Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol.
21 No.
, pp.
DOI: 10.
23917/pharmacon.
p-ISSN: 1411-4283, e-ISSN: 2685-5062 Antibacterial Activity Test of Gel Toothpaste from Cinnamon Leaf Essential Oil (Cinnamomum burmanni Blume.
) Against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Chintya Dwiyunia Putri1.
Elisma2.
Indri Maharini3* 1-3 Department of Pharmaceutics.
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
Universitas Jambi.
Jambi 36361.
Indonesia *Corresponding author: indri.
maharini@unja.
ARTICLE HISTORY:
Submitted: 2024-04-29 Accepted: 2024-06-20 Published: 2024-06-30 KEYWORDS:
Cinnamon Leaves (Cinnamomum Gel Toothpaste.
Antibacterial.
Staphylococcus Citation:
Putri.
Elisma, & Maharini.
Antibacterial Activity Test of Gel Toothpaste from Cinnamon Leaf Essential Oil (Cinnamomum Blume.
) Against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria.
Pharmacon:
Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 21.
, https://doi.
org/10.
23917/pha ABSTRACT Cinnamon leaf essential oil can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria because it contains cinnamaldehyde and eugenol compounds, which function as antibacterials.
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacteria involved in various infections in the mouth and human body.
This research aims to formulate cinnamon leaf essential oil into a gel toothpaste preparation by differentiating the concentration of cinnamon leaf essential oil as an active ingredient and testing its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
The concentration of active ingredients in formula I is 0.
5%, in formula II, 1%, and in formula i, 1.
Evaluation of the physical properties of gel toothpaste preparations includes organoleptic, homogeneity, spreadability, pH, viscosity, foam ability, stickiness, and antibacterial activity test against S.
aureus using the well diffusion method.
The results of the organoleptic and homogeneity evaluations were analyzed In contrast, the spreadability, pH, viscosity, foam height, adhesion, stability, and antibacterial activity tests were analyzed statistically using One-way ANOVA.
Organoleptic test results showed yellowish white (FI), light yellow (FII), and yellow (F.
all three formulas had a characteristic smell of essential oils and were semisolid and homogeneous.
The spreadability test results ranged from 5-5.
90 cm, pH value from 5.
47, viscosity value from 31,980-43,900 Cp, foam ability from 9-14 mm and adhesion value from 05.
83 seconds.
The antibacterial activity test results for formulas I and II formed an inhibition zone in the strong category, while formula i formed an inhibition zone in the powerful category.
INTRODUCTION
Dental and oral health problems can seriously disrupt bodily health, so these problems must receive the best possible attention (Putra et al.
, 2.
Toothpaste is an ingredient commonly used daily by the general The use of toothpaste is significant in achieving the goal of minimizing dental and oral Toothpaste is an ingredient that helps to clean teeth from food debris mechanically, then removes plaque on teeth and eliminates unpleasant odours in the mouth (Saputro et al.
Toothpaste is a semisolid preparation used to clean and protect teeth from damage caused by oral bacteria.
It has seven essential claims, including removing plaque and stains and leaving the mouth feeling clean.
There are two types of toothpaste on the market: paste formulations and transparent gel formulations.
Transparent gel toothpaste is more comfortable to use because it is odourless, easily removed with water, and contains more moisturizer, maintaining the stability of the gel toothpaste preparation (Ayuningtyas et al.
, 2022.
Lestari et , 2.
A 2022 The Author.
This work is licensed under a Creative Common Attribution 4.
0 (CC-BY) International .
ttps://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia.
Vol.
21 No.
, pp.
Cinnamon leaves can be processed into Karya Forest Farmers Group, a business essential oil with economic value and health supported by the Unit 1 Production Forest Cinnamon leaves contain around 0.
7% Management Unit.
Kerinci Regency.
Jambi.
Nacinnamaldehyde, 70-95% and CMC.
sodium lauryl sulfate.
cinnamylacetate 3-4% (Khasanah et al.
, 2.
peppermint oil (Pharmaceutical Grade of other Eugenol is the most significant active compound mint.
was obtained from P.
Kisbiokim Medika found in cinnamon leaf essential oil, and its Laboratori Padang.
distilled water from Medika function is to be an antibacterial and antioxidant Laborta.
culture of Staphylococcus aureus (Utami et al.
, 2.
MHA and NA media.
NaCl 0.
McAi One of the most common microorganisms in Farland standard 0.
the oral cavity is Staphylococcus aureus.
Equipment Staphylococcus aureus is a bacteria involved in The equipment used in this research was a various infections in the mouth and human body.
This bacteria is also one of the leading causes of digital scale (Mettler Toledo-Switzerlan.
, the formation of dental caries agents dropper pipette, beaker glass (Pyrex-Japa.
, (Jesumirhewe & Ayomide Olayinka Ariyo, 2.
measuring cup (Pyrex-Japa.
Erlenmeyer Staphylococcus aureus is the second largest (Pyrex-Japa.
, petri dish (Pyrex-Japa.
Japa.
, bacteria that can cause inflammation in the oral stir stick (Pyrex-Japa.
Hot Plate (Torrey Pines Examples of inflammation in the oral Scientific-United State.
, watch glass (Pyrexcavity caused by Staphylococcus aureus are Japa.
, mortar and stamper (Onehealth, parotitis, angular cheilitis, and Djais periodontal Indonesi.
, spatula, parchment paper, slide, pH (Hanna Instrument-Indonesi.
Staphylococcus aureus is essential in meter causing periodontal disease by forming biofilms viscometer (Brookfield DV2T-United State.
, on dental plaque and exacerbating periodontal micropipette, tube needle, tweezers, laminar air disease by releasing various pathogenic factors flow, aluminium foil, sterile cotton and gel pot.
(Amalia et al.
, 2.
Plant Determination This research aims to formulate a gel Plant determination was carried out to toothpaste using cinnamon leaf essential oil and that the samples used in this study were evaluate its antibacterial activities.
the correct species, namely Cinnamomum This plant was determined at the Jatinangor Herbarium.
Plant Taxonomy METHODS Laboratory.
Biology Department.
FMIPA UNPAD.
Material The material used for the research was cinnamon leaf essential oil obtained from the Table 1.
The formula of Cinnamomum leaf essential oil gel toothpaste Material Formula (%) i Cinnamomum essential oil Na-CMC Glycerin Methyl Paraben Xylitol Peppermint oil Aquadest ad Sodium Sulphate Lauryl https://journals2.
id/index.
php/pharmacon/ Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia.
Vol.
21 No.
, pp.
Evaluation Characteristics Cinnamon Leaf Essential Oil Specific Gravity The specific gravity of essential oils is determined using a pycnometer.
Pycnometer with a capacity of 25 ml that has been cleaned and dried, then filled with Cinnamomum leaf essential oil, closed, and weighed again.
The specific gravity obtained the mass value by subtracting the weight of the pycnometer containing Cinnamomum leaf essential oil from the weight of the empty pycnometer (Anggraini et al.
, 2.
ycAycaycyc ycIycyyceycaycnyceycnyca yciycycaycycnycyc = ycOycuycoycycoyce a.
Colour test Based on SNI 06-3734:2006, the colour analysis uses UV-Vis spectrophotometry and visual .
colour perception using the sense of sight.
Measure 3 ml of essential oil using a dropper pipette and then put it into a test tube to avoid the formation of air bubbles.
The test tube containing the cinnamon leaf oil sample is leaned against white cardboard.
Next, observe the colour directly with the eye.
The colour perception distance of cinnamon leaf essential oil is 30 cm (Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
Optical Rotation The method is based on SNI 06-3734:2006, measuring the angle of the plane of polarised Turn on the light source and wait until a full glow is produced.
The polarimeter macrometer was rotated and observed the formation of a light-dark circle on the right and left sides, and then the macrometer was adjusted until a bright circle was obtained between the two light-dark circles that existed when turning it to the right and left.
The macrometer is placed in a colourful circle, and then the dextro optical rotation value ( ) or (-) of the ample is read on a scale provided on another lens.
Then, the results of monitoring the optical rotation values read on the polarimeter scale are recorded.
Optical rotation is expressed in degrees of circumference to Dextro optical rotation must be given a positive sign ( ), and levo optical rotation must be given a negative sign (-)(Badan Standardisasi Nasional, 2.
Formulation Gel Toothpaste The formulation of toothpaste gel is shown in Table 1.
Na-CMC was dispersed in heated distilled water (Mixture A).
Then, sodium lauryl sulfate is added to the beaker glass with distilled water (Mixture B).
Next, methylparaben is added with glycerin (Mixture C).
Then, add mixture C to mixture A and stir at medium stirring speed.
Add xylitol, stir until homogeneous, add mixture B, and stir gently until homogeneous so it does not After that, add peppermint oil and stir until After the preparation is homogeneous, add cinnamon leaf essential oil, stir until homogeneous, and add 100 ml distilled Test the Physical Properties of Gel Toothpaste Organoleptic Test During the manufacture of gel toothpaste, visual observations were made of the gel paste preparation regarding the colour, aroma, and The gel is usually consistent in colour and semisolid (Warnida et al.
, 2.
Homogeneity Test This homogeneity test is carried out by placing a small sample of the gel toothpaste on a piece of glass or other material suitable for homogeneity testing (Hidayati et al.
, 2.
Then, whether there are coarse particles or inhomogeneities in the preparation is observed.
A preparation with good homogeneity must show results that there are no coarse grains and no air bubbles or lumps during this homogeneity test (Warnida et al.
, 2.
Spreadability Test The gel toothpaste was weighed 0.
5 g, the sample was placed on a petri dish, weights weighing 50 and 100 g were on top of the petri dish, and then waited 1 minute for each addition of material (Egam et al.
, 2.
With each addition of load material, the distribution diameter is then measured, but when the diameter is measured and the results obtained are constant, the load material is stopped (Warnida et al.
, 2.
pH evaluation The pH of the gel toothpaste preparation was measured using a pH meter.
The resulting pH value meets the quality requirements of SNI 12- https://journals2.
id/index.
php/pharmacon/ Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia.
Vol.
21 No.
, pp.
3524-1995, namely 4.
5 (Warnida et al.
Viscosity Test The gel toothpaste preparation of 100 mL was taken and then placed into a 250 ml beaker, after which the viscosity was measured with an appropriate spindle using a viscometer (Nitasari et al.
, 2.
According to the quality requirements in SNI 12-3524-1995, the viscosity value is 20,000 to 50,000 Cp (Achsia et al.
, 2.
The Test of Foam ability Mix 1 gram of toothpaste with aqua distillate, then put it in a 25 mL measuring cup.
Next, shake the measuring cup containing the sample and aqua distillation for 20 seconds by turning the measuring cup evenly (Gunawan & Rahayu.
Observe the height of the foam that forms after leaving it for 1 minute.
Then, measure the height of the foam using a ruler (Warnida et al.
Adhesion Test was incubated at a temperature of 37 for 1x24 After 24 hours, a clear zone will form around the well, indicating that the test compound can inhibit bacteria.
After that, the diameter of the inhibition zone was measured using a calliper (Magvirah et al.
, 2.
Data analysis The data is usually distributed, and the variance is homogeneous.
Therefore, the quantitative analysis was carried out using the One-way ANOVA method with a confidence level of 95%, and the Duncan test was continued.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Cinnamon plant samples determined include all parts of the plant.
The determination results (No.
59/HB/01/2.
showed that the plant used for this research sample was a cinnamon plant (Cinnamomum burmanni Blume.
), which belongs to the Lauraceae family.
Thus, the species of the samples used by researchers corresponds to the desired species.
Take 0.
5 grams of the preparation, apply it to a glass object whose area has been determined .
x2 c.
, place another glass object, and press it with a weight of 1 kg for 5 minutes(Fernandes et , 2.
The equipment is installed on the test equipment, a load weighing 80 grams is released, and the time is recorded until the two glass objects are released (Ayuningtyas et al.
, 2.
Stability Test Accelerated stability testing is used by This test is carried out by inserting the gel toothpaste preparation into a centrifuge tube and a sample centrifuge.
This test was carried out at a speed of 5000 rpm for 30 minutes (Rini et al.
, 2.
Antibacterial Activity Test The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the Well Diffusion method.
The pure culture of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was inoculated evenly by dipping the tip of a sterile cotton bud in a liquid nutrient medium and then scratching it on the surface of the NA plate medium until it was even.
Then, a well is made using a spare with a diameter of 6 mm.
For the negative control, use a gel toothpaste base without cinnamon leaf essential oil, and for the positive control, use the "P" brand gel Drop the test sample into the well.
Figure 1.
The result of the antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum leaf essential oil gel toothpaste The SNI 06-3734-2006 states that the specific gravity value for cinnamon leaf essential oil is The results of particular gravity testing on cinnamon leaf essential oil showed a value of 1.
021 g/ml, and the results obtained entered the range of specific gravity values for cinnamon leaf essential oil (Utami et al.
, 2.
Based on the research results that have been carried out and compared with the quality standards for essential oils that comply with SNI https://journals2.
id/index.
php/pharmacon/ Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia.
Vol.
21 No.
, pp.
06-3734-2006, the colour of cinnamon leaf essential oil is light yellow-light brown (Jailani et , 2.
This shows that the essential oil obtained is following predetermined standards.
The yellow colour produced in this oil is because the leaves used are fresh and old.
preparation and showed that the mechanism for mixing the ingredients used for each formula was appropriate.
A declared homogeneous preparation can be characterized by the absence of coarse particles and no lumps, the gel toothpaste being mixed evenly, and the uniform Table 2.
The result of Cinnamomum leaf essential oil gel toothpaste Formula Formula i Spread test .
28A0.
42A 0.
91A0.
pH test 31 A 0.
18 A0.
17A0.
Viscosity .
33100A1364.
35780 A2057.
Foam ability .
66A2.
00A1.
Adhesion .
21A0.
The results obtained from the optical rotation test were -1.
The minimum standard for the optical rotation value of cinnamon leaf essential oil, according to SNI 06-3734-2006, is -5.
(Utami et al.
, 2.
So, the results of the optical rotation show that it meets the standards.
Organoleptic testing aims to determine the appearance of cinnamon leaf essential oil gel This observation uses the five senses to describe smell, colour, and dosage form (Yauri, 2.
All formulas made have a distinctive smell, namely cinnamon leaf essential The colour resulting from the observation is All the formulas have a semisolid dosage The results of the homogeneity test showed that the three formulas produced were this was indicated by the absence of coarse particles in the gel toothpaste A6389.
33A1.
61A0.
15A0.
colour visible in the preparation.
The spreadability results of the gel toothpaste preparation ranged from 5.
cm (Table .
The requirement for good spreadability of a gel toothpaste preparation is 5-7 cm (Warnida et al.
, 2.
So, the results show that the preparation has met the spreadability test standards.
The diameter test results indicate that the greater the diameter of the spreading power, the greater the surface area the toothpaste preparation can cover (Lestari et al.
, 2.
The pH results of the gel toothpaste preparation ranged from 5.
17 to 5.
31 (Table .
The pH requirement for an excellent gel toothpaste, according to SNI 12-3524-1995, is 5 (Warnida et al.
, 2.
So, the results show that the preparation has met the pH test standards for toothpaste preparations.
pH will Table 3.
Result of the inhibition diameter zone Category of antibacterial Formula Inhibition diameter zone A SD 60A2.
Strong
F II
29A3.
Strong F i 75A1.
Powerful Control ( ) 70A3.
Strong Control (-) 74A1.
Strong https://journals2.
id/index.
php/pharmacon/ Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia.
Vol.
21 No.
, pp.
be related to the effectiveness and comfort of the active substance when the preparation is used.
the resulting pH is acidic, it will irritate after use.
The viscosity results of the gel toothpaste preparation ranged from 33,100-36,573.
3 cPs (Table .
The viscosity requirement of an excellent gel toothpaste, according to SNI 123525-1995, is 20,000-50,000 cPs (Lestari et al.
So, the results show that the preparation has met good viscosity test standards for toothpaste preparations.
The viscosity of a preparation can be influenced by several factors, one of which is mixing or stirring during the preparation process (Hudairiah et al.
, 2.
The resulting foam ability from gel toothpaste preparations ranges from 10-11.
mm (Table .
The maximum value of the foam height test is 15 mm (Marlina & Rosalini, 2.
So, the results show that the preparation has met the test standards for good foam height from toothpaste preparations.
The adhesion test results of the gel toothpaste preparation ranged from 6.
61 to 8.
(Table .
The adhesion test does not have definite parameters, but it is stated that the results of this adhesion test are at least 4 seconds (Ayuningtyas et al.
, 2.
So, the results from the table above show that the adhesion strength value is not less than 4 seconds, and it can be interpreted that the foam height results have met the standard.
Results stability show that FI.
FII, and Fi with three replications are physically stable.
phase separation, such as differences in colour and sediment in the centrifuge tube, characterizes this.
The effect of this centrifugal force is equivalent to the gravitational force received by the test preparation for one year (Suryani et al.
, 2.
Test results of antibacterial activity produce an inhibition diameter zone.
However, negative control results produce an inhibitory zone, whereas, in general, this negative control does not create an inhibitory zone.
The inhibition zone is formed because the ingredients used in the base consist of sodium lauryl sulfate, methylparaben, and peppermint oil (Chumpitazi et al.
, 2018.
Dhurhania, 2019.
Mayasari & Kusuma, 2.
These three ingredients are effective as antibacterials, so the negative control results produce an inhibition However, the inhibition zone value produced in the negative control was not more significant than the FI.
FII, and Fi values (Table 3 and Figure I).
Fi is the best performer due to its significantly greater inhibitory power than other groups.
Fi demonstrates a powerful inhibition of bacteria.
CONCLUSIONS
Formulating gel toothpaste with cinnamon leaf essential oil concentrations at FI 0.
FII
1% and Fi 1.
5% obtained physical properties following standards.
The gel toothpaste formulation with cinnamon leaf essential oil concentrations at FI.
F II, and Fi has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
In FI and FII, the resulting inhibition zone is in a strong category.
resulting diameter is 15.
60 mm and 18.
29 mm, and in F3, the resulting inhibition zone is this inhibition zone category is ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you to Jambi University for supporting the facilities for this research.
AUTHORSAo CONTRIBUTIONS Indri Maharini did the conception and study all authors provided administrative technical/logistic support and conducted data collection and assembly.
data analysis and interpretation were made by Chintya Dwiyunia Putri.
Elisma.
Indri Maharini.
Indri Maharini and Elisma did a critical revision of the article for important intellectual content.
all authors contributed to article drafting and approved final version.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
Ethical issues .
ncluding plagiarism, data fabrication, double publication, et.
have been completely observed by the authors.
https://journals2.
id/index.
php/pharmacon/ Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia.
Vol.
21 No.
, pp.
BIBLIOGRAPHY