Journal of Language and Literature p-ISSN 2502-5473 | e-ISSN 2808-0106- | Vol.
9 Nomor 2 September 2023 http://e-journal.
id/index.
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SPEECH DISFLUENCY AS SEEN IN AUTURO GAVINOAoS BEFORE ALL OTHERS
KETIDAKFASIHAN BERBICARA YANG DITEMUKAN DIDALAM FILM BEFORE ALL OTHERS
OLEH AUTURO GAVINO
Rosiana Alo1.
Simon Sira Padji2.
Fransiskus Maria Separ3.
English Literature Study Program.
University of Flores Ende.
Indonesia alorosiana@gmail.
com, simonsirapadji@gmail.
com, hanzfms@gmail.
ABSTRAK: Penelitian in bertujuan untuk menentukan jenis ketidakfasihan berbicara dan jenis ketidak fasihan berbicara yang paling sering digunakan dalam film Before All Others karya Auturo Gavino.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif untuk menentukan jenis ketidakfasihan berbicara dan metode kuantitatif yang digunakan untuk menghitung jenis yang paling sering ditemukan dalam film Before All Others.
Data dalam penelitian ini diambil dari film Before All Others dan dalam bentuk ujaran.
Hasilnya memperlihatkan bahwa, ada 64 yang menunjukan delapan jenis ketidakfasihan berbicara didalam film Before All Others penelitian ini menunjukan 64 gangguan berbicara dari delapan tipe ketidakfasihan.
Jenis-jenis tersebut adalah senyapan diam .
,senyapan berisi .
, pengulangan .
, kata seru .
, pengulangan awal yang salah .
, tidak mengulangi awal yang salah .
, perbaikan .
, dan gagap .
Sementara itu jenis ketidakfasihan berbicara yang paling sering muncul yang ditampilkan di dalam film Before All Others adalah pengulangan dengan persentase 42.
Kata kunci : ketidakfasihan, film.
Before All Other ABSTRACT: This study aimed at determining the types of speech disfluency and the most dominant of speech disfluency as seen in Autoro GavinoAos movie Before All Others.
The method used in this study was a qualitative method to determine the types of speech disfluency and the quantitative method was used to count the most frequent types found in Before All Others movie.
The data in this study was taken from the Before All Others movie and the data form of utterances.
The result show that there were 64 utterances showed eight types of speech disfluency in Before All Others.
Those types were silent pause .
, filled pause .
, repetition .
, interjection .
, un-retraced false start .
, retraced false start .
, correction .
, and stutter .
Meanwhile, the most frequent type of speech disfluency that appeared in Before All Others is repetition with a percentage Keywords: Speech disfluency, film.
Before All Others PENDAHULUAN Psycholinguistics is the field of scientific that is combination between linguistics and psychology.
Linguistics is the study about language while psychology is the study about human behavior, cognition, and mental process of humans.
Therefore, psycholinguistics discussed about the relation between humans and the use of language in every life.
According to Cowles .
, psycholinguistics is the studies phenomena at the intersection of linguistics and psychology.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
While psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and cognition, the union of the two fields is principally concerned with the processing and knowledge Rosiana Alo1.
Simon Sira Padji2.
Fransiskus Maria Separ3.
SPEECH DISFLUENCY AS SEEN IN AUTURO GAVINOAoS BEFORE ALL OTHERS
KETIDAKFASIHAN BERBICARA YANG DITEMUKAN DIDALAM FILM BEFORE ALL
OTHERS OLEH AUTURO GAVINO
Journal of Language and Literature p-ISSN 2502-5473 | e-ISSN 2808-0106- | Vol.
9 Nomor 2 September 2023 http://e-journal.
id/index.
php/lantern/index | lanternsasing@gmail.
representations that underlie the ability to use language, and how they relate to other aspects of human cognition.
There are language acquisition, comprehension and speech production that includes in psycholinguistics purposed by Clark and Clark .
But this section discussed about speech disfluency as well as a part of speech production.
Most people may assume that the native speakers automatically have a good ability in used English because it is their mother tongue and they use English for they life communication.
Grice in Lycan .
defined that sentence meaning is grounded in the mental and proposed to explicate ultimately in terms of the psychological states of individual human beings.
It means the psychological process by a speaker puts a mental concept into some linguistic form, such as word, phrases, and sentences used to convey a message to So, the speech production is the process by the speakers turn their mental concept into their spoken utterances to convey a message to their listener in the communicative interaction.
Producing speech means forming the idea into the sound of speech (Pramudita, 2.
The production of speech has fluencies and disfluencies as produced by the speaker.
Fluencies of speech are the comprehension spoken by a human being According to Redrof .
, fluency is the articulation of speech that is flow and smooth.
And the disfluency of speech means lacking, and the various issues surrounding its use.
It means the ability of the spoken depend on the way of mind that used by the speaker.
speech disfluency is differences with speech error.
Speech error is the incorrect words used by the speaker while speech disfluency is the way of speech convey their words is not fluently.
Most people often confused to distinguish the speech error and speech disfluency but, theyAore both are two kind in different terms.
There are eight types speech disfluency purposed by Clark and Clark .
they are silent pause, filled pause, repetition, interjection, retraced false start, un-retraced false start, correction, and stutter.
In this study, the writer chooses the movie Before All Others movie as the source of research.
There are two reasons why the writer chooses this title.
Firstly, this title is the family movie and shows types of speech disfluency and certainly gives knowledge to the reader.
The second reason is the movie tells about a young woman Rachel is turned upside down when he struck by a paralyzing disease and forced to live with her estranged grandmother Rose because of this Rachel becomes not confident and rarely talks when she is talking, she has not fluency of speech.
METHOD
The research used the descriptive qulittive method to analyze the data about the types of speech disfluency in Before All Others Movie, and quantitative method to analyze the data about the most frequent of speech disfluency use by the main character in the movie.
Creswell .
defined that qulittive reserch s n pproch for explored nd understood the mening individuls or groups a scribe to socil or humn problem.
mens tht qulittive reserch was n pproch tht focused on understndood the socil phenomenon mong individuls or groups.
The objective of this method was to gin rich understood of the problems discussed in this reserch.
While quantitative researched is the process of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and writing the result of the study.
The finding of the nlysis was explin descriptively with described the result of the nlysis into words.
as one of the objectives of this reserch was to find the dominnt chrcteristic of speech disfluency in the selected dt, the writer had firstly identified the types of speech disfluency nd found how the min chrcter used the most frequent of speech disfluency.
ANALYSIS
Speech disfluency always occur in speech on the other hand it is happened in naturally because influenced by the psichological of human being itself.
There re eight types of speech disfluency purposed by Clrk nd Clrk .
They re silent pused, filled puse, repetition, retrced flse strt, correction.
Rosiana Alo1.
Simon Sira Padji2.
Fransiskus Maria Separ3.
SPEECH DISFLUENCY AS SEEN IN AUTURO GAVINOAoS BEFORE ALL OTHERS
KETIDAKFASIHAN BERBICARA YANG DITEMUKAN DIDALAM FILM BEFORE ALL
OTHERS OLEH AUTURO GAVINO
Journal of Language and Literature p-ISSN 2502-5473 | e-ISSN 2808-0106- | Vol.
9 Nomor 2 September 2023 http://e-journal.
id/index.
php/lantern/index | lanternsasing@gmail.
interjection, nd stutter.
Bsed on the dt in Before all Others Movie, there re eight types shown in the movie nd one hundred nd four utternces which clssify s the types of speech disfluency tht shown by the min chrcter in the movie.
Tble.
1 Types of Speech Disfluency Types of Speech Disfluency Frequency Percentge (%) Silent Puse Filled Puse Repetition Interjection Un-retrced Flse Strt Retrced Flse Strt Correction Stutter Totl Silent Puse Silent puse is period of no speech between words Clrk nd Clrk .
These re the periods when the speker does not spek.
However, not ll silences re necessrily disfluencies since spekers my tke brief puses for brething or other rticultory systems.
In Before all Others Movie, which hppens nine times occurrence, the exmple of utternces have found in the reserch.
Rchel Rose : GrndmA.
wht hppened between you nd mom? : ItAos bit complicted your mother ws very complex.
(Time 00:35:.
Since Rchel was a child, she was never see her mom visited Rose at the Cabin.
So that she want to know the reasons why.
She sid AugrndmA.
wht hppened with you nd mom?Ay When Rchel want to asked Rose about the problem, she look hesitant and siddenly lost her words.
It is becuse she ws nervous nd did not wnt to hurt her grndmother.
after inhling nd exhling Rchel then continued her question.
This expression often occurs when the speker did not find suitble words to convey, but she must.
So, the speker was silent to continue or stop sking.
Rchel knows tht this converstion was very she was not close with her grndmother, even though they live in the sme home, but there was still distnce between both, becuse they were meet when Rchel ws n dult then her mother nd grndmother were not on good terms, so it ws very difficult to tlk bout sensitive things.
Filled Puse Filled puse is n rticultion by the speker tht encountered between utternces but is not to be mistken for lengthened sound within.
a filled puse occurs most when speker is thinking.
It is filled puse in tht the speker breks off speech while continuing to rticulte.
However, the rticultion is neither prt nor prt of word it is my stnd lone s turn of its own.
Filled puse cn expression such s: uhm, mm, h, yeh nd err.
Doctor : Do you know somebody who cn help you? Rchel : Uhm, my grndmother hs cbin up North.
Mybe i could sty with her? (Time 00:10:.
Rosiana Alo1.
Simon Sira Padji2.
Fransiskus Maria Separ3.
SPEECH DISFLUENCY AS SEEN IN AUTURO GAVINOAoS BEFORE ALL OTHERS
KETIDAKFASIHAN BERBICARA YANG DITEMUKAN DIDALAM FILM BEFORE ALL
OTHERS OLEH AUTURO GAVINO
Journal of Language and Literature p-ISSN 2502-5473 | e-ISSN 2808-0106- | Vol.
9 Nomor 2 September 2023 http://e-journal.
id/index.
php/lantern/index | lanternsasing@gmail.
The utterances above happened when Rachel was in the hospitl.
Doctor Brenan sked Rchel to lived with someone who cn help her and to protect her, during heling time.
Rchel hd not nyone in the world.
all of her friends were work full time nd her prents were pssed wy.
She just hd her grndmother who live in the suburbs, but she hs not visited her in long time.
She hoped tht her grndmother who cn tke cre of her.
She sked the doctor to thought of her grndmother uhm, my grndmother hs cbin up North.
Mybe I could sty with her? Rchel ws thought who could help her.
While thought, she used rticultion uhm.
This sound occured when the speker ws thought, but she did not wnt to lose the listenerAos ttention.
as the doctor, doctor Brenn knew tht, wht the ptient need for their recovered.
So tht, he sked that who cn help to recover his ptient nd Rchel s the ptient tht lwys lives alone, and she did nything just by herself.
she knew tht not nyone who cn help her.
The only one person in her memory who cn help her was her grndmother, but she still doubted wether Rose would be help her in recovered.
Repetition Repets occur when the spekers repet one or more words in n utternce.
When people tlk very fst nd spontneously, this kind of speech error will hppen.
Rose : Well of course, nything.
Rchel : IAom goingA.
to beA.
Lid up for bit nd I I I need plce where I cn goA.
to sty if itAos too much trouble Icn I cn sk somebody else.
(Time 00:12:.
The dialogue occurs, when Rachel has check up her health at the hospital.
Rachel doubt to said that she need a help from her grandmother.
When she said IAom goingA.
to beA.
Lid up for bit nd I I I need plce where I cn goA.
to sty if itAos too much trouble I cn I cn sk somebody Rachel was repeated her words for several times.
As a human she is afraid to ask some help with someone eventhough she is a family.
In psychological science this is about mental.
The circumstance that faced sometimes affect a personAos mentality.
Feeling stress, fear and anxiety can affect the speech.
Interjection Interjection re words or expressions, which re inserted into sentence to convey surprise, strong emotion, pin, or to gin ttention.
Interjection re usully plced t the beginning or in the middle of sentences.
They hve no grmmticl connection to the sentence in which tile occur, therefore, interjections my stnd lone in ddition, if interjection is mild, it is followed by comm.
The interjection signs re likely oh, h, so do like.
Rchel : Hi Ben! Ben : Oh, hi is your grndmother here? (Time 00:51:.
The situation occured when Ben was wlk round the rmp but suddenly Rchel was appeard nd surpruised him.
Then he sked where RchelAos grndmother was.
She sid Auoh, hi is your grndmother here?Ay when someone feel surprise it can be unable to even react.
Ben used the utternces AuohAy to express his He was person who lwys focused on what he did.
When wlking he would be focuse not glnce t the right or the left side.
When Rchel suddenly sked, he gsped in surprised him becuse he was not been chieved.
Retrced Flse Strt Retrced flse strt is nother hppened where prt or ll the originl utternces is repeted.
It lso includes of one or more words before the corrected words.
It is different with correction of the word is including one or more words before the corrected word.
Ben : wht hppened to you? Rosiana Alo1.
Simon Sira Padji2.
Fransiskus Maria Separ3.
SPEECH DISFLUENCY AS SEEN IN AUTURO GAVINOAoS BEFORE ALL OTHERS
KETIDAKFASIHAN BERBICARA YANG DITEMUKAN DIDALAM FILM BEFORE ALL
OTHERS OLEH AUTURO GAVINO
Journal of Language and Literature p-ISSN 2502-5473 | e-ISSN 2808-0106- | Vol.
9 Nomor 2 September 2023 http://e-journal.
id/index.
php/lantern/index | lanternsasing@gmail.
Rchel : itAos some itAos just temporry.
I should be perfectly fine in month or so.
(Time 1:06:.
The utterances occured when Ben showed the lke to Rachel.
They relly enjoyed the lke tmosphere while told their respective lifes.
Ben told bout his wife nd son who left him lone.
He want to know about Rachel too, why she could be prlyzed nd lives with her grndmother.
This retrced flse str hppened in the utternces of Rchel.
itAos some, itAos just temporry.
I should be perfectly fine in month or so.
There was n ddition of words itAos some in this error nd repetition of words itAos just fter the ddition word.
Rchel knew her recovery was not to long.
She lmost sid some but then she ws sure it ws only temporry especilly month or so not until few months becuse she felt her condition improved in just few weeks.
Un-retrced Flse Strt Doctor : You didnAot feel ny light-hededness during your stumbling? Rchel : No.
uhm my hnds feel felt little numb nd my legs re still wek, but I didnAot hve brekfst this morning.
(Time: 0:04:.
Rchel was dentist in hospitl, but she was n orphn because her prents hve died.
One dy she was stumbled nd fell on the floor while treting her ptient.
Her friend was neurologist come to check her feet.
after doing some neurologicl check the neurologist sked Rchel does, she feeled dizzy when she was stumbled.
Uhm my hnds feel felt little numb nd my, my legs re still wek, but I didnAot hve brekfst this morning.
this dilogue Rchel ws confused by her chnged.
But she thought that becuse she did not et her brekfst.
When she tlked, her utternces were true but incorrect to mention nd then she corrected it gin.
Correction Correction is like flse strts.
Something tht mke them different is tht correction contin n explicit AuI men, rther, tht is or wellAy to mrk the phrses s correction.
Correction occur when the speker better utternces to sy then they mke tke over the plce of previous words which re miss plned.
Rche Ben Rchel : Oh you re, you re re ll done here? : Yeh, for tody but IAoll be bck tomorrow.
: Oh, gret I men gret, yeh.
(Time 00:57:.
Ben finished his work for those dy nd entered the room to told Rchel tht his work was finish but.
Rchel was bit surprised to her tht BensAo work was done, she sid AuOh You re, you re re ll done here?Ay.
Rchel sked Ben how bout his work for tody nd Ben sid tht he would be came gin tomorrow.
Rchel ws hppy becuse she would be meet Ben gin.
She egerly responded to Bens words.
Unconsciously nd excitedly she sid AuOh, gret I-I-I men gret, yehAy.
after relized tht she should not hve responded like tht.
Rchel finlly corrected her words gin, but the correction ws not the correcting the wrong words but rther thn correcting her intontion by repeting the sme word in different tone by using I men.
She was repeted her words too.
Rchel wished Ben to sty t home little longer becuse she still wnts to be with Ben.
She felt BenAos presence comforted her nd someone ccompnied her to tlked.
When Ben told her tht he wnts to go home she does not know tht Ben would be come gin.
so she stupidly sked if his work was done when she saw BensAo work was done.
She does not know if she loved Ben or not but for sure she wnt to be close with Ben.
Stutter Stutters occurs s bnorml hesittions, repetition nd prolongtions tht my be ccompnied by gestures, grimces, or other bodily movements indicting struggle to spek, blocking of speech, nxiety, or Rosiana Alo1.
Simon Sira Padji2.
Fransiskus Maria Separ3.
SPEECH DISFLUENCY AS SEEN IN AUTURO GAVINOAoS BEFORE ALL OTHERS
KETIDAKFASIHAN BERBICARA YANG DITEMUKAN DIDALAM FILM BEFORE ALL
OTHERS OLEH AUTURO GAVINO
Journal of Language and Literature p-ISSN 2502-5473 | e-ISSN 2808-0106- | Vol.
9 Nomor 2 September 2023 http://e-journal.
id/index.
php/lantern/index | lanternsasing@gmail.
voidnce of speech.
It is disorder, which we hve ll herd nd recognized, or perhps even experienced.
it is the most frequent type of speech disfluency.
Rchel : I.
d-donAot relly hve nyone else.
Doctor : our other option is skilled nursing fcility.
(Time: 00:11:.
Rachel really confused when the doctor suggested her that she needed someone to protect her during her But she did not have anyone else to help her beside her grandmother.
In her stressed with her disease.
The doctor asked her about someone to protect her, but her friends were work full time not anyone to help her in her situation.
It can make her was stressed when she thought about her condition.
If someone in a stressed situation it can influences the way of thought and the way of speech of someone.
The Most Frequent of Speech Disfluency The dominnt types occurred in the min chrcter of Before all Others movie re silent puse nd stutter.
as the result of this study shows the most occurrences speech disfluency hppened in repetition it ws round Moreover, the second common speech disfluency produced by the speker tht silent pause it ws round 20.
25% then follows by interjection it is arround 15.
25% word during speech.
Then filled puse in leve 75% nd stutter in arround 6.
The lst follows by un-retrced flse strt, flse strt nd correction ech of them is 1.
25% the totl number of speech disfluency tht showed in the movie were 64 utternces of speech
CONCLUSION
Menwhile, the bsic theory tken into the nlysis is the theory of Clrk nd Clrk .
which stted speech disfluency cn be nlyzed bsed on eight types of speech disfluency, there re eight utternces of disfluencies, silent puse, filled puse, repetition, interjection, retrced flse strt un-retrced flse strt, correction nd stutter.
The dt contined in this movie consist of eight types.
all types of speech disfluency proposed by Clrk nd Clrk are produce by the main character as the spekers.
as the result of this study shows the most occurrences speech disfluency hppened in repetition it ws round 42.
Moreover, the second common speech disfluency produced by the speker tht silent pause it ws round 20.
25% nd then the third one is interjection the word during speech.
It is counted in level round 25% then filled puse in level 10.
11% the lst follows and stutter counted in around 6.
25% by un-retrced flse strt, flse strt nd correction ech of them is 1.
25% the totl number of speech disfluency tht hppened long the movie re 99 utternces of speech disfluency.
according to the dt of this study, the writer found the repetition became the highest frequent disfluency occurred in the converstion.
From this finding, hve concluded tht when people in difficult sitution they hve lost their words nd they lso confused wht they wnt to sy so the lwys repeted their words.
REFERENCES