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Issue 2, 2025 Elbanna.
Muthoifin.
Nirwana.
& Isman.
Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy Mariam Elbanna1.
Muthoifin*2.
Andri Nirwana3.
Isman4 1,2,3,4Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Jl.
Yani.
Mendungan.
Sukoharjo.
Central Java.
Indonesia *mut122@ums.
Received: 2025-April-26 Rev.
Req: 2025-June-23 Accepted: 2025-July-11 59683/ijls.
How to cite this paper: Elbanna.
Muthoifin.
Nirwana.
& Isman .
Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy.
International Journal of Law and Society (IJLS), 4.
, 180-201.
https://doi.
org/10.
59683/ijls.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.
International license .
ttps://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.
ABSTRACT: This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of research addressing the intersection between the Basel Accords and Islamic banking.
Using data extracted from the Scopus database covering 2015 to 2024, 1,149 relevant documents were analyzed.
A modified PRISMA framework was applied not to assess content quality, but to guide the structured identification, screening, and inclusion of relevant publications, enhancing transparency and reproducibility in the selection process.
The analysis used VOSviewer software .
to identify key trends, thematic clusters, and scholarly networks through co-citation, keyword mapping, and co-authorship analysis.
The results show that 62% of the literature focuses on Basel i, while only 12% addresses Basel IV, highlighting a lack of academic engagement with the latest regulatory developments.
Thematic analysis revealed three dominant research clusters: the impact of Basel i on capital adequacy in Islamic banks, challenges related to aligning Basel standards with Sharia principles, and the integration of liquidity risk and financial stability within Islamic financial institutions.
Malaysia and Indonesia emerged as leading contributors to this field, with a notable rise in publication output from 2020 to 2022, producing over 500 articles.
This growth may reflect increased regulatory interest in financial resilience and Islamic finance during and after Covid-19.
The study also identifies gaps in the literature, particularly regarding legal harmonization and practical implementation of Basel standards in Sharia-compliant contexts.
By mapping the academic landscape, this research offers insights into current trends and future directions, supporting scholars, regulators, and financial institutions.
Studi ini melakukan analisis bibliometrik terhadap penelitian yang membahas keterkaitan antara Perjanjian Basel (Basel Accord.
dan perbankan Islam.
Menggunakan data yang diambil International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
id/najahajournal/index.
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Issue 2, 2025 https://najahaofficial.
id/najahajournal/index.
php/IJLS/ Volume 4.
Issue 2, 2025 Elbanna.
Muthoifin.
Nirwana.
& Isman.
Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy dari basis data Scopus selama periode 2015 hingga 2024, sebanyak 1.
149 dokumen yang relevan dianalisis.
Kerangka kerja PRISMA yang telah dimodifikasi diterapkan bukan untuk menilai kualitas konten, melainkan untuk memandu proses identifikasi, penyaringan, dan inklusi publikasi secara terstruktur, guna meningkatkan transparansi dan replikasi dalam proses seleksi.
Analisis dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak VOSviewer .
untuk mengidentifikasi tren utama, klaster tematik, dan jaringan keilmuan melalui analisis kutipan bersama, pemetaan kata kunci, dan kolaborasi penulis.
Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa 62% literatur berfokus pada Basel i, sementara hanya 12% yang membahas Basel IV, yang menyoroti kurangnya keterlibatan akademik terhadap perkembangan regulasi terbaru.
Analisis tematik mengungkapkan tiga klaster penelitian dominan: dampak Basel i terhadap kecukupan modal di bank-bank Islam, tantangan dalam menyelaraskan standar Basel dengan prinsip-prinsip syariah, serta integrasi risiko likuiditas dan stabilitas keuangan dalam institusi keuangan Islam.
Malaysia dan Indonesia muncul sebagai kontributor utama dalam bidang ini, dengan peningkatan signifikan dalam jumlah publikasi selama tahun 2020Ae2022, menghasilkan lebih dari 500 artikel.
Pertumbuhan ini dapat mencerminkan meningkatnya perhatian regulasi terhadap ketahanan keuangan dan keuangan Islam selama dan setelah periode Covid-19.
Studi ini juga mengidentifikasi kesenjangan dalam literatur, khususnya terkait harmonisasi hukum dan implementasi praktis standar Basel dalam konteks kepatuhan Dengan memetakan lanskap akademik, penelitian ini memberikan wawasan tentang tren saat ini dan arah penelitian di masa depan, serta mendukung para akademisi, regulator, dan lembaga keuangan.
Keywords: Islamic Banking.
Bibliometric Analysis.
Basel Accords.
PRISMA Framework.
Scopus Database.
INTRODUCTION
In light of recent global financial disruptions, stricter regulatory reforms, and the rapid expansion of Islamic finance, the intersection between international regulatory frameworks and Islamic banking, particularly the implications of the Basel Accords, has become a timely and critical subject of academic research.
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) introduced these accords to enhance banking stability and reduce financial risks through capital adequacy requirements, risk management, and liquidity standards (Barra et al.
, 2.
Since the introduction of Basel I in 1988 and the subsequent developments in Basel II and Basel i, these regulatory guidelines have profoundly impacted global banking systems (Huang et al.
, 2.
However, their applicability to Islamic financial institutions (IFI.
, which operate under Shariah principles, remains a subject of ongoing academic and regulatory debate.
Developed to strengthen global financial stability through risk-based capital regulation and liquidity standards, the Basel Accords present unique challenges for Islamic banks, which differ fundamentally from conventional banks due to their adherence to Maqasid al-Shariah, the higher objectives of Islamic law.
These principles prohibit interest .
and promote risk-sharing, ethical investment, and asset-backed financing, making the direct application of Basel's interest-based framework problematic in Sharia-compliant International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
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Issue 2, 2025 Elbanna.
Muthoifin.
Nirwana.
& Isman.
Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy As a result, applying Basel regulations to Islamic financial institutions presents unique challenges, as these accords rely on an interest-based risk assessment model to evaluate capital and risk exposure (Suhaedi et al.
, 2.
In contrast.
Islamic banks operate using financial instruments such as murabaha .
ost-plus financin.
, musharakah .
quity partnershi.
, mudarabah .
rofit-sharin.
, and ijarah .
These differences raise critical questions about whether conventional regulatory frameworks can effectively accommodate Islamic banking operations and whether modifications are needed to align Basel standards with Shariah-compliant finance.
While numerous studies have addressed Basel standards and Islamic banking independently, limited research has systematically examined their intersection.
This gap highlights the need for a comprehensive overview of academic contributions, research trends, and regulatory discussions that link the Basel Accords with the Islamic banking sector, particularly in light of evolving global supervisory frameworks and the increasing demand to align compliance with Shariah principles.
The findings indicate that countries with well-developed Islamic banking sectors, such as Malaysia, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, and Indonesia, have been the most active in publishing research on this topic (Isman, 2.
Additionally, several academic journals specializing in Islamic finance and banking regulation have been crucial in disseminating studies in this area.
By examining the most frequently used research keywords over the past decade, it was found that terms such as "Basel i," "Islamic Finance Regulation," and "Risk Management in Islamic Banking" were among the most commonly cited, reflecting the growing focus on regulatory challenges faced by Islamic financial institutions (Al-Homaidi et al.
, 2.
Based on these findings, this study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving research landscape on Basel Accords and Islamic banking, identifying gaps in the literature that could inform future studies.
Some key research questions guiding this study include: What has the annual distribution of publications related to Basel Accords and Islamic banking been over the past decade? Which journals and authors have been the most influential in this field? Which countries have contributed the most research on the intersection of Basel regulations and Islamic finance? What primary research keywords have shaped academic discussions in this domain? By addressing these questions, this study will offer valuable insights for academics, policymakers, and financial professionals, helping them understand current developments and future directions in integrating international banking regulations with the principles of Islamic finance.
II.
METHOD
This study conducted a bibliometric analysis using the Scopus database to extract research related to the Basel Accords and Islamic banking from 2015 to 2024.
The search was performed using a carefully selected set of keywords to ensure comprehensive coverage, including "Basel Accords," "Islamic Banking," "Risk Management," "Shariah," and others.
The scope of the bibliometric analysis was refined by applying disciplinary filters, ensuring that only studies published in the fields of economics and business were International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
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php/IJLS/ Volume 4.
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id/najahajournal/index.
php/IJLS/ Volume 4.
Issue 2, 2025 Elbanna.
Muthoifin.
Nirwana.
& Isman.
Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy included (ECON.
BUSI), scientific articles (Article Typ.
English-language publications.
The analysis was limited to English-language publications primarily because the vast majority of peer-reviewed articles indexed in Scopus are published in English.
English is the dominant language of academic communication, especially in economics and finance.
This criterion was applied to maintain consistency and ensure access to the most widely cited and internationally recognized research and peer-reviewed journals (Shaikh, 2.
In the initial stage, the search in Scopus yielded 3,511 records, highlighting the substantial volume of research in the Basel Accords and Islamic banking domain.
Several filters were applied within Scopus to refine the dataset.
Following this, three independent researchers manually screened titles and abstracts to ensure relevance to the intersection of Basel regulations and Islamic finance.
Specific exclusion criteria were applied: studies were excluded if they focused solely on Basel without reference to Islamic banking, or vice versa.
duplicates and publications outside the defined subject areas were also removed (Shakilla & Elbanna, 2.
In the eligibility phase, full-text articles were reviewed to confirm alignment with the research objectives.
After this multi-stage selection process, 1,149 studies were retained for the final bibliometric analysis, representing this field's most relevant and high-quality contributions (Rahman & Chowdhury, 2.
TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "Basel Accords" OR "Islamic banking" ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2015
) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2016 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2017 ) OR LIMIT-TO (
PUBYEAR , 2018 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2019 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2020 ) OR
LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2021 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2022 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR ,
2023 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2024 ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ECON" ) OR LIMITTO ( SUBJAREA , "BUSI" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "ar" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE , "English" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "j" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Basel Accords" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Basel Accord" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Islamic Bank" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Banking" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Islamic Finance" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Islamic Banks" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Islamic Banking" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Indonesia" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Malaysia" ) OR LIMITTO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Risk Management" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Trust" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Islamic Banking And Finance" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Liquidity Risk" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Basel i" ) OR LIMITTO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Islamic Marketing" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Risk" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Shariah" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Islamic Economics" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Sharia" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Systemic Risk" ) ) The analysis followed the PRISMA Framework to ensure transparency and accuracy in study selection.
This methodology provides a clear insight into the development of research on the Basel Accords and Islamic banking over the last decade, helping to understand research shifts and the key topics that have been the focus of academic discourse in this field.
These criteria were comprehensively detailed in Figure 1 within the PRISMA framework section, where key parameters, including language, subject areas, and publication years, were explicitly specified.
The analysis was conducted using International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
id/najahajournal/index.
php/IJLS/ Volume 4.
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id/najahajournal/index.
php/IJLS/ Volume 4.
Issue 2, 2025 Elbanna.
Muthoifin.
Nirwana.
& Isman.
Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy VOSviewer version 1.
19, with a minimum keyword occurrence set at 5, and clusters generated using the LinLog/modularity algorithm.
While citation counts and average citations per year were included as impact metrics, the omission of h-index and altmetrics is acknowledged as a limitation of this study (Nirwana et al.
, 2.
Identification Prisma framework Records identified from Scopus Databases .
= 3,511 ) Registers .
=2,631 ) Screening Publication years Records removed before screening:
Duplicate records removed .
=1,911 ) Limit to .
5Ae 2.
TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "Basel Accords" OR "Islamic banking" ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2015 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2016 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2017 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2018 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2019 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2020 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2021 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2022 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2023 ) OR LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR , 2024 ) ) Limit to English Language Included Subject area Studies included in review .
= 1,149 ) TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "Basel Accords" OR "Islamic banking" ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ECON" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "BUSI" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "ar" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE , "English" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "j" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Basel Accords" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Basel Accord" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Islamic Bank" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Banking" ) OR LIMITTO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Islamic Finance" ) OR LIMITTO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Islamic Banks" ) OR LIMITTO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Islamic Banking" ) OR LIMITTO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Indonesia" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Malaysia" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Risk Management" ) OR LIMITTO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Trust" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Islamic Banking And Finance" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Liquidity Risk" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Basel i" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Islamic Marketing" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Risk" ) OR LIMITTO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Shariah" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Islamic Economics" ) OR LIMITTO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Sharia" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( EXACTKEYWORD , "Systemic Risk" ) ) Figure 1.
The PRISMA-based systematic review process, highlighting the identification, screening, and inclusion phases in analyzing research on Basel Accords and Islamic International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
id/najahajournal/index.
php/IJLS/ Volume 4.
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Muthoifin.
Nirwana.
& Isman.
Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy https://najahaofficial.
id/najahajournal/index.
php/IJLS/ Volume 4.
Issue 2, 2025 The inclusion and exclusion criteria for data screening were carefully defined to ensure the relevance and quality of the selected studies.
The inclusion criteria focused on English-language articles published between 2015 and 2024 in specific subject areas such as Islamic Banks.
Shariah and Islamic Economics.
Conversely, studies falling outside these parameters were excluded to maintain the accuracy and focus of the bibliometric analysis (Fathoni et al.
, 2.
These criteria played a crucial role in refining the dataset and ensuring a systematic and robust review process, as Table 1 details the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Table 1.
The inclusion and the exclusion criteria for data screening Year Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria Any research was excluded Subject Area Document Type and business (ECON.
BUSI) Any other Only Articles.
Conference papers,Book, theises.
Review Keyword Basel Accords.
Islamic Any other Source Type Language Journal English Language Book series Any other Languages i.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Results Analysis The analysis in this study will be conducted from four main perspectives.
First, we will examine the key characteristics of published research to explore the academic field related to the Basel Accords and Islamic banking.
Second, we will analyze data and present visual representations to identify research trends, leading countries, and academic institutions contributing to this field (Abrar et al.
, 2.
Third, we will define the conceptual structure of keywords related to Islamic banking and the Basel Accords.
Finally, we will apply bibliometric analysis, including keyword co-occurrence and citation network analysis, to identify current research trends, future directions, and key topics in this field (Hudayati, 2.
Size and Growth of Publication The 1st research question: What is the annual distribution of publications related to Basel Accords and Islamic banking over the past decade? The chart illustrates the annual growth of academic publications related to Basel Accords and Islamic Banking from 2015 to 2024.
The blue bars represent the absolute number of publications for each year, showing a consistent upward trend over the decade.
Although the chart legend includes categories for AuDecreaseAy and AuTotal,Ay only the AuIncreaseAy .
bars are represented, as the focus of this visualization is solely on yearly publication output.
International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
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Issue 2, 2025 Elbanna.
Muthoifin.
Nirwana.
& Isman.
Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy Figure 2.
Distribution by year The data shows that the number of publications has consistently risen, reflecting growing scholarly interest in the field.
The highest increase occurred in 2020 .
, followed by 2022 .
and 2021 .
This surge could be linked to developments in Basel i regulations, risk management, and the increasing role of Islamic banking in the global financial system (Nouman et al.
, 2.
In contrast, the lowest recorded growth was in 2015 .
, suggesting that research in this area was still in its early stages.
This figure appears relatively modest compared to other multidisciplinary fieldsAisuch as fintech or regulatory complianceAi highlighting a previously limited scholarly focus.
Over the years, the consistent rise in publications indicates that Islamic finance and Basel regulations have evolved into prominent academic and industry discourse topics, with increasing contributions from scholars worldwide (Fitri et al.
, 2.
This upward trend highlights the increasing global emphasis on financial stability, risk management, and regulatory frameworks.
The data suggests that research in Islamic banking and financial regulations is maturing, with more institutions and scholars recognizing its significance in shaping the economic landscape.
Table 2.
Average citation per year in selected publications using R-studio Year Mean TC per Art Mean TC per Year International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
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php/IJLS/ Citable Years Volume 4.
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Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy This table presents the average citation per year in selected research publications.
includes key metrics such as Mean Total Citations per Article (Mean TC per Ar.
, the number of articles published (N), the Mean Total Citations per Year (Mean TC per Yea.
, and the number of citable years for each publication period.
The data reflects the citation trends over time, showing research impact and relevance variations.
The citation analysis in Table 2.
Average Citation Per Year in Selected Publications provides insights into citation trends across years.
The data indicate that older publications have had more time to accumulate citations, while recent ones, particularly 2022 and 2023, show lower citation counts due to their limited exposure time.
The highest Mean Total Citations per Article (Mean TC per Ar.
is observed in 2017, reaching 37.
79 with 48 articles.
However, the highest Mean Total Citations per Year (Mean TC per Yea.
is recorded in 2018, at 04, over 7 citable years.
In contrast, research published in 2023 has the lowest Mean TC per Art of 2.
40 and a Mean TC per Year of 1.
20, reflecting its recent publication status and limited citation Between 2015 and 2020, the Mean TC per Year fluctuated, peaking in 2018 and declining afterward.
The Mean TC per Art also shows variation, declining from 2017 .
to 2021 .
and further decreasing in subsequent years.
This trend indicates that earlier studies receive more citations over time, reinforcing their impact, while newer research still gains academic recognition (Amuda & Al-Nasser, 2.
Overall, the data suggest that citation patterns align with publication recency, with older studies accumulating more citations due to their longer availability.
However, the steady number of publications in recent years highlights continued research interest in the field.
Influential Authors and Journals Analysis The 2nd research question is: Which journals and authors are the most influential in Basel Accords and Islamic banking research? Figure 3 presents an analysis of the most influential authors in the research field based on the number of publications and citations.
The bar chart indicates that (Hassan et al.
, is the most influential author, significantly surpassing others regarding publication or citation count.
Following him, researchers such as Ibrahim.
Safiullah.
, and Kabir Hassan.
have made notable contributions, albeit to a lesser extent.
This distribution highlights that certain scholars substantially impact the field, reflecting their role in shaping research developments (Ben Jedidia & Hamza, 2.
Such an analysis can be valuable for identifying key authors whose works serve as foundational literature references and guide future research directions.
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& Isman.
Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy Figure 3.
Most productive authors by number of publications Figure 4.
The co-authorship network visualization provides insights into the collaborative research structure on Basel Accords and Islamic banking.
The analysis highlights Hassan.
Kabir as a central figure, with extensive academic collaborations spanning multiple His strong presence in the network suggests a significant influence in shaping the discourse on risk management.
Islamic finance, and regulatory frameworks.
The arrangement of nodes and their interconnections reveals the presence of distinct research clusters, indicating that scholars tend to collaborate within specific thematic domains while still maintaining intellectual linkages with the wider academic network (Noviani et al.
, 2.
Figure 4.
Bibliographic coupling with authors The color gradient from blue .
to yellow .
reveals the temporal evolution of research collaborations.
Recent contributions appear around Ali.
Muhammad and Ismail.
Abdul Ghafar, signaling emerging research directions.
In contrast, well-established collaborations, particularly those linked to Kabir Hassan.
, reflect sustained contributions over time.
Multiple independent clusters suggest diversity in research perspectives, with some groups focusing on regulatory frameworks and others on Islamic financial stability.
This network structure underscores academic discourse's dynamic and evolving nature in this field (Guizani & Ajmi, 2.
Country Wise Publication and Citation The 3rd research question is: What countries have contributed most significantly to the Basel Accords and Islamic banking research, and how has their scholarly output evolved? International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
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Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy Figure 5 presents a global map illustrating the geographical distribution of academic publications related to the topic "The Legal Evolution of Basel Accords and Their Impact on Islamic Banking Regulations" from 2015 to 2024.
The colour gradient ranges from light blue to dark blue, with darker shades indicating higher research output (Hermawati et al.
Malaysia and Indonesia emerge as the most prolific contributors, marked by darker hues, reflecting their strong institutional and scholarly engagement in aligning Islamic banking regulations with the Basel regulatory framework.
Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain also demonstrate significant involvement, suggesting growing academic interest in legal harmonisation between international financial standards and Shariahcompliant banking (Amri et al.
, 2.
In contrast, countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia show moderate research activity.
Although Islamic banking is not the dominant financial system in these regions, the academic focus indicates a cross-cultural and comparative interest in the legal dimensions of Islamic finance within global regulatory paradigms (Suliyono & Risfandy, 2.
This distribution highlights the increasing global recognition of the importance of regulatory convergence between Islamic banking systems and Basel Accords, especially in countries with dual banking systems or in the process of financial regulatory reform.
Future research contributions are expected to expand, particularly in emerging economies seeking to balance international compliance with faith-based financial practices (Yusuf et al.
, 2.
Figure 5.
Global distribution of research on basel accords and islamic banking regulations .
5Ae2.
Figure 6 presents a bibliometric overview of selected countries that have contributed significantly to the scholarly discourse from 2015 to 2024.
The table captures three core indicators: number of documents, total citations, and total link strength .
hich reflects the extent of international collaboratio.
(Faizi, 2.
Malaysia leads with 347 publications, a striking 5,411 citations, and the highest total link strength .
, underlining its central role as a global hub in the research domain.
This evidences Malaysia's leadership in both output and influence within Islamic banking and International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
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Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy Basel-related regulatory studies, likely supported by its strong institutional commitment to Islamic finance.
Pakistan follows with 114 documents and 1,936 citations, showing robust academic engagement.
The United States, despite having only 70 papers, shows high efficiency with 1,776 citations and notable international collaboration .
link strengt.
, highlighting its scholarly influence despite fewer contributions (Nasrullah.
Other notable contributors include Indonesia .
documents, 1,876 citation.
, the United Kingdom .
documents, 1,966 citation.
, and Saudi Arabia .
documents, 1,330 citation.
, each demonstrating meaningful contributions in terms of quantity and Meanwhile.
France.
Australia.
Tunisia, and Bangladesh show varying levels of Although their total outputs and link strengths are comparatively lower, countries like Australia .
,520 citations from 53 document.
demonstrate relatively high citation-to-document ratios, indicating influential publications (Jabbar et al.
, 2.
The total link strength metric further enriches this analysis by highlighting the depth of Countries with higher link strength are more embedded in international research networks, which is crucial for knowledge exchange and mutual development of regulatory frameworks in Islamic finance.
Overall, this bibliometric mapping underscores the pivotal role of Southeast Asian and selected Western nations in shaping the academic trajectory of Basel compliance in the Islamic banking sector (Rossignolo, 2.
The observed trends suggest a growing convergence of international scholarly efforts to address the regulatory challenges and opportunities inherent in aligning Islamic financial principles with global banking standards.
Figure 6.
Bibliometric comparison of leading countries in basel and Islamic banking VOSviewer was utilised to visualise the bibliographic relationships and linkages among countries contributing to the literature on the Basel Accords and their impact on Islamic banking regulations, as illustrated in the figure above.
The minimum threshold for inclusion in the analysis was set at five publications per country, resulting in 45 countries being classified into nine colour-coded clusters based on the strength of their bibliographic connections.
Malaysia appears as the central node in the red cluster, representing the most influential and highly cited country in this field (Hassan et al.
Indonesia serves as the core of the pink cluster, indicating a relatively International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
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Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy independent yet connected research pathway, particularly with countries like Iraq and Switzerland.
Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are also key nodes within their respective clusters, with strong linkages to countries such as the United Kingdom.
Jordan, and China, reflecting a diverse and collaborative research landscape.
The thickness of the lines connecting countries represents the strength of their bibliographic couplingAithicker lines indicate stronger co-citation tiesAiwhile the size of each node corresponds to the number of citations received, making this map a powerful tool to highlight active research hubs and regional collaborations in the evolving academic discourse on Basel regulations and Islamic banking (Syah & Rahmadani, 2.
Figure 7.
Bibliographic coupling network of countries Top Sources and Institutions in Islamic Banking Research The 4th research question is: Which sources and institutions have influenced Islamic banking research and its development? Figure 8 presents an analysis of the most influential academic institutions in Islamic banking research, based on the number of publications indexed in the Scopus database.
The International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) ranks first with 78 publications, followed by Universiti Malaya .
and INCEIF University .
, reflecting the leading role of Malaysian institutions in this area (Ali et al.
, 2.
The accompanying Pareto curve indicates that a substantial portion of research output is concentrated within a limited number of institutions, with the top three alone accounting for nearly half of the total publications.
This concentration highlights Malaysia's position as an academic and intellectual hub in the development of Islamic banking studies, particularly in aligning Sharia principles with the regulatory requirements of the Basel Accords.
This analysis underscores the importance of institutional contributions in shaping academic discourse on the legal and regulatory challenges facing Islamic banks within the framework of international financial regulation (Crosby, 2.
International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
id/najahajournal/index.
php/IJLS/ Volume 4.
Issue 2, 2025 Elbanna.
Muthoifin.
Nirwana.
& Isman.
Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy https://najahaofficial.
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Top contributing institutions in Islamic banking research Table 3.
Summary of the most relevant journals Cite Score Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research Journal of Islamic Marketing International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance Banks and Bank Systems Source/Journal The Most Cited Article Publisher Corporate Social Performance and Financial Stability:
Evidence from Islamic.
Social and Conventional Banking Models Readiness to change in Islamic banking: the significance of adaptability and Islamic work Factors affecting SMEsAo choice of banks in Oman: an emphasis on Islamic banks Bank Indonesia Institute Corporate social performance and financial stability:
evidence from Islamic, social and conventional banking How does global economic policy uncertainty affect Islamic bank performance? An exploration from heterogeneous sample Bank Indonesia Institute Emerald Publishing Emerald Publishing Business Perspectives TP= Total publications.
TC= total citations Table 3 presents a comparative analysis of the most prominent academic journals specializing in Islamic accounting, banking and finance, based on scientific productivity .
otal publication.
, academic impact .
otal citation.
, and research quality (CiteScor.
The Journal of Islamic Marketing stands out as the most influential, with the most citations and CiteScore, reflecting its distinguished academic status.
The significance of this analysis lies in its ability to guide toward the most credible and impactful sources in the discipline, particularly when constructing the theoretical framework or selecting relevant literature.
In my research in Islamic economic law, referring to these journals is International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
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Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy essential to enhance the study's credibility and to rely on well-established and up-to-date scholarly literature in the field (Ul-Haq et al.
, 2.
Figure 9.
The Top 10 Journals according to Scopus ranking Word Analysis using Most Frequent Words Figure 10 shows a keyword co-occurrence network generated using VOSviewer based on bibliometric data from 1,149 publications collected from the Scopus database (Elbanna et al.
, 2.
From this dataset, a total of 2,655 keywords were initially extracted.
For clarity and analytical significance, a minimum co-occurrence threshold of five was applied, meaning only keywords that appeared at least five times across the dataset were included in the final analysis.
As a result, 167 keywords met this criterion and were used to construct the visual network displayed.
The network is visually organized into distinct clusters, each represented by a different color, to signify closely related keywords frequently appearing within the literature.
The size of each keyword label reflects its frequency of occurrence.
In contrast, the proximity and thickness of the lines .
between keywords indicate the strength of their cooccurrence relationships (Rusli, 2.
At the center of the map, the term "Islamic banking" serves as the core node, surrounded by several overlapping thematic clusters, each distinguished by a unique color.
The dark blue cluster represents core themes such as "corporate governance,Ay "financial development," and "Shariah", highlighting the structural and regulatory foundations of Islamic banking.
In contrast, the red cluster focuses on terms such as "conventional banks,Ay "credit risk," and "Basel accord," reflecting comparative analyses between Islamic and conventional banking systems, particularly in the context of risk and regulation (Triyanta & Hassan, 2.
International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
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php/IJLS/ Volume 4.
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Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy Figure 10.
Keyword co-occurrence network The green cluster encompasses behavioral and social concepts like "trust," "service quality," and "religiosity," indicating a growing research interest in customer perception and satisfaction within Islamic finance.
The orange cluster explores themes related to "corporate social responsibility" and "sustainable development," emphasizing the ethical and socially responsible dimensions of Islamic banking.
On the other hand, the purple cluster reflects the geographical scope of the literature, with countries such as "Indonesia," "Pakistan," and "Malaysia" featuring prominently, as they represent key markets for Islamic financial services .
rukelj, 2.
The light blue cluster addresses technical and economic aspects, including "financial performance" and "regression " Meanwhile, the yellow cluster highlights key Islamic finance instruments such as "Murabaha" and "Musharakah," shedding light on the operational mechanisms within Islamic banks (Riaz et al.
, 2.
This visualization provides a structured overview of the main research themes, subtopics, and interconnections within Islamic banking.
Table 4.
The top 10 keywords on occurrence Cluster Occurrences Total link Strength Islamic banking Basel accord Islamic finance Banking Islamic Marketing Islamic Economics Financial crisis Basal i International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
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Governance, and Capital Adequacy Table 4 presents key terms frequently appearing in the literature on Islamic banking, distributed across different conceptual clusters.
"Islamic banking" ranks highest in both frequency .
and total link strength .
, followed by "Islamic finance" and "Banking", highlighting their central role in the field.
Terms such as "Basel accord" and "Basel i" appear in separate clusters, indicating a research focus on risk and financial Meanwhile, "Fintech" and "Islamic Marketing" reflect a shift toward technology and Islamic consumer behavior.
Concepts like "Sharia" and "Islamic economics" emphasize the field's ethical and jurisprudential dimensions, showcasing the thematic diversity and interdisciplinary nature of Islamic banking research (Oladapo et al.
Figure 11.
The word cloud of strategic Basel and Islamic Banking research Figure 11 presents a word cloud in the image above that highlights the central focus on Basel Accords and Islamic Banking topics, with frequent associations to key economic and financial concepts.
The prominence of terms such as Basel Accords.
Islamic Banking, economy.
Islam, and bank reflects the dominant themes within this research field.
Regulatory frameworks and Sharia-compliant financial practices form the core of scholarly interest (Al-Olaimat et al.
, 2.
Including words like finance, regulation, risk, and compliance strongly emphasizes the legal and economic dimensions of banking Furthermore, terms such as development, stability, and growth suggest a broader concern with the macroeconomic implications and the evolving role of Islamic finance within global financial systems (Becker & Linder, 2.
Discussion The bibliometric analysis in this study shows a significant growth in research related to the Basel Accords and Islamic banking, reflecting the increasing interest in this dynamic academic field.
Since 2015, there has been a steady rise in publications addressing the impact of Basel regulations on Islamic banking systems, with notable peaks in 2020 and This upward trend is influenced not only by the implementation timeline of Basel i but also by external factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which amplified concerns about financial stability and liquidity management in both conventional and Islamic financial institutions (Hasan & Suzuki, 2.
Among Basel i components, the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and the Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) have received the most academic attention, as they directly affect Islamic banks' ability to maintain Shariacompliant short-term and long-term funding structures.
These requirements have posed challenges for Islamic financial institutions, which rely on asset-backed instruments and International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
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Governance, and Capital Adequacy avoid interest-based liquidity tools.
Consequently, the Basel i and Islamic finance intersection has become a focal point for academic discourse during this period (Muflih.
The analysis of influential authors highlights Dr.
Hassan as a key figure, whose contributions have significantly shaped research in this area.
These contributions serve as foundational references in understanding the research trends, reflecting the importance of in-depth studies to develop regulatory frameworks for Islamic banking and guide academic discourse on aligning global financial standards with Sharia-compliant This role is crucial in ensuring Islamic banking systems adhere to international standards while addressing the unique challenges they face in global financial markets (Ho et al.
, 2.
Geographical analysis reveals that Islamic countries, especially Malaysia and Indonesia, have been central in academic research on the Basel Accords and Islamic banking.
This can be attributed to their advanced institutional frameworks for Islamic finance, positioning them as leading research hubs in this field (Mitchell, 2.
On the other hand, countries like the United Kingdom and the United States, while not dominant in Islamic banking, still contribute to comparative studies between conventional and Islamic banking systems, reflecting a cross-cultural interest in regulatory alignment.
This dynamic points to an increasing need for international collaboration between Western and Islamic countries in developing regulatory frameworks that integrate global financial practices with Islamic economic principles (Bawa & Singh, 2.
Furthermore, the bibliometric networks provide a comprehensive view of the evolution of research in this field, with increasing focus on topics such as corporate governance, risk management, and sustainability within Islamic banking.
These themes are reflected in the various semantic clusters that dominate the literature, illustrating the close connections between global financial risks and Sharia-compliant practices.
Islamic finance is gaining more attention as social and economic transformations occur, with a growing interest in topics like corporate social responsibility and sustainable development in Islamic banking (Nasrullah, 2.
Through these trends, this study emphasizes the importance of continued research in Islamic banking and its development within the global regulatory framework.
The alignment of conventional banking systems with Sharia principles is essential for addressing contemporary financial challenges, opening doors for researchers and policymakers to develop innovative solutions contributing to global economic stability.
IV.
CONCLUSION
This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the intersection between the Basel Accords and Islamic banking, revealing key trends and the continued growth of academic publications in this field since 2015, with an increase of over 100% in the number of studies published annually, rising from 65 in 2015 to 136 in 2024, with notable increases in recent years.
The findings suggest that research in this area is steadily expanding, reflecting the growing interest in discussions surrounding risk management International Journal Law and Society E-ISSN: 2827-9042 https://najahaofficial.
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& Isman.
Basel Accords and Islamic Banking Regulation: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sharia.
Governance, and Capital Adequacy frameworks and Sharia-compliant banking practices in light of global financial Geographical data analysis highlights the significant contributions of Asian and Middle Eastern countries, focusing on nations striving to align global financial systems with Islamic banking practices.
Additionally, keyword network analysis shows that research in Islamic banking has become more diversified, with increasing interest in themes such as corporate governance, financial stability, social responsibility, and emerging technological innovations like fintech.
These findings hold practical implications for various stakeholders.
For central banks and regulators, the study provides insights into how global Basel standards are being interpreted and adapted within Islamic banking contexts, helping inform the development of regulatory frameworks that uphold financial stability without compromising Sharia compliance.
For academics, mapping key research themes and publication trends offers a foundation for identifying gaps in the literature and designing future interdisciplinary studies.
Meanwhile, for Sharia practitioners, the findings underscore emerging areas, such as fintech, governance, and risk managementAithat require updated jurisprudential guidance to ensure that innovative financial solutions remain within the bounds of Islamic principles.
Overall, the study contributes to aligning global regulatory discourse with the evolving needs of Islamic In conclusion, this study highlights the continued need for research and development in this field to ensure the integration of Islamic banking into the future global financial landscape.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank the editors and anonymous reviewers for their assistance in improving the quality of the research documents.
VI.
REFERENCES