Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia.
Vol.
6 No.
2 (Juli 2.
E-ISSN 2685 Ae 323X
Evaluasi Kinerja Bio-CSTR Untuk Produksi Biohidrogen dari Palm Oil Mill Effluent
(POME)
Performance Evaluation of Bio-CSTR for Biohydrogen Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Nurdiah Rahmawati1*.
Joni Prasetyo1.
Galuh Wirama Murti1.
Tyas Puspita Rini1.
Atti Sholihah1.
Era Restu Finalis1.
Semuel Patisenda Center of Technology for Energy Resources and Chemical Industry (PTSEIK).
National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) - Indonesia Corresponding Author.
Email: nurd005@brin.
Received: 28th March 2022.
Revised: 12th July 2022.
Accepted: 13th July 2022 Abstract Hydrogen production from biomass is a prospectus energy carrier.
Biohydrogen so far only shares 8% of total hydrogen production.
Therefore, the production of biohydrogen still has to be increased for its contribution of the total required hydrogen, especially in Indonesia, which is a tropical country and rich in biomass.
This research and development would utilize POME.
Palm Oil Mill Effluent, as the substrate to produce biohydrogen.
The utilization of POME will give added value and solve the environmental problem as well.
Based on a modified existing bio-reactor, a bioAeContinuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR), the production of biohydrogen was successfully conducted at a scale of 1,000 dm3 working volume.
The bio-CSTR worked with impellers on 4 different levels and the substrate flew laminarly and non-stagnant.
As in the first test, biogas production from POME with the majority content of CH4, the pH, and COD was measured to assess the quality of this POME utilization.
The product was also analyzed, especially to monitor the existence of CH4 and to assure the product bio H2.
Bio CSTR was applied in the method fed-batch POME and some additional nutrients were fed daily.
The work was conducted for at least 2 weeks based on working planning.
As the result, biohydrogen is still stable for the duration of 18 days of operations, and no CH4 The pH was smaller at overflow POME, decreasing maximum, from 4.
9 to 4.
This condition was considered The H2 concentration in the gas product was reached 26% and stable at 12% until the end of the experiment.
Keywords: POME.
bio H2.
bio CSTR 1 m3.
laminar and non-stagnant.
Scaling bio H2 production Abstrak Hidrogen yang diproduksi dari biomassa merupakan energy carrier yang menjanjikan.
Hingga saat ini, produksi hidrogen dari biomassa baru menyumbang 8% dari keseluruhan produksi hidrogen.
Oleh karena itu, kontribusi produksi biohidrogen terhadap kebutuhan hidrogen total masih harus terus ditingkatkan, khususnya di Indonesia yang merupakan negara tropis yang kaya akan biomassa.
Penelitian ini akan mengembangkan upaya utilisasi POME.
Palm Oil Mill Effluent, sebagai substrat untuk memproduksi biohidrogen.
Utilisasi POME ini selain akan memberikan nilai tambah, juga akan mengatasi permasalahan lingkungan.
Produksi biohidrogen telah berhasil dilaksanakan pada skala volume kerja 1.
000 dm3 dengan menggunakan bioreaktor eksisting yang telah dimodifikasi, yang selanjutnya disebut Bio-Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (Bio-CSTR).
Bio-CSTR bekerja menggunakan impeller pada 4 level yang berbeda dan substrat akan mengalir secara laminar dan non-stagnan.
Sebagaimana pada uji pertama yaitu produksi biogas dari POME dengan kandungan utama CH4, pada pengujian ini nilai pH dan COD diukur untuk mengkaji kualitas pemanfaatan POME.
Analisa produk juga dilakukan, khususnya untuk memantau keberadaan CH4 dan memastikan produk bio H2.
Bio-CSTR dioperasikan dengan metode sistem fed-batch.
POME dan nutrisi tambahan diumpankan setiap hari.
Keseluruhan pekerjaan dilaksanakan dalam sekurang-kurangnya 2 minggu.
Hasilnya, biohidrogen masih stabil selama durasi 18 hari operasi dan tidak ditemukan CH4.
Nilai pH pada overflow POME lebih kecil, menurun dari 4,9 ke 4,8.
Kondisi ini masih dianggap dapat ditolerir.
Konsentrasi hidrogen dalam produk gas mencapai 26% dan stabil pada 12% hingga berakhirnya eksperimen.
Keywords: POME.
bio H2.
bio CSTR 1 m3.
laminar dan non-stagnan.
scaling produksi bio H2 Copyright A 2022 by Authors.
Published by JITK.
This is an open-access article under the CC BY-SA License .
ttps://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-sa/4.
How to cite: Rahmawati.
Prasetyo.
Murti.
Rini.
Sholihah.
Finalis.
, & Patisenda.
Performance Evaluation of Bio-CSTR for Biohydrogen Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME).
Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia, 6.
, 78-88.
Permalink/DOI: 10.
32493/jitk.
Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia Juli 2022, 6 .
Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia.
Vol.
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2 (Juli 2.
E-ISSN 2685 Ae 323X
INTRODUCTION
Climate change is become a big issue to be overcome globally and has drawn more attention day by day.
The utilization of fossil fuels for decades was proven to give a negative impact on the environment.
Indonesia was paying serious attention to reducing fossil fuel utilization with the declaration of Net Zero Emission in 2060.
Along with that, the alternative for clean fuel for transportation is also continuously explored, including hydrogen.
Hydrogen has a high energy density .
kJ/.
(Lubitz and Tumas, 2.
and produces only water as a by-product of its combustion (Levin et al.
Hydrogen was a heat and electricity source (Mishra et al.
, 2.
Nowadays, hydrogen production was dominated via Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) using fossil sources and water electrolysis.
Hydrogen production from biomass or biohydrogen only shares 8% of total hydrogen production (Schoots et al.
, 2.
, which needs to be increased to make a real carbon-neutral and renewable hydrogen.
Biohydrogen was produced either using the photosynthesis route or the fermentative route.
Moreover, biohydrogen can be produced by utilizing waste of the palm oil industry such as EFB and POME (Kusmardini et al.
, 2.
The Bio-Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (Bio-CSTR) was developed for biohydrogen production via the dark fermentative route.
It is an anaerobic fermentation that proceeds in the absence of light, where the microbes .
uch as Clostridia and Enterobacter sp.
) will break down intermediates compounds, including volatile fatty acids (VFA) and alcohols (Levin et al.
The Bio-CSTR used in this experiment was a cylindrical tank with an ellipsoidal top and flat bottom lid.
The liquid working volume of the reactor is 1,000 dm3, with the tank dimension: H = 2.
3 m and yo = 0.
8 m.
POME was being fed from the bottom of the Along with that, the gas product will stream out from the top of the reactor.
allow the system to work continuously, a Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia liquid overflow outlet was set at a height of 2 m of the reactor.
Figure 1.
The Bio-CSTR Design for Biohydrogen production from POME (Finalis et.
The important part in the development of the Bio-CSTR for biohydrogen production lies in its mixing system.
In general.
CSTR has a turbulent flow pattern inside the reactor so the concentration of the effluent will be exactly the same as the concentration of the liquid inside the reactor.
However, in this BioCSTR.
POME is designed to flow up laminar and not stagnant inside the reactor.
Multiple impellers were set up on 4 different levels with a 450 mm space between impellers.
The impellers used are turbine types with the 6-flat blade, which are suitable for POME that has low viscosity below 100 cp.
This type of turbine is also excellent for gas dispersion due to its ability to fragment the gas produced into gas bubbles.
The arrangement of the impellers will allow each impeller to form a radial discharge flow and produce large-scale circulation loops that are independent (Doran, 2.
but uniform at each level.
The Bio-CSTR was being operated in the fed-batch mode for anaerobic digestion and proven to have a laminar and no stagnant flow inside the reactor as indicated by the Juli 2022, 6 .
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E-ISSN 2685 Ae 323X difference in COD and BOD values at the bottom and overflow point.
Meanwhile, the pH value showed no significant difference at those two points, indicating that the operating condition at every point in the tank is homogeneous (Finalis et al.
, 2.
In the previous work by Finalis et al.
, the experiment was still limited to proving the performance of the Bio-CTSR in producing a laminar and no stagnant flow inside the Those type of flow is crucial in the biohydrogen production process.
However, the production of biohydrogen itself has not been conducted yet.
So far, the Bio-CSTR was proven to succeed in biogas production with methane-dominated gas products.
In this research, the performance of the Bio-CSTR for producing biohydrogen was evaluated.
Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) was used as the substrate in the process.
T-01
P-01
T-02
T-03
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment for biohydrogen production was conducted using a bio-CSTR system located at 225 Building.
Puspiptek.
Serpong.
South Tangerang.
The Bio-CSTR has a liquid working volume of 1,000 dm3 and is equipped with multiple impellers that were set up on 4 different levels with a 450 mm space between impellers.
The impellers used are turbine types with a 6-flat blade.
Along with the bio-CSTR (T-.
as the primary equipment, the system also includes a pretreatment tank (T-.
, a gasometer for measuring the volume of gas product, and a gas holder for temporarily storing the gas product, and a flare.
= Pre-treatment tank = Feeding pump = Bio-CSTR = Effluent tank = Pressure Gauge = Temperature Controller Figure 2.
The 1 m3 Bio-CSTR system owned palm oil company.
POME was taken from the palm oil mill periodically as needed to ensure the freshness of the POME, usually 1 m3 volume of POME in every delivery.
Materials POME production was supplied from Cikasungka Ltd, a palm oil mill under PTPN Vi - a state- Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia Juli 2022, 6 .
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E-ISSN 2685 Ae 323X POME was filtered to remove coarse impurities before being fed into the system to prevent clogging in the diaphragm pump.
As the nutrition source, some fertilizer was added into the POME in the pre-treatment tank, including Urea and DAP fertilizer.
The fertilizer will provide the micronutrient for the microbes inside the bio-CSTR.
Some soda ash and caustic soda were also added in the specified amount according to the pH value of the fresh POME so the pH target value of the POME feed can be achieved.
used was Urea and DAP fertilizer with the dosage of 5 g and 2 g, respectively for A 125 L of POME feed.
After the heat-treatment.
POME feed was cooled down to 70AC and then fed into the Bio-CSTR.
The feeding was carried out daily starting one day after introducing the starter.
POME will accumulate in the Bio-CSTR along with the starter until the overflow condition was achieved.
Inside the BioCSTR, the mixing system will ensure the fluids flow laminarly and non-stagnant.
At the overflow condition, the effluent will stream out from the Bio-CSTR in the same amount of POME fed.
Along with POME feeding, the sampling and measurement were carried out including gas sampling from the top of BioCSTR, gas volume measurement, and liquid sampling from the bottom of Bio-CSTR and from the overflow outlet.
The fresh POME feed was also sampled to be analyzed.
The performance evaluation was conducted in Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 7 days with an average feeding volume of POME at 125 L/day.
Overflow condition will be achieved on day 7.
The experiment was performed at mesophilic temperature .
AC, ambient temperatur.
Methods The performance evaluation of bioCSTR consists of several steps.
Pre-cleaning of the Bio-CSTR system Pre-cleaning of the bio-CSTR system was conducted prior to the experiment to prevent any contamination that may be caused by prior experiments using this equipment.
The pre-cleaning process consists of several steps involving NaOH solution.
HCl solution, and hypochlorite solution consecutively with water flushing in between.
Starter Preparation The initial step in biohydrogen production was preparing the starter.
The starter being used in this experiment was slurry from the prior biohydrogen production The slurry was added with Urea and DAP fertilizer with the dosage of 5 g and 2 g, respectively for A 125 L of starter, and then heated in the pre-treatment tank at 95AC for 1 hour.
The heat treatment of the starter was aimed to remove the methanogenic bacteria that naturally dominated the bacterium consortia.
The starter was then cooled down to 70AC before being introduced into the Bio-CSTR.
The starter being used was A 125 L.
Gas Product Biohydrogen Analysis The gas product from the top of the bioCSTR was then analyzed using Gas Chromatography to get the gas composition The biohydrogen gas product mainly consists of H2 and CO2.
Its composition was analyzed using Gas Chromatography with Thermal Conductivity Detector (GC-TCD) Shimadzu 8A.
This detector can analyze H2.
CO2, and CH4.
The analysis starts by setting temperature, and final temperature at 100 AC, 50 AC, and 50AC respectively.
The gas sample was collected using a sampling bag and introduced into the GC inlet by pushing the sampling bag smoothly for 30 seconds (Heriyanti et al.
, 2.
Biohydrogen Production The fresh POME was pre-treated in the pre-treatment tank, including the pH value adjustment into 5.
0 by adding soda ash and caustic soda, adding the nutrition, and heating the POME at 95AC for 1 hour.
The nutrition Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia Juli 2022, 6 .
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E-ISSN 2685 Ae 323X Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) The liquid sample was analyzed to gather its COD content.
COD measurement was conducted using Thermoreaktor RD 125 Heater from Lovibond and Photometer system MD 100 from Tintometer-Lovibond.
The reagent used was COD kit vials COD / CSB 0 Ae 15.
000 ppm that contain K2Cr2O7.
HgSO4 dan H2SO4 61%.
The sample was shaken in its bottle until homogeneous, and then diluted with aquadest using measuring glass and an Erlenmeyer flask so that the final dilution result was between 0 Ae 15,000 ppm.
A 0.
20 ml sample was put into the vial using On another vial, a 0.
20 ml of distilled water was put as a blank sample.
The thermoreactor was set at a temperature of 150AC and wait until the temperature was The vials, including the blank, were placed into the thermoreactor and heated for 120 minutes.
The vials were then removed from the thermoreactor and cooled down to room temperature.
The COD value was measured in the vial using the photometer.
The COD value of the sample was the result of multiplying the COD value on the photometer with the number of dilutions.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Prior to the performance evaluation, the Bio-CSTR system was cleaned to ensure there were no contaminants remaining inside.
Naturally, methanogen bacteria dominate the microbe consortium in the POME feed.
The contamination of the methanogen bacteria hinder biohydrogen production.
Therefore, the system cleaning step was very significant for the succeed of the biohydrogen production process and need to be performed COD Analysis The fresh POME from PKS Cikasungka has a COD value in the range of 22,100 30,250 mg/L.
The addition of nutrients into the fresh POME will increase the COD values in the POME feed.
To evaluate the mixing system design of Bio-CSTR.
COD analysis was conducted at 2-point levels in the reactor:
at the bottom of the reactor and at the overflow outlet that represent the top of the The collecting of two kinds of data was started after the system achieved overflow condition on day 7.
Figure 3 below shows COD values at those two-point levels.
COD values, mg/L Day Bottom Overflow Figure 3.
Comparison of COD values at bottom and at top .
of the Bio-CSTR The COD values at bottom of the reactor are shown to be higher than the ones at the top of the reactor .
This finding indicates that the digestion of POME Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia occurs gradually from bottom to top as The mixing system in Bio-CSTR was therefore proven to build laminar and Juli 2022, 6 .
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E-ISSN 2685 Ae 323X non-stagnant flow inside the Bio-CSTR that was crucial in biohydrogen production.
The main problem in using the CSTR type reactor for biohydrogen production is the washout of microbes from the reactor due to the short Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT).
While in hydrogen production, hydraulic retention time (HRT) needs to be kept short to achieve high hydrogen yield.
A short HRT will limit the growth of methanogen so the methanogenesis will be restricted.
The BioCSTR with a capacity of 1,000 dm3 has been developed to produce biohydrogen.
Multiple turbine types with 6-flat blade impellers were set up on 4 different levels with a 450 mm space between impellers.
Each level of the impeller will form a radial discharge flow and act as an independent CSTR.
So, the Bio- CSTR will be like a series of CSTR, and the substrate degradation will occur gradually from bottom to top.
In this experiment, this mixing system arrangement was proven to overcome the problem of biomass washout in the CSTR system.
pH Analysis In this experiment, pH values in the reactor were maintained at 5.
Since the pH values of fresh POME were in the range of 4.
Ae 4.
7, the adjustment of pH was carried out by adding some soda ash and caustic soda into the fresh POME until the pH values reached 0 .
n the range of 4.
9 Ae 5.
By doing the pH adjustment, the pH value in the reactor could be maintained at 5.
0 below.
pH vaues Feed Reactor Day Figure 4.
Adjustment of feed pH value to maintain the pH in the reactor After the overflow condition was achieved on day 7, the pH analysis was conducted at 2 .
sampling points: at the bottom of the reactor and at the overflow Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia outlet that represents the top of the reactor.
Figure 5 below shows the pH value at the bottom of the reactor and the overflow.
Juli 2022, 6 .
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E-ISSN 2685 Ae 323X Figure 5.
The pH value at the bottom of reactor and at the overflow Figure 5 above shows that the pH value at the bottom of the reactor has the same value as the one at the overflow.
It indicates that Bio-CSTR is capable to maintain the uniform pH value throughout the reactor.
The pH value in the reactor tends to decrease although the pH of the feed had been adjusted to 5.
This phenomenon is the result of volatile fatty acids (VFA.
accumulation during the digestion process.
The VFAs are the intermediate in the fermentation process, including acetic acid, ethanol, butyric acid, and propionic acid (Lee et al.
Based on the experiment result, the decrease of pH value in the reactor until 4.
8 however has not given a negative impact yet on the biohydrogen production.
The concentration of biohydrogen in the gas product remains stable in the range of 13.
3% - 16.
Optimum pH value for biohydrogen production was found to be slightly different according to prior publication, for example, in the range of 4.
5 Ae 9 (Stavropoulos et al.
5 Ae 6 (Atif et al.
5 Ae 6.
5 (Ma et al.
, 2.
5 Ae 8.
a lower pH value, hydrogenase enzyme activity will be disturbed and hydrogen production will be decreased (Liu et al.
Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia Until the end of the experiment, no methane was detected in the gas product.
Heat-treatment for both feed and inoculum can therefore prove to be effectively remove the methanogen.
However, the effect of pH value inside the reactor toward the methane generation can not be neglected too, as the literature shows that methanogen microbial was optimally grown at neutral pH (Lettinga et al.
For the pH value outside the range of 6.
5 Ae 7.
5, the methane production will be low (De Mes et al.
, 2.
Biohydrogen production The performance evaluation of BioCSTR was conducted for 18 days, not including the preparation of the Bio-CSTR .
and the starter preparation and introduction into the Bio-CSTR.
The volume of the gas product was measured daily before the feeding of POME.
The measurement was conducted using a gasometer that works based on water replacement.
Figure 6 below shows the volume of the gas product during performance evaluation of Bio-CSTR.
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Volume (L) Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia.
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90,00 80,00 70,00 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00
Overflow Start feeding E-ISSN 2685 Ae 323X Last feeding Day Total Gas Product Bio H2 Figure 6.
Gas production during performance evaluation of Bio-CSTR The volume of the gas product was increased gradually from 0.
04 L on day 1 to 07 L on day 7.
As designated, the overflow condition was achieved on day 7, and this had an impact on gas production which drop to 18 L on day 8.
However, this disturbance was only temporary and the gas production bounce back to 34.
18 L on day 9 and continuously increase until 84.
10 on day 14 03 L on day 15.
The slight decrease on gas product volume on day 15 might be a normal fluctuation in the process that begin to achieve a stable production of biohydrogen that started since day 13.
The difference of the gas product volume was less than 5% both between day 13-14 and day 14-15.
This argument needs a further confirmation, but unfortunately there was a condition on day 15 which cause the delayed feeding of POME.
This resulted in the decrease in gas production the day after, even though the feeding was done immediately on day 16.
The decrease on day 16 and day 17 was much significant compared to the decrease on day 15, that is 50,47% and 56,26% respectively.
The similar pattern was shown by the biohydrogen yield.
Figure 7.
Yield of biohydrogen from POME in Bio-CSTR This finding shows that the decrease of the gas product volume on day 16 and 17 were not only a fluctuation but an actual disturbance on biohydrogen production.
Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia also suggests that the gas production in the fermentation process was highly dependent on the stability of substrate availability.
The substrate availability was crucial in the Juli 2022, 6 .
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E-ISSN 2685 Ae 323X process since the substrate act as carbon resources for microbeAos consortium that maintain the microbial life.
Supply of the substrate, therefore, had to be kept sustained, which was become troublesome in this performance evaluation of Bio-CSTR with a capacity of 1,000 dm3, since it needed POME feed in a quite big volume, while the location Overflow Start feeding Gas concentration (%) of Bio-CSTR was far from the POME source.
POME feeding at day 16 then becomes the last feeding because of the run out of POME.
However, the gas analysis was still conducted until two days after.
Figure 7 below shows the gas product composition during performance evaluation of Bio-CSTR.
Last feeding 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Day
CH4
CO2
Figure 8.
Gas composition during performance evaluation of Bio-CSTR At the first two days of POME feeding into the Bio-CSTR, there were found some hydrogen in quite high concentrations at 7% and 11.
8% consecutively.
Since then, the hydrogen concentration continuously dropped from 2.
2% on day 3 to 0.
7% on day The gas product was almost fully dominated by CO2.
In this period of stabilization, it was predicted that the process inside the reactor was dominated by the microbe's growth, so the main product was CO2 as the respiration product.
The hydrogen concentration starts to increase on day 9 when it reached 26.
6%, followed by a stable value in the range of 11.
8%- 16.
1% starting from day 10 until the experiment being stopped at This H2 concentration was lower than that of bio H2 production at fermentor 2.
5 L,
5% (Prasetyo, 2.
CO2 as the dominant component in the gas product, can subsequently be converted into other Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia substances or stored back into biomass, after being separated from the bio-H2 product.
Until the end of the experiment, methane gas was still satisfyingly undetected, indicating that there was no contamination of methanogen bacteria inside the reactor.
This proves that the heat treatment process for both inoculum and feed that aimed to selectively eliminate methanogenic bacteria was The temperature of heat treatment of starter at 95AC was also used by Florio et .
with a slight difference in heat treatment duration, which they conducted in 30 minutes, while in this experiment was 1 Heat pre-treatment and acidic pH inactivate hydrogen consumers .
ainly spore-forming bacteria (Clostridium sp.
Bacillus sp.
responsible for hydrogen production easily survive (Lee et al.
, 2010.
Sikora et al.
, 2.
Juli 2022, 6 .
Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia.
Vol.
6 No.
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E-ISSN 2685 Ae 323X using anaerobic microflora.
Int J Hydrogen Energy 2005.
30:1393e7.
De Mes.
Stams.
Reith.
Zeeman.
Methane production by anaerobic digestion of wastewater and solid wastes.
In Bio-methane & Biohydrogen: Status and perspectives of biological methane and hydrogen Edited by J.
Reith.
Wijffels and H.
Barten.
Dutch Biological Hydrogen Foundation Doran.
Bioprocess Engineering Principles (Second Editio.
Copyright A 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-12-220851-5.
Finalis.
ER.
Prasetyo.
Rahmawati.
Rini.
Hastuti.
Valentino.
Patisenda.
Development of Bio-CSTR Design for Bio-H2 From POME as Renewable Fuel.
AIP Proceeding Florio.
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Toscano.
Turco.
Dumontet.
Effect of Inoculum/Substrate Ratio on Dark Fermentation Biohydrogen Production from Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste.
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Continuous H2 and CH4 production from high-solid food waste in the two-stage thermophilic CONCLUSION The main problem in using the CSTR type reactor for biohydrogen production is the washout of microbes from the reactor due to the high Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT).
The arrangement of the mixing system that is being used in this Bio-CSTR which allows a laminar flow pattern inside the reactor may solve this bottleneck of washout phenomena in CSTR.
The microbes will have sufficient time to digest the feed inside the reactor to produce biohydrogen.
The HRT in the performance evaluation was 7 days and the overflow condition was achieved on day 7.
The gas production was significantly increased on day 9 as much as 18 L/day and continuously increase until reached 92 L/day on day 14.
The hydrogen concentration in the gas product was stable in the range of 11.
8% - 16.
1%, and the remaining gas as CO2.
The methane gas was satisfyingly undetected until the end of the experiment.
Biohydrogen productivity, however, needs optimation in operating parameters .
horter HRT, pH value inside the reactor, temperature, et.
The Bio-CSTR with mixing arrangement system as described show a promising result for biohydrogen production.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to Education Fund Management Institution, which fully supports this research related to research funding by PRN program.
The authors are also grateful to the Center of Technology for Energy Resources and Chemical Industry.
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (PTSEIK-BPPT) for providing technical assistance, the place where the research was carried out and receiving full support.
Also for PTPN Vi especially Cikasungka Palm Oil Factory, authors are very grateful for the very helpful effort in providing POME as feed in biohydrogen production.
REFERENCES