LINGPOET: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research.
Vol.
No.
133Ae144
LINGPOET
(Journal of Linguistics and Literary Researc.
Journal homepage: https://talenta.
id/lingpoet/ Interactive Metadiscourse on Joe BidenAos Presidential Addresses Fariz Fadillah Akbar*1 .
Rosyida Ekawati2 Universitas Trunojoyo Madura.
Bangkalan, 69162.
Indonesia Universitas Trunojoyo Madura.
Bangkalan, 69162.
Indonesia Corresponding Author: fariz.
756@gmail.
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 10 June 2024
Revised 10 September 2024
Accepted 15 September 2024
Available 30 September 2024
E-ISSN: 2745-8296
How to cite:
Akbar.
, & Ekawati.
Interactive Metadiscourse on Joe BidenAos Presidential Addresses.
Lingpoet: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research, 5.
, 133144.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialNoDerivatives 4.
0 International.
ABSTRACT
This research examines the use of interactive metadiscourse markers in three presidential addresses delivered by President Joe Biden.
The study employed qualitative methods, focusing on words and sentences that included evidence, code glosses, transition markers, frame markers, and endophoric markers.
The results revealed that the most commonly used markers were transitions, particularly those that indicated addition.
these were followed by frame markers, endophoric markers, code glosses, and proofs.
This study also discovered that by directing audience interpretation, structuring language, and emphasizing intended meaning, these markers enhance the coherence and persuasiveness of speech.
specifically found instances where a single marker, for instance, served several purposes in various categories.
This study implies that the understanding of metadiscourse in political speech highlights the role of such markers in enhancing the effectiveness of presidential communications.
Keyword: Presidential Addresses.
Joe Biden.
Interactive.
Metadiscourse ABSTRAK Penelitian ini meneliti penggunaan penanda metadiscourse interaktif dalam tiga pidato kepresidenan yang disampaikan oleh Presiden Joe Biden.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan fokus pada kata dan kalimat yang mencakup bukti, glos kode, penanda transisi, penanda bingkai, dan penanda Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa penanda yang paling umum digunakan adalah transisi, khususnya yang menunjukkan penambahan.
oleh penanda bingkai, penanda endoforik, glos kode, dan bukti.
Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa dengan mengarahkan interpretasi audiens, menyusun bahasa, dan menekankan makna yang dimaksudkan, penanda ini meningkatkan koherensi dan persuasifitas pidato.
Secara khusus ditemukan contoh-contoh di mana satu penanda, misalnya, melayani beberapa tujuan dalam berbagai kategori.
Penelitian ini menyiratkan bahwa pemahaman metadiscourse dalam pidato politik menyoroti peran penanda tersebut dalam meningkatkan efektivitas komunikasi Kata Kunci: Pidato Presiden.
Joe Biden.
Interaktif.
Metawacana Introduction The incumbent president of the United States.
Joe Biden, has made many addresses while in office.
The economy, foreign policy, and healthcare are just a few of the many subjects covered in these speeches.
His goal is to provide his audience with valuable or thought-provoking information.
Biden's language use in his speeches is one of their most noteworthy features.
These types of language such as transitions, emphasis markers, and attitude expressions, is referred to as metadiscourse .
ee Hyland, 2.
According to Hyland .
, the term interactive metadiscourse refers to how the author considers the potential understandings, passions, rhetorically desires, and cognitive capacities of the engaged audiences.
In particular, interactive metadiscourse encourages the listener to participate actively in the discourse and the speaker.
LINGPOET: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research.
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133Ae144 Metadiscourse is one of the components of discourse analysis, an area pursuant to the applied linguistics study .
Edel & Mauranen, 2.
In order to understand language in use and show a writer's or speaker's attempts to influence a receiver's interpretation of a text.
Harris coined the term "metadiscourse" in 1959 (Hyland, 2005.
Hyland .
defines interactional meta-discourse as the language used by authors to establish and manage a social relationship with the reader.
The phrase "interactional meta-discourse markers" refers to a variety of ways to put the author's or speaker's point of view across and direct the reader's or listener's attention.
Interactional meta-discourse can be divided into five groups, according to Hyland .
: hedges, attitude markers, engagement markers, boosters, and self-mentions.
Numerous academics in various fields have thoroughly examined research on metadiscourse indicators.
Hyland .
classified metadiscourse into two types, namely interactive and interpersonal metadiscourse.
can be exemplified when someone tells about her friend to another person "I believe she is insane.
" The woman first yelled at me.
Second, she ripped up the mailAy.
Sequence markers are employed within that sentence to outline the author's argument, acting interpersonally to persuade the listener that a womanAos behaviour is considered as insane or lunatic.
This marker is known as a frame marker, and it is one of the subcategories of interactive metadiscourse (Fairclough, 1.
Hyland .
distinguished five sorts of interactive metadiscourse: transition markers, frame markers, endophoric markers, evidentials, and code glosses.
The main reasons for carrying out the research stem from the fact that, in order to foster a sense of unity and inclusion.
Biden regularly addresses the audience directly throughout his speeches, use expressions like "my fellow Americans" or "ladies and gentlemen.
" Biden employs interpersonal metadiscourse to influence the This study shows that Biden uses interactive metadiscourse to make his language more relevant and engaging by guiding the audience through his arguments and ideas.
In addition, he keeps the audience engaged and attentive by using phrases like "let me explain" and "consider this" to suggest that he is going to delve into a specific issue or concept.
This helps to ensure that the audience appreciates the main points he is attempting to get across.
Biden highlighted an example of his ability to sum up a current issue or topic, voice his ideas, and speak in front of an audience.
Referring back to Stalnaker.
Medi .
5, p.
describes speech as the organized giving of a speech to a group of people or the verbal expression of ideas to an audience.
An audience can understand a speaker's point of view when they employ appropriate language when giving a speech.
In addition to conveying words or sentences, communication also aims to influence the listeners (Umar, 2.
Presidential speeches are classified as political speeches.
Van Dijk .
7, p.
defines political discourse as the words and actions associated with reputable politicians or organizations of politics, for instance president and the prime ministers, as well as other representatives of the government, parliament, or coalitions of governments at all levels, including the local, national and even international ones.
This is due to the leader or president delivered speeches while also serving as the nation's representatives.
Recent studies have examined Joe Biden's presidential speeches through various linguistic and discourse analysis approaches.
Researchers have investigated political speeches has a prominent meaning (Ekawati & Kurnia, 2.
, rhetorical devices of King Abdullah's English speeches (Amaireh, 2.
, and political discourse analysis (Triana & Zulaiha, 2.
There are studies revealing Biden's use of metadiscourse Yyksel & Kavanoz .
Suhono & Haikal .
Nugrahani & Bram .
Aszeli et al.
Sine & Mata .
, and interpersonal metadiscourse to influence the audience and metadiscourse strategies (Hassan, 2.
These analyses highlight Biden's skillful use of language to convey ideologies, establish credibility, and engage with the audience, demonstrating the complex linguistic and rhetorical strategies employed in presidential speeches.
Considering the application of metadiscourse characteristics, to the best of my knowledge, however, no prior research has examined the application of interactional meta-discourse in BidenAos political discourse (Aini & Ekawati, 2022.
Boginskaya, 2023.
Wang & Zhang, 2.
Therefore, by examining the metadiscourse markers employed by Biden, this study aims to close the research gap.
The text that portrays President Joe Biden's strength as a wise, authoritative, and decisive leaderAi as shown by the vast majority of remarks from his endorsementAiand the text that expresses the anguish felt by victims' relatives over the mass shooting disaster at an elementary school in Uvalde.
Texas, which claimed the lives of nineteen children and two educators in totalAicover three of Biden's speeches.
LINGPOET: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research.
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133Ae144 Method This study applies qualitative research since the data are in form of textual not numerical, such as: sentences, clauses, phrases and words.
According to Creswell .
, qualitative research does not provide numerical or statistical results but instead relies on the researcher's understanding in assessing the data.
This research applied content analysis.
According to Tharenou.
Donohue, and Cooper .
, content analysis is a technique for describing and analyzing spoken, visual, or written material systematically.
In this study, the writer describes and analyze the written material which are three presidential speeches transcript from President Joe Biden.
1 Sources of data and Data The sources of data in this study are three presidential speeches transcript from President Joe Biden entitled as Remarks by President Biden at a Reception to Celebrate Eid Al-Fitr.
Remarks by President Biden at the White House Conference on Hunger.
Nutrition, and Health, and Remarks by President Biden on the School Shooting in Uvalde.
Texas.
Those three presidential speeches are taken from the source: The White House official website .
ttps://w.
gov/).
The data of the study are sentences from the three presidential addresses by Biden that feature interactive metadiscourse markers, and words, phrases, and clauses serve as the markers.
2 Data Collection methods To address the three research questions, the data collection methods for this study are a documentary type of Documentary research and content analysis share similarities in that both require examining preexisting data and materials.
To put it simply, it is a type of research that makes use of documents to obtain precise information about a certain subject.
It is a methodical examination and study of already-existing records or papers that may be in the form of textual texts, audiovisual files, images, videos, books, etc.
When examining historical occurrences, cultural phenomena, and societal patterns to gain a thorough understanding of a topic, .
ttps://w.
us/blog/documentary-research-definition-types-applications examples#::text=Documentary research involves several ke.
3 Data Analysis Methods According to Miles & Huberman .
, there are processes in data analysis that can be simplified through several steps: .
collecting three of President Joe BidenAos presidential speeches transcript from The White House official website .
ttps://w.
gov/), .
reading those presidential speeches transcript from President Joe Biden, .
then finding words, phrases and clauses on each sentence or paragraph which contain interactive metadiscourse markers in its transcript of Joe BidenAos presidential speeches.
To make it easier, the researcher uses a technique digital note taking which is inserting the data into such a table below to simplify the data collection and categorization, .
coding the data used for each marker to simplify and prove clearly the data consists of words, clauses or sentences.
On its usage, the writer gives the code to each marker, for example: TS1-TS3 as the transcript speeches or source of data.
P1-P10 .
r mor.
for the pages in its transcript speeches.
L1-L30 .
r mor.
for the lines in its transcript speeches which contain the markers.
Then, for the categories of interactive metadiscourse: TM for Transition Markers.
FM for Frame Markers.
EM for Endophoric Markers.
CG for Code Glosses, and E for Evidential Markers.
The codes will be placed in brackets, and separated by slashes.
The position of codes itself are in the end of data.
It can be exemplified as TS3/P4/L13/FM.
Results and Discussion 1 Results 1 Types of Interactive Metadiscourse Markers Used by President Joe Biden on Presidential Speeches Interactive metadiscourse concerns about by managing the flow of information, the writer or speaker can assist the reader or listener in accurately interpreting the text or speech.
It contributes in predicting readers' or listeners' understanding of the systematic structuring of discourse and displaying their explicit assessment LINGPOET: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research.
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Transition Markers Transition markers are the first category of interactive metadiscourse which mainly concern about conjunctions or addition to indicate relationship with another arguments (Hyland, 2.
Furthermore, these transition markers have different functions one to another.
It is in line with HylandAos model of transition markers, which he divided the functions of transition markers into three categories, such as addition, which inserts certain aspects to arguments and may contain deeper statements, comparison that compares statements in a similar way or pro and opposite or contrary, and consequence, which connections that inform the reader how the conclusion is being formed or proven.
Based on presidential speeches from Joe Biden which contain interactive metadiscourse, transition markers can be exemplified:
AuMuslims surveyed and served very, very bravely in the U.
Armed Forces and law enforcement in putting their lives on the line to keep our communities and our country safe.
(TS1/P1/L12/TM)
Based on excerpt .
above, the word and which used repeatedly by President Joe Biden considered as transition It is because marker and functioned to indicate supplemental of statements.
Therefore, marker and in excerpt .
categorized as addition of transition markers.
Au.
So much more in our imagination.
But one thing is clear: Meeting our bold goals requires a whole-of-government approach.
Ay (TS2/P6/L147/TM) In instance .
above, one of transition marker was appeared.
It is the word but, which used to compare regarding previous statement as well as opposing it.
Thus, this marker can included as comparison of transition .
Au.
Our national strategy would expand access to nutrition and obesity counseling so they can get the guidance they need to stay healthy.
Ay (TS2/P5/L112/TM) While for example .
above, the marker so acts to indicate conclusion which being formed based on previous That is why this marker embraced as consequence of transition marker.
Frame Markers In brief, frame markers are used to describe the framing of information about the elements in the discourse.
Hyland .
elaborated the functions of frame markers into four categories.
First, it can be used to sequence text or as sequencer.
Secondly, frame markers can be used to indicate the stages of the text.
Third, is to announce the purpose of the discourse.
And finally, frame markers can serve as indicators of topic shifts or topic shifter.
Based on presidential speeches from Joe Biden which contain interactive metadiscourse, frame markers can be exemplified:
AuYou gather with friends and family and for iftars each night.
And then, at the end of the month, you celebrate Eid with new clothes brightly decorated homes, delicious sweets, which IAom waiting Ay (TS1/P3/L63/FM) In sample .
above, marker and then used by President Joe Biden.
It is demonstrated to sort or sequence based on previous statement.
Au.
I ask the nation to pray for them,Ay (TS3/P1/L15/TM) Then from this excerpt, the writer found a frame marker.
It can be seen at marker I ask, which has function to state discourse goal or the speakerAos purpose.
AuBut IAom told itAos not actually has to be at six.
Is that right? Well, thank you.
Doug and Kamala, for being here.
And thank you.
Ronnie, for sharing your music with us.
Ay (TS1/P1/L4/FM) This excerpt above shows the frame marker within.
The word well indicating topic shifter because after saying that.
President Joe Biden suddenly change the topic to something else which irrelevant from previous Endophoric Markers The definition of this marker is an expression to refer or relate information in other part of the text or speech.
Endophoric markers mostly appears in research text or articles, refer the reader to explanatory or related material elsewhere in the text.
It frequently improving understanding and supporting arguments by referencing to past material or foreshadowing something yet to come.
Regarding to presidential speeches from Joe Biden which contain interactive metadiscourse, endophoric markers can be exemplified:
AuAnd thank all of you for joining us in the White House.
It is the PeopleAos House, for real.
ItAos your house.
Ay (TS1/P1/L8/EM) The markers it in excerpt above contain endophoric marker.
Because the word it, refers to the PresidentAos preceding statement which is The White House.
Evidentials Evidentials, as its name, are markers which contain evidence of information that taken from other source LINGPOET: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research.
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133Ae144 Hyland .
stated that this marker has two functions which are: to show the evidence of source information and help provide justification for arguments and demonstrate the novelty of the author's However, evidentials are rarely used in speech because the existence of evidential is evidence of a data that is explained systematically and in detail.
While the speech read by someone is usually done spontaneously with a little additional data, most of which is about discussing a topic .
sually an even.
along with hopes and ways to overcome them.
Based upon presidential speeches from Joe Biden which contain interactive metadiscourse, evidentials can be served as:
AuScripture says.
: AuThe Lord is near to the brokenhearted and saves the crushed in spirit.
(TS3/P1/L13/E)
In the excerpt .
above, marker says indicating an evidential marker.
It is because the President mention the source of information explicitly.
Code Glosses Code glosses are the last category of interactive metadiscourse which functioned to help convey meanings that are perceived as problematic for readers, but despite being labeled as examples in both genres, textbooks contain more cases that aid interpretation by providing addition definitions or elaborating statements (Hyland, 2005.
Hyland & Jiang, 2.
This marker also re-state the information by clarifying and sometimes placing those reformulation statements in brackets or marking it as an example.
Code glosses category are identified below:
AuAnd there are even Muslim superheroes now, like Mrs.
Marvel.
Ay (TS1/P1/L21/CG) The marker like in excerpt .
above considered as code glosses.
It is because functioned to indicate the speakerAos intention in providing example based on the context.
AuYou know, almost every single discipline, from cancer to heart disease on down the line, are finding out itAos affected by diet and exercise.
I mean, things you all knew, but it wasnAot proved Ay (TS2/P4/L109/CG) Meanwhile for the excerpt .
, code glosses identified in marker I mean.
That is by reason of the speaker which elaborating the statement by clarifying it.
Functions of Each Category of Interactive Metadiscourse Markers Used by President Joe Biden on Presidential Speeches This section presents the analysis of every marker in data findings, found in three presidential speeches by President Joe Biden which consist of: transition markers, frame markers, endophoric markers, evidentials, and code glosses.
However, in order to make clear and simplify the analysis, the writer only choose one data for each marker that occurred more than one to be discussed.
All data are analyzed based on HylandAos .
theory of metadiscourse.
Transition Markers Based upon the data findings on all of three presidential speeches from President Joe Biden above, the writer found 149 transition markers in total.
This makes the transition markers are the most appeared marker based all of these three presidential speeches.
However, the transition markers consist of three different functions which are addition, comparison and consequence.
Addition This first function of transition markers are used to add or develop the arguments or statements with another, based on the same context.
In this speech, the writer found the addition from markers and, also, by the way, and because.
For the following explanations such as:
AuIs that right? Well, thank you.
Doug and Kamala, for being here.
And thank you.
Ronnie, for sharing your music with us.
And.
Imam, thank you for that introduction and creating a place of connection and belonging for Muslims here in Washington D.
Ay (TS1/P1/L5/TM) In the example .
above, the marker and considered as a transition marker.
The President used word and to add another statement.
Because it connects another statement regarding the presence of guests who are his colleagues at the celebration of Eid al-Fitr in The White House.
He mentioned lots of his acquaintances such as Doug.
Kamala.
Ronnie.
Imam, etc.
and thankful for their attendance.
Therefore, the marker and included as an addition of transition markerAos function.
This is in line with HylandAos .
5, p.
statement that addition adds components to an argument and may include markers and, by the way, furthermore, etc.
AuWe discussed what we have done to prepare for the hurricane.
That includes dispatching hundreds of FEMA personnel and activating thousands of National Guard members.
I have also developed the search and rescue teams and deployed them from multiple federal agenciesAy (TS2/P1/L12/TM) LINGPOET: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research.
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133Ae144 Then, for sample number .
, the President talked about preparation of facing the hurricane.
He said that the preparation includes dispatching hundreds of FEMA personnel and activating thousands of National Guard Also, he was developing the search and deploying the rescue teams.
The word also indicates that the President adds more statement which related to the previous about the preparation of hurricane.
Same as marker and before, the word also functioned as addition of transition marker.
It is because the President indicated another arguments after he said also.
AuI donAot know, man, what to say.
And, by the way, there are more Muslim Americans serving in Congress today than ever in American history.
Ay (TS1/P2/L37/TM) Moreover, in case number .
President Joe Biden used clause by the way in order to add another statements concerning about the guests, and explained the new fact that this congress was the first time attended by the largest number of Muslims among the previous congresses in America.
Thus, by the way considered as addition since have accordance to HylandAos .
5, p.
model, that addition adds components to an argument and might contain stuffs like and, by the way, moreover, etc.
AuAnd today.
IAom convening this conference again because I believe we can use these advances to do even more to make America stronger and a healthier nationAy (TS2/P3/L49/TM) And for instance number .
, marker because included as transition marker and acts as an addition.
The President stated word because to express the addition of cause-effect.
It can be seen from his statement, that this speech or this conference was held in order to make America better in terms of hunger, nutrition and health because of those advances in research and medicine.
He confident that the government can make United States of America better with regard to strong and healthy nation from those advances made by the researchers.
that it is suitable with Hyland .
5, p.
, which argue addition means to put variables in a statement.
Comparison The second function of transition markers is the comparison, which used to compare the subjects or objects within the statement.
It can be pro or contra comparison.
In this speech, the writer found based on the markers but, or and like.
The clarifications are:
AuWeAore the most unique country in the world.
WeAore the only country based on not ethnicity, not on race, religion, but based on an idea.
An idea thatAos confident, thatAos shared by all major faiths.
Ay (TS1/P4/L87/TM) In sample number .
, the writer found marker but considered as a transition marker.
President Joe Biden uttered word but as the contrasting within his statement.
After stated United States of America is the only country that does not based on ethnicity, neither on race and religion, he tried to oppose and give a fact that United States of America is the country which based on an idea.
Therefore, the word but considered as a comparison in transition marker.
It is in line with HylandAos .
5, p.
idea that comparison in transition marker means to compare statements in a similar way or pro .
imilarly, identically, alike, in the same ways, appropriately, etc.
) and opposite or contrary .
n contrast, but, on the other side, on the reverse hand, etc.
AuPeople are realizing not only whether or not theyAore overweight or obese or not healthy.
(TS2/P5/L121/TM)
Next in example number .
, the President used word or to express the comparison which are the objects of equation in his statement.
He meant that there are still many underserved communities are having difficulties regarding to the acquisition of food that is good for health in areas such as urban, rural, and tribal groups, where they cannot distinguish between healthy and unhealthy food.
Then the president gave some examples of these difficulties which are: nowhere to buy fresh food for miles or safe places for kids to play or adults to Thus, marker or showing a comparison.
It is in accordance with Hyland .
5, p.
which argued that comparison means compares statements in a similar way or pro .
imilarly, identically, alike, in the same ways, appropriately, etc.
) and opposite or contrary .
n contrast, but, on the other side, on the reverse hand, .
AuTo lose a child is like having a piece of your soul ripped away.
ThereAos a hollowness in your You feel like youAore being sucked into it and never going to be able to get out.
(TS3/P1/L8/TM)
And for instance number .
, the President tried to feel the grief experienced by the parents of child victims in the mass shooting tragedy at an elementary school in Uvalde.
He said that the loss .
eath o.
a child is like a piece of our soul being removed.
And there will also be like an emptiness in our chest, where we feel like we are being sucked in and can never get out.
Hence, the marker like used by the President to compare, and show parables of the condition of the body and soul of the victim's parents.
Hyland .
5, p.
also stated that comparison is comparing statements in a similar way or pro .
imilarly, identically, alike, in the same ways, appropriately, etc.
) and opposite or contrary .
n contrast, but, on the other side, on the reverse hand, etc.
LINGPOET: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research.
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133Ae144 Consequence The last function of transition markers is consequence.
It means when the author or speaker conclude the In other words, this function used when the speaker is processing conclusion based on his or her previous statements.
In this speech, the writer found conclusionAos markers in the end and so.
Au.
Catholics have Lent.
We do it for 40 days, but not nearly as hard your time.
ItAos a little longer than Ramadan, but we get to eat and drink during the day, which makes a big difference to say the least.
In the end.
Ramadan brings you closer to God and to each other.
(TS1/P3/L59/TM)
In example .
President Joe Biden used term in the end to state conclusion based on his previous Firstly, he talked about fasting in Ramadhan.
Then, he also mentioned and found that fasting in Muslim is quite similar with lent in Catholic.
And before he close or making a conclusion, he stated that Ramadhan makes Muslims closer to God and each other.
Therefore, marker in the end considered as a consequence function of transition marker.
It is because suitable with HylandAos .
5, p.
model which stated consequence is connections that either inform or justify the audience that a conclusion is being formed.
AuToday, 1 in 20 live below the poverty line.
So.
I know we can take Ai tackle hunger as wellAy (TS2/P3/L64/TM) Thereafter, in the exemplify .
, the President used word so to ensure his statement as well as conclude based on his previous statement.
He knew that approximately, one of twenty lives still below the poverty line.
Therefore from those statement, the President ensure his words to distinguish hunger as well in the future of America indicated in word so which categorized as consequence function.
Because it is in line with argument from Hyland .
5, p.
which stated consequence is interpersonal connections that whether reveal or justify the audience in which the conclusion is being constructed.
Frame Markers According to the data findings above, the writer found around 26 frame markers in total.
There were various frame markers, such as I want to, then, which is why, let me close, listing firstly-secondly-thirty, well, we have to, itAos time to.
For the examples and explanations of the usage of frame markers are in below.
AuOn that note.
I want to mention one special guest tonight, a huge superhero fan from Lexington.
Massachusetts: Omar Masood.
Omar, where are you? There you are.
OmarAy (TS1/P2/L23/FM) The first instance number .
President Joe Biden used phrase I want to for states the discourse goal.
He would mention the special guest in The White House which is Omar Masood.
This special guest is the owner of OmarAos World of Comics which has down syndrome disease.
But despite his shortcoming.
Omar Masood has helped lots of people.
The President implicitly praised Omar MasoodAos character and his life journey in front of everyone for having contributed to American citizens.
Therefore, in this context, the marker I want to used for indicating the goal of discourse stated by President Joe Biden that is to greet Omar Masood with honors because of his outstanding merit.
This is in line with HylandAos .
5, p.
statement which categorized frame markers into four type of functions, one of which is to state discourse goal.
AuYou gather with friends and family and for iftars each night.
And then, at the end of the month, you celebrate Eid with new clothes brightly decorated homes, delicious sweets, which IAom waiting for.
Ay (TS1/P3/L63/FM) Then in example number .
, the President uttered word then.
It is considered as an frame marker since this marker has the function to arrange sections of text to demonstrate additive relationships.
Because it can be seen when the president told audience that during fasting.
Muslims gather to break their fast at night.
Then he tried to associate the time of Ramadan with Eid al-Fitr .
hich occurs after Ramada.
, where all Muslims celebrate with home decorations and new clothes and typical Eid snacks or sweets.
Hence, marker then act as one of HylandAos .
5, p.
functions of frame markers which to organize parts of text in order to show additional connections.
AuAnd weAore determined to confront all forms of hate, including Islamophobia, which is important to me.
(Applause.
) This is a priority for my administration, which is why I established an interagency task force to address attacks on Muslims and anti-Muslim bias and discrimination.
Ay (TS1/P3/L72/FM) Moreover in sample number .
above, the President intended to utter a goal of discourse by clause which is why that included as a frame marker.
Those marker still correlated with his previous statement.
This was proven when he spoke about something that lots of foreigners or Europeans have misunderstood against Muslims, namely Islamophobia.
Due to that incident.
President Joe Biden formed a special force to deal with things that threaten Muslims, namely Islamophobia, bias and discrimination against anti-Muslim people or So that marker which is why categorized as frame marker, functioned to express the purpose of LINGPOET: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research.
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5, p.
classification of frame markerAos function.
AuLet me close with this.
Muslims have been part of the United States from the very start.
(TS1/P4/L77/FM)
And in case number .
, a frame marker showed at the beginning of the PresidentAos statement.
The phrase let me close utilized to express the discourse goal.
It is because after spoke several things about Muslims in this speech.
President Joe Biden indicating to put an end of his speech by telling let me close.
Thereupon, marker let me close categorized as an frame marker which function is to tell his purpose to all audience that suitable with one of four frame markerAos functions, which to state the purpose of discourse by Hyland .
5, p.
AuAnd IAove released a national strategy to meet that bold goal.
The strategy that Ai has three key principles.
First, help more Americans.
IAoll say this again Ai help more Americans access the food that will keep their families nourished and healthy.
Second, give folks the option and information they need to make healthy dietary choices.
Thirdly, help more Americans be physically active.
People want to be.
lots of times of times thereAos no places to go to be active from where they live.
Ay (TS2/P3/L66/FM) For the example in number .
above, the President declared three strategies to tackle hunger and make America a healthy nation.
Number one is to help American citizens for the sake of accessing healthy food each Then next statement was to give Americans option as well as information in order to make healthy And the last of his strategies is to assist the AmericansAo physical to be active.
The marker first, second and thirdly used to indicate sequence of those three strategies.
Therefore, those markers considered as sequencers in frame markers since it is in line with statement from Hyland .
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which claimed that frame markers are commonly employed to internally sequence pieces of written material or arguments, typically functioning as a further explicit connection.
The markers of sequencers are: first, next, then, for instance, listing a,b,c,d, etc.
AuLook, folks, people are constantly looking at federal programs to see which ones are working and which ones are ineffective.
Well, during the pandemic, we had a real-world example right in front of us.
Ay (TS2/P4/L84/FM) Furthermore, in the case number .
, the writer found another frame marker within excerpt above.
The President used word well to indicate or initiate the topic shift.
It is because previously, he talked about the people always focus at effective and ineffective of federal programs.
But instantly, he switched the topic into the pandemic situation.
Clearly, the used of marker well here is to indicate that one topic will be replaced by another topic.
That is because correspondingly with argument from Hyland .
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which stated frame markers can also indicates topic shifts.
AuI am sick and tired of it.
We have to act.
Ay (TS3/P2/L26/FM) And for sample number .
, marker we have to utilized to indicate discourse goal from President Joe Biden.
The president is fed up or has had enough with lots of mass shooting tragedies in America lately.
Therefore, the president invited the government and authorities to act and provide prevention and solutions regarding the mass shooting of elementary school children in Uvalde, one of the prevention is banning the assault weapons.
Thus, it is in line with theory from Hyland .
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that uttered one of frame markerAos function is to express the discourseAos purpose.
Endophoric Markers Based upon data findings on table 4.
1 above, the writer found around 18 endophoric markers of all the three presidential speeches by President Joe Biden.
They are those lessons, in that way, them, these advances, this goal, and it.
Below are the data utterances of endophoric markers:
AuAll told.
Ramadan is a time to slow down, reconnect, and remember what matters most.
And even after Ramadan is over, you carry those lessons for the rest of the year.
(TS1/P3/L66/EM)
About example number .
above, marker those lessons inclusive to an endophoric marker because it refers to the previous statement from the President which was telling about lessons from Ramadhan.
He stated that Ramadhan is a time to slow down in terms of breakfasting and restraining emotions, draw closer to God by worship, and remember the most important things to do in Ramadhan.
So that those lessons refer to lessons learned in Ramadhan.
This is in line with HylandAos .
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which interpreted endophoric markers as phrases that relate to different sections of the written or spoken material.
AuFasting from dawn to dusk is not easy.
It demands patience and determination.
In that way, itAos not so different than we Catholics have Lent.
Ay (TS1/P3/L56/EM) Furthermore, in example number .
, the President explained that fasting in Islam is quite similar with Lent in Catholic.
He stated that is not easy to do fasting, because we must patient while it is forbidden to eat and drink until the time to breakfasting comes.
In order to refer to the term fasting for Muslims and its similarity LINGPOET: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research.
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It is also in accordance to statement from Hyland .
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that endophoric markers are expressions that relate to other parts of the written text or spoken utterance.
AuYou know, the QurAoan teaches that.
I believe that to be true.
That same idea echoed in the motto of our nation.
AuE Pluribus Unum.
Ay Out of many, one.
Ay (TS1/P4/L84/TM) Next is example number .
The President said that same idea to make mention to one of the verse in AlQurAoan has the resemblance of United States of AmericaAos motto AuE Pluribus UnumAy.
In that verse of the AlQurAoan means AuOne of His .
signs is the creation of the heavens and earth and the diversity of our languages and colorsAy, while the motto of America means AuOut of many, oneAy.
From that two references, it can be imply that they have similarity which even though we come from differences in race, skin color, and ethnicity, we must remain united.
Thus, marker that same idea included as endophoric marker.
As Hyland .
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stated that he defined the endophoric markers are words, phrases or clauses that make references to additional textual or oral content.
AuI have also developed the search and rescue teams and deployed them from multiple federal And theyAore already on the ground and ready to help as we speak.
(TS2/P1/L13/EM)
And for example number .
, the President still discussed about preparations of hurricane.
He mentioned that he already developed the search and forming rescue teams which are willing to help victims or people suffered from hurricane later.
Therefore, the word them and they are that stated by the President, functioned to make mention of the rescue teams as well as considered an endophoric marker.
Because it is parallel with HylandAos .
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theory that endophoric markers are spoken or textual words that correspond to different sections.
Au.
Advances in research and medicine have taught us so much more about nutrition and And today.
IAom convening this conference again because I believe we can use these advances to do even more to make America stronger and a healthier nationAy (TS2/P1/L13/EM) Afterwards, in case number .
, phrase these advances which said by the President also included as an endophoric marker which used for referring to advances research and medicine that achieved by America.
Because on the previous statement, he discussed about the advances research and medicine that concern nutrition and health.
That is in line with definition from Hyland .
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which bear a meaning for endophoric markers as interactive instruments that direct the audience somewhere in the written or spoken material for further details.
Au.
I really do know we can do this: End hunger in this country by the year 2030 and lower the toll Ai .
Ai lower the toll that diet-related diseases takes on for too many Americans.
This goal is within our reach.
Just look at how far weAove come on child poverty.
(TS2/P3/L61/EM)
Move to case number .
, the President believe on his goals which are able to abolish hunger in 2030 and also lower the toll.
The phrase this goal on the next statement functioned as reference to goals which the President believe to be achieved in previous statement.
So that it can be categorized as an endophoric marker.
Because it is in the same idea with HylandAos .
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model of endophoric markersAo function which to guide the audience to another part of the text or oral material where provides extra details.
AuSoon after I came to office.
I signed what was called the American Rescue Plan into law.
helped put food on the table and keep a roof over the heads of millions of American families.
It helped our economy create nearly 10 million new jobs Ai most jobs created in that timeframe in American historyAy (TS2/P3/L73/EM) Then the frame marker appeared in excerpt number .
is about American Rescue Plan which signed by the President to become into law.
Then repeatedly, he mentioned word it on his statements which used for denote American Rescue Plan.
Hence, marker it also categorized as an endophoric marker since in accordance with theory from Hyland .
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which defined endophoric markers are statements that make reference to specific information found in other places within the textual or spoken material.
Evidentials Therefore, the writer only found two evidentials from the whole three speeches which make this marker the least of five categories on interactive metadiscourse.
Those two evidentials are teaches and says which exemplified below.
You know, the Quran teaches that.
AoOne of His .
signs is the creation of the heavens and earth and the diversity of our languages and colorsAo.
Ay (TS1/P4/L83/E) Based on sample number .
above, clearly that the President tried to convey audience about evidence of source information that taken explicitly from this speech.
He mentioned the meaning in one of the verse from LINGPOET: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research.
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Thereupon, it considered as an evidential because it is in line with evidentialsAo function from Hyland .
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which makes reference to the community's literature and contributes fundamental argumentation.
AuScripture says.
: AuThe Lord is near to the brokenhearted and saves the crushed in spirit.
(TS3/P1/L13/E)
And in exemplify .
, the President cited one of verse from scripture or the sacred writings of Christianity contained in the Bible, which AuThe Lord is near to the brokenhearted and saves the crushed in spiritAy.
President Joe Biden tried to relate it to the victims of mass shooting tragedy in Uvalde.
Therefore, the function of word says is to indicate the evidence of source information explicitly uttered by the President.
So that categorized as an evidential, because it is in accordance with HylandAos .
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model of evidentials, that refers to the outside source of an idea in the present text and lends credibility to it by highlighting how accurate the source is.
Code Glosses Based on data findings from all of three speeches, the writer found 11 code glosses in total.
The markers found are as, as a matter of fact.
I mean, and like.
Thereunder are the examples and its explanation.
AuIt represents an incredibly diverse contributions of Ai that Muslims have made to our nation as teachers, as engineers, as doctors, lawyers, business owners, congresswomen.
Ay (TS1/P1/L11/CG) In case number .
above, code glosses found in marker as.
President Joe Biden used word as to give exemplify contributions of Muslims to America nation in term of occupations, which are teachers, engineers, doctors, lawyers, business owners, congressmen/women.
From those occupations, it is proven that Muslim people in America made a big impact to the nation.
So that those marker as considered a code glosses.
It is because parallel with HylandAos .
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statement of code glossesAo functions, which provide more details by restating, expanding, or restructuring with giving examples of what has been said in order to help the audience understand what the author or speaker meant to convey.
AuIf gas companies try to use this storm to raise prices at the pump.
I will ask officials to look into whether price gouging is going on.
America is watching.
The industry should do the right As a matter of fact, they should move more quickly now to bring down the price at the pump because gasoline is down Ai the price of gasoline is down a great deal.
(TS2/P2/L37/CG)
Then for sample number .
, the President discussed the impacts of the storm and also tried to warn gas companies who took advantage of this disaster to increase prices.
Then he emphasize that gas companies have to move faster now to lower the prices at gas stations as petrol prices drop drastically.
Marker as a matter of fact utilized by the President purposed as the indicator of emphasizing or elaborating previous statement, which warned the gas companies should do the right thing.
Thus, it is considered as a marker of code glosses.
Because it is in accordance with theory from Hyland .
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which defined the functions of code glosses are tends to instruct instead of just explain.
Code glosses also assist in communicating meanings that seem problematic for audiences.
AuEveryone has an important role to play Ai local, state, territory, and Tribal governments and the federal government as well.
You know, for example, the Rockefeller Foundation and the American Heart.
Ay (TS2/P7/L183/CG) And for the instance .
, the marker for example stated by the President also categorized as code glosses which applied to give exemplify for his previous statement.
He gave two examples of organization that has contributed to America in research regarding to the relationship between healthy food and body health, which are Rockefeller Foundation and the American Heart Association.
So the function of marker for example is suitable with theory from Hyland .
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that code glosses utilized to allow readers to comprehend the author's intended message.
These methods revise, clarify define, or clarify an idea of the purpose based on the writer's estimate of the audience's expertise, often putting the modified formulation in parenthesis or identifying it as an example.
AuYou know, almost every single discipline, from cancer to heart disease on down the line, are finding out itAos affected by diet and exercise.
I mean, things you all knew, but it wasnAot proved Ay (TS2/P4/L109/CG) Furthermore in case number .
, the President discussed several diseases that are influenced by diet and exercise, including cancer and heart disease.
He uttered I mean to restate his previous statement, which elaborating what has been said, to ensure the audience can rediscover the President's intended meaning.
That denotes analogous with HylandAos .
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argument of code glossesAo functions, which it helps the audience to understand the importance of certain information in the way the writer intended, especially by expanding LINGPOET: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research.
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So that marker I mean concluded as code glosses.
Au.
The list grows when it includes mass shootings at places like movie theaters, houses of worship, and, as we saw just 10 days ago, at a grocery store in Buffalo.
New York.
(TS3/P2/L24/CG)
Lastly in exemplify number .
, the list that said by the President means list of mass shooting tragedies that currently happened around that time when he gave the speech.
He mentioned three places of those tragedies taken place such as: movie theaters, houses of worship, and just 10 days ago .
hen this speech was declare.
, at a grocery store in Buffalo.
New York.
Hence, marker like served as indicator of elaborating statement, which providing examples of list regarding to mass shooting tragedies.
This is in line with HylandAos .
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model of code glosses, which provide more information by rephrasing, clarifying, or elaborating on what has already been declared, ensuring that the audience may retrieve the speaker's initial meaning.
They are introduced with statements that represent the writer's expectations about the audience's knowledgebase, as in marker for example, like, etc.
2 Discussion Based from the discussion above, it can be seen that every markers in one metadiscourse interactive category have their own function.
However, in these three presidential speeches from President Joe Biden, the findings show that there are one marker that could have two functions or can be used in two different categories of interactive metadiscourse.
That marker is like.
It can be exemplified:
AuTo lose a child is like having a piece of your soul ripped away.
ThereAos a hollowness in your chest.
You feel like youAore being sucked into it and never going to be able to get out.
Ay (TS3/P1/L8/TM) .
Au.
The list grows when it includes mass shootings at places like movie theaters, houses of worship, and, as we saw just 10 days ago, at a grocery store in Buffalo.
New York.
Ay (TS3/P2/L24/CG) In sample .
above, obviously the marker like used to act as comparison which include in transition marker.
According to Hyland .
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, comparison means comparing subject or object within the statements in a similar way or pro .
imilarly, identically, alike, in the same ways, appropriately, etc.
) and opposite or contrary .
n contrast, but, on the other side, on the reverse hand, etc.
In the context of mass shooting tragedy in Uvalde, the President tried to compare losing a child is same as a part of our soul is gone.
So that marker like in this context functioned as comparison which support or pro between statements.
Meanwhile, in instance .
, the marker like is not act to compare statements as in sample .
It is because the President meant to use marker like to give examples, to exemplify several locations that turned into killing field because of mass shooting tragedies in America.
In other words, marker like in this context is considered as code glosses.
Hyland .
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stated that code glosses assist the audience in understanding the relevance of specific material in the way it's intended by the writer, particularly by elaborating on a particular thing to figure out its detail or comprehend its meaning.
Therefore, the word like could be a transition marker, as well as code glosses with different functions.
Conclusion In the three presidential speeches Joe Biden entitled "Remarks by President Biden at a Reception to Celebrate Eid Al-Fitr", "Remarks by President Biden at the White House Conference on Hunger.
Nutrition, and Health", and "Remarks by President Biden On The School Shooting in Uvalde.
Texas ", the author found that President Joe Biden used all categories of interactive metadiscourse, including: transition markers, frame markers, endophoric markers, evidentials and code glosses.
The total data found of all the presidential speeches are 208 interactive metadiscourse, which consists as follows: Transition markers are the highest frequency of occurrence, with total of 151 data.
Next is frame markers, which total of 26 data obtained.
Then endophoric markers found in total amount of 18 data.
Evidentials are the least appeared, with only 2 data.
And the last is code glosses, found with total of 11 data.
The use or function of each category in interactive metadiscourse has lots of variations.
First is transition markers which consist of three functions, such as: to add another statement or an idea, comparing and even contrasting the statements, and drawing conlusion based on previous statements.
Second is frame markers which have around four usages, for example: to sequence text .
r in this case is utterances of speec.
, to indicate text stages, to state discourse goal and as the topic shifter.
Third is endophoric markers that used to refer to other part of text or utterances.
Next is evidentials which serve as indicator to provide and mention the LINGPOET: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research.
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Lastly, the code glosses that utilized to elaborate based on previous statement, which provide another definition and give examples.
Transition Marker is the most widely used category by President Joe Biden.
It indicates that the President often adds, develops and explains every statement that he says, so that the audience can easily understand his speech or words.
The writer also found that marker like could be as a transition marker, used to compare statements.
Additionally, it can also be employed to indicate elaborating statements, which giving examples as a code glossesAo role.
References