share knowledge with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Willingness to share knowledge with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism activities.
Willingness to participate in Sukabungah Agrotourism activities.
Willingness to participate in decision-making related to the development of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to seek information about agrotourism development.
Collaboration with the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Collaboration with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Collaboration with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Collaboration with the Department of Culture and Tourism.
Collaboration with the Tambakbaya Village Government.
Collaboration with the village agricultural extension officer.
Collaboration with the agricultural field officer.
Collaboration with visitors.
Anti-image Measures of Sampling Adequacy (MSA).
The following analysis was performed using the total variance explained test.
The findings of the total variance explained analysis for the indirectly involved community show that component 1 is the largest component, with a variance explained value of 40.
Component 6 was the smallest component, with a variance explained value of 3.
The total variance explained was the accumulation of all the variances explained for each component.
If the cumulative percentage is greater than 60%, it can be concluded that the results of the factor analysis are categorized as very good.
The Total variance explained for the indirectly involved community was 75.
The output of the total variance explained indirectly involved community is shown in table 9.
The rotated component matrix analysis for the indirectly involved community indicated 26 indicators with loading factor values > 0.
However, one indicator with a loading factor value of less than 0.
5 is cooperation with fellow Tambakbaya Village community .
Therefore, it is known that 24 indicators fill six factors or components in the Rotated Component Matrixa, forming six social capital forming factors for the indirectly involved community in the development of Sukabungah Agrotourism (Table .
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Table 9.
Total variance explained indirectly involved community.
Total variance explained Initial eigenvalues Component Total % of Cumulative % Extraction sums of squared % of Total Cumulative % Rotation sums of squared loadings Total % of Cumulative % Extraction method: principal component analysis.
Table 10.
Rotated component matrix for the indirectly involved community.
Rotated component matrixa Variable Indicators Trust Social norms Proactive Social Trust in fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Trust in the community members involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Trust in the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Trust in the Tambakbaya Village Government.
Trust in the Head of Tambakbaya Village.
Trust in NGOs.
Trust in religious leaders.
Trust in community leaders.
Compliance with the regulations issued by Tambakbaya Village.
Compliance with the religious norms prevailing in Tambakbaya Village.
Compliance with the prevailing legal norms.
Compliance with the traditional norms in Tambakbaya Village.
Willingness to share information with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Willingness to share information with those involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to share knowledge with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Willingness to share knowledge with those involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to participate in Sukabungah Agrotourism Willingness to participate in decision-making related to the development of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to seek information about agrotourism Collaboration with the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Collaboration with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Collaboration with the community involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Collaboration with the Department of Culture and Tourism.
Collaboration with the Tambakbaya Village Government.
Collaboration with the village agricultural extension officer.
Collaboration with the agricultural field officer.
Collaboration with visitors.
Component Extraction method: principal component analysis.
rotation method: varimax with kaiser normalization.
rotation converged in 11 iterations.
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Interpretation of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) Results for Social Capital of the Indirectly Involved Community The confirmatory factor analysis results indicate that six factors form the social capital of the indirectly involved community.
These factors include proactive action, trust, social networking .
inking social capita.
, social norms, trust .
ocal figure.
, and trust .
ocal governmen.
The findings are presented in Table 11 below.
Table 11.
Factor forming social capital elements in indirectly involved community.
Factor Factor name Eigenvalue Proactive actions Trust Social Networks .
Social Norms Trust .
ocal Trust .
ocal Persentase Indicators Loading Willingness to share information with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Willingness to share information with those involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to share knowledge with fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Willingness to share knowledge with those involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to participate in Sukabungah Agrotourism activities.
Willingness to participate in decision-making related to the development of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Willingness to seek information about agrotourism development.
Trust in fellow Tambakbaya Village community.
Trust in the community members involved in Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Trust in the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Collaboration with the management of Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Collaboration with the Department of Culture and Tourism.
Collaboration with the Tambakbaya Village Government.
Collaboration with the village agricultural extension officer.
Collaboration with the agricultural field officer.
Collaboration with visitors.
Compliance with the regulations issued by Tambakbaya Village.
Compliance with the religious norms prevailing in Tambakbaya Village.
Compliance with the prevailing legal norms.
Compliance with the traditional norms in Tambakbaya Village.
Trust in religious leaders.
Trust in community leaders.
Trust in the Tambakbaya Village Government.
Trust in the Head of Tambakbaya Village.
Discussion The results of the CFA indicate that the four elements of social capital tested (Table .
resulted in six new factors forming the social capital of the Tambakbaya Village community, both for those directly and indirectly The factors forming social capital are related to the types of community involvement in the Sukabungah Agrotourism.
The social capital of directly involved community members is formed by proactive actions, trust, social networks .
, social norms, decision-making, and information.
Meanwhile, the social capital of indirectly involved community members is formed by proactive actions, internal village trust, social networks, social norms, trust in local figures, and trust in local government.
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respondents have different factors forming their social capital, they share proactive actions as the most decisive factor shaping the social capital of the Tambakbaya Village community in developing Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Previous studies have stated that trust is the most decisive factor in forming social capital .
,10,17,20,.
Interestingly, this study shows a different result, where proactive actions are the most decisive factor in forming social capital.
This difference arises because each research location has unique social and cultural Proactive actions become the most important factor in forming social capital due to the community's low willingness to act proactively.
The community will participate in Sukabungah Agrotourism activities if the management invites them and provides compensation.
This condition negatively impacts the management of Agrotourism as the community tends to be apathetic and opportunistic, while tourism development requires proactive actions.
Proactive community actions can develop tourism by quickly adapting, anticipating trends, collaborating effectively, and innovating .
Proactive community actions are shown by active and creative attitudes, enabling successful tourism development .
Examples of proactive actions by both directly and indirectly involved community members include attending management meetings of Sukabungah Agrotourism, sharing information and knowledge with peers and those involved in agrotourism, providing parking spaces, and willingness to become local guides.
The next factor forming social capital is trust.
Trust is a fundamental basis for interaction because trust can influence how individuals interact and behave, playing a crucial role in various aspects of social life .
Trust within a community facilitates participation, collaboration, and social networking in tourism development .
,10,20,43,.
This study identifies several factors related to trust, such as trust in local figures and trust in local government (Table .
Conceptually, this trust reflects the community's confidence in local figures and government, forming social capital.
The trust of the Tambakbaya Village community is evident in their habits of sharing information, mutual assistance, and cooperation in various activities.
Social capital is also formed by social norms, which regulate the behavior of the community and related parties, consisting of village government regulations, religious norms, legal norms, and customary norms.
Norms are essential in controlling and demonstrating societal attitudes and behaviors .
The Tambakbaya Village community adheres to these social norms, such as not disposing of waste into the Ciujung River, as certain areas are prone to flooding if the river overflows, and refraining from criminal acts that could disrupt public order and safety.
Maintaining security and comfort of tourist destinations is crucial because security and comfort are vital conditions in the tourism industry .
Community behavior at tourist destinations is a factor that can diminish tourists' sense of security .
Peace and security in Switzerland attract tourists, supporting the economic growth of the tourism industry by creating a positive perception that encourages more visitors, thereby boosting the local economy .
Furthermore, the social capital of the Tambakbaya Village community is formed by social networks.
This indicates that the community actively collaborates with parties related to developing Sukabungah Agrotourism.
Social networks are crucial to social capital because strong social networks enhance community According to Suryandhani and Prayitno .
, the stronger the community's social networks, the more successful the development of tourist villages.
the success of building social capital in the Mas-Mas Tourist Village lies in the community's ability to engage in social networks .
Therefore, social networks facilitate communication, build trust, and share information among stakeholders and local com munities, enhancing promotional efforts and fostering collaboration, ultimately leading to the growth of tourist attractions in tourism development .
Conclusion The results of the CFA indicate that each analyzed variable is correlated with other variables, thereby justifying the use of factor analysis.
Proactive action is the primary factor shaping the social capital of both directly and indirectly involved communities.
Several relevant implications for strengthening the social capital of the Tambakbaya Village community in the development of Sukabungah Agrotourism include engaging community members in the development process to foster a sense of ownership and involvement, building trust among all stakeholders by providing clear and accurate information about activities and decisions, expanding social networks both within and beyond the village to increase access to resources and information, and enhancing community adherence to social norms by conducting socialization through formal meetings and social media by local governments.
Specifically, for indirectly involved communities, engagement strategies should be facilitated by local leaders and village officials, while for those directly This journal is A Nainggolan et al.
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Sukabungah Agrotourism management should offer opportunities to participate in decisionmaking, which will enhance their sense of empowerment and commitment to the development outcomes.
Author Contributions SN: Conceptualization.
Methodology.
Software.
Investigation.
Writing - Review & Editing.
EKSHM: Writing Review & Editing.
Supervision.
ER: Writing - Review & Editing.
Conflicts of Interest There are no conflicts to declare.
References