ISSN: 0852-0682.
EISSN: 2460-3945
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Local Food Potentials and Agroecology in Yogyakarta Special Province.
Indonesia Dodi Widiyanto Graduate School of Environmental Studies.
Nagoya University.
Furo-cho.
Chikusa-ku.
Nagoya, 464-8601.
Japan.
The Faculty of Geography.
Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Jl.
Kaliurang Km.
5 Bulaksumur.
Sleman.
Yogyakarta 55281.
Indonesia.
Corresponding author .
-mail: dodi.
widiyanto@ugm.
Received: 27 February 2019 / Accepted: 30 July 2019 / Published: 01 August 2019 Abstract.
This paper attempts to unveil the hidden potential of the local food through local
IRRGPDSSLQJGUDZLQJORFDOIRRGSRWHQWLDOEDVHGRQWKHAWULSOHEXUGHQAAWKHRU\IURP3URIHVVRU
0RHUGLMDWL *DUGMLWR $Q LQGH[ FDOOHG ALQGH[ RI IRRG UHORFDOLVDWLRQAA LV DGRSWHG DQG WKHQ
PRGLyAHGLQWRGLIIHUHQWQDPHFDOOHGORFDOIRRGLQGH[GXHWRGDWDDYDLODELOLW\ZKLFKLVH[SHFWHG to provide a geographical location of the local food potential by proposing a research questions:
where do the local food potentials distribute in Yogyakarta Special Province, and why the ORFDOIRRGSRWHQWLDOVORFDWHGLQWKDWSDUWLFXODUDUHD V "7KHyAQGLQJVVKRZWKDW*XQXQJNLGXO and Kulonprogo are two potential regencies with their local food crops availabilities This yAQGLQJLVDFFRPSDQLHGE\DQH[SODQDWLRQIURPWKHDQDO\VLVIURPWKHDJURHFRORJLFDOVXE]RQH and spatial income distribution of paddy and second crops, production activities.
Keywords: KLGGHQ SRWHQWLDO AWULSOH EXUGHQAA ORFDO IRRG LQGH[ FURVVWDEXODWLRQ PDWUL[ Abstrak.
3DSHU LQL EHUXSD\D XQWXN PHQ\LQJNDS WDELU ASRWHQVL WHUVHPEXQ\LAA GDUL SDQJDQ
ORNDO GHQJDQ FDUD PHPHWDNDQ SRWHQVL SDQJDQ ORNDO EHUGDVDUNDQ WHRUL AWULSOH EXUGHQAA
sebagaimana yang diajukan oleh Profesor Moerdijati Gardjito.
Penelitian ini juga mengadopsi sebuah indeks: index of food relocalisation GDQ NHPXGLDQ GLPRGLyANDVL GHQJDQ QDPD LQGHNV pangan lokal dikarenakan alasan ketersediaan data.
Pertanyaan penelitian utama dari kajian ini adalah dimanakah distribusi potensi pangan lokal di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY)? Selanjutnya, pertanyaan kunci tersebut dilengkapi dengan pertanyaan berikutnya:
mengapa potensi potensi pangan lokal tersebut terkonsentrasi di tempat tersebut? Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Kabupaten Gunungkidul dan Kulonprogo adalah dua kabupaten dengan potensi pangan lokal tertinggi di DIY.
Penelitian ini juga dilengkapi dengan kajian agroekologi dan distribusi keruangan pendapatan menurut usaha padi dan Kata kunci: SRWHQVLWHUVHPEXQ\LAWULSOHEXUGHQAALQGHNVSDQJDQORNDOPDWULNVWDEHOVLODQJ Introduction According to the data from Badan Ketahanan Pangan Kementerian Pertanian (Food Security Agency of the Ministry of Agricultur.
Kompas reports that Indonesia stands for the second richest country for the food potentials due to the availability of 77 types of carbohydratefood crops, 75 kinds of fat, 26 types of nuts, 389 fruits, 228 types of vegetables and 110 kinds of spices (Kompas, 2.
However, even though Indonesia has various food resources, rice is the most favoured food choice compared to others Local Food Potentials.
(Widiyant.
(Sumedi & Heriawan, 2.
The Indonesian long-term habits of rice consumption will not easily change because of Indonesian cultural and psychological perspective (Sumedi & Heriawan, 2.
It is common that most the Indonesian felt not to meal if they do not eat rice (GardjitoM.
Djuwardi, & Harmayani, 2.
According to Rahardjo and Ritohardoyo .
, most Indonesian depend on rice not only for their staple food but also their livelihood.
Moreover.
Rahardjo and Ritohardoyo explain that the rice dependency causes several problems on the food systems, such as on the production, consumption, distribution, monitoring, estimation and data validity (Rahardjo & Ritohardoyo, 2.
Harian Jogja .
regional newspape.
reports that rice production is abundant in Yogyakarta Special Province (Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, hereafter DIY) (Mustika.
Sunartono, & Saraswati, 2.
However.
Food Security Agency & Extension DIY (BKPP DIY) calculates that there is a decline in rice production and LQFUHDVHLQULFHFRQVXPSWLRQGXULQJWKHODVWyAYH years (Mustika et al.
, 2.
Following the trend of DIYAos rice production and consumption, and using information provided by BKPP DIY.
Mustika et al.
estimate that by 2027 the DIYAos ULFH SURGXFWLRQ ZLOO QRW DGHTXDWH WR IXOyAO WKH inhabitants rice consumption (Mustika et al.
The gap between rice production and consumption in DIY will perhaps bring about a food crisis in 2037 based on BKPP DIY prediction (Kedaulatan Rakyat, 2.
In order to avoid food insecurity, malnutrition or food crisis, 33',<RIIHUVDIRRGGLYHUVLyAFDWLRQVWUDWHJ\ (Kedaulatan Rakyat, 2017.
Mustika et al.
, 2017.
Tribun Jogja, 2.
Therefore, providing food backup is necessary to anticipate a lack of food supply.
In the past, indeed, the Javanese planted cassava as food backup (Nawiyanto.
Jhamtani described some cases of food insecurity and malnutrition due to various factors, such as climate change, lack of food access and lack of staple food alternatives (Jhamtani, 2.
As these alternatives, local IRRGWKDWLVSULPDULO\GHyAQHGDVQRQULFHVWDSOH food is increasingly important.
)RUXP*HRJUDA9RO -XO\
Gardjito .
, an Indonesian expert of local food and gastronomy, proposed a term:
AWULSOH EXUGHQAA )RU P\ LQWHUYLHZ VKH SRLQWV
out: .
most people pay less attention or neglect the local food potentials, .
there is no or lack of institutional data of local food, and .
less LQIRUPDWLRQOHDGVWRGLIyAFXOWLHVIRUWKHFHQWUDO and/or regional government to design policies regarding local food.
She explains that local
IRRGKDVDAKLGGHQAASRWHQWLDO *DUGMLWR
Why is local food neglected? How to answer WKLVTXHVWLRQFDQEHLGHQWLyAHGIURPWKHSROLF\ and technical constraints (Rijanta2.
Widiyanto.
Toekidjo, & Sulistyani, 2.
and the Indonesian .
food culture (Simatupang.
Sumarno, 2.
The second issue is the availability of local food data.
Erwidodo .
VWDWHV D GLIyAFXOW\ LQ FROOHFWLQJ ORFDO IRRG GDWD particularly from a locality dimension.
Suryana .
mentions the lack of quantitative data for local food.
The lack of DFFXUDF\RIGDWDFRQVHTXHQWO\FDXVHVGLIyAFXOW\ in providing a piece of valid information.
)ROORZLQJ WKH AWULSOH EXUGHQAA LGHD ORFDO
IRRG LV VHHQ DV KDYLQJ D AKLGGHQ SRWHQWLDOAA
through the lenses of food availability in Indonesia.
As for why studying local food from the geographical perspective is important, following Jean-Luc Maurer, a professor of development studies.
Rotgy .
reviews the rice agricultural modernisation programme in DIY and gives an analysis that the geographical location and the agroecological types supports economic security of the local inhabitants.
Following RotgyAos arguements (Rotgy, 2.
, yAUVWRIDOOWKLVVWXG\LGHQWLyAHVWKHORFDWLRQRI the local food potentials in order to explore ZKHUH WKH\ AKLGHAA )RU GHWDLOV WKH PDLQ research question of this study is where the local food potentials are distributed in DIY.
The main research question is then expanded into whether local food potentials concentrate in the particular places or disperse in the wider area of DIY, and how these patterns of local food potentials are related to the local geographies.
This paper attempt to contribute to the geography of local food systems studies, focus on two perspectives of production and spatial ISSN: 0852-0682.
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Local Food Potentials.
(Widiyant.
(Reid.
Gatrell, & Ross, 2012/2016a, 2012/2016.
Four dimensions of planted area, harvested area, production and land productivity shows the production perspective.
The spatial distribution of the local food potentials based on the index calculation .
nown as Index of Food Relocalisation/IFR) explains the spatial DVSHFW3UHYLRXVUHVHDUFKLGHQWLyAHGWKDWWKH,)5 application less considers on local food systems and biophysical discussion (Benedek & Balyzs, 7KLV SDSHU DWWHPSWV WR yAOO WKH UHVHDUFK gap by adding an agroecology discussion to show the biophysical characteristics of the research area.
Previous researches offered an answer on how to portray local food mainly through spatial analysis through constructing an The initial work of local food mapping was conducted by Ricketts Hein.
Ilbery, and Kneafsey .
Their work resulted LQ WKH A,QGH[ RI )RRG 5HORFDOLVDWLRQAA ,)5 referring to Paul KnoxAos formula (Knox, 1.
, which is constructed from producing and marketing sub-Index and derived from six indicators (Ricketts Hein et al.
, 2.
They applied their index in sixty-one counties of England and Wales and showed a different pattern between rural and urban counties, the pattern which showed scores depending on the underlying factors in the particular county such as physical, cultural, tourist and/or economic characteristics.
The second previous OLWHUDWXUH yAQGV WKH VSDWLDO FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI local food activities by comparing two regions in England (Ilbery.
Watts.
Simpson.
Gilg, & Little, 2.
Then, the IFR application attracts Watts.
Leat, & Revoredo-Giha .
to employ the index in the context of Scotland by using yAYH FDWHJRULHV ORFDWLRQ EXVLQHVV DFWLYLWLHV product designations, membership of industry or cooperative organisations, and the sources in which the enterprise is listed.
The latest paper of Benedek and Balyzs .
develops the IFR or FRI (Food Relocalization Inde.
in their notion, as a production sub-index into a composite index called AuPolicy Intervention IRU)RRG5HORFDOL]DWLRQ,QGH[ 3,)5.
AAWKDWDUH taken in the twenty counties of Hungary.
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This paper tries to adopt the index (IFR) in order to study local food aspect in DIY.
According to IsmaAoil.
Badan Ketahanan Pangan, and Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian.
Universitas Jember .
s cited in Suryana, 2.
WKHUH DUH YDULRXV GHyAQLWLRQ RI ORFDO IRRG LQ ,QGRQHVLD 7KH RIyAFLDO GHyAQLWLRQ LV IURP /DZ of Food or Undang Undang No 18 Tahun 2012 (Rachmat & Syakir, 2016.
Suryana, 2.
However, some scholars operationally employ GLIIHUHQW GHyAQLWLRQV EDVHG RQ XVHG GDWD (Erwidodo, 2016.
Suryana, 2.
Because of GDWDDYDLODELOLW\LWLVTXLWHGLIyAFXOWWRDSSO\WKH same variables in the context of DIY as used in the previous studies (Benedek & Balyzs, 2016.
Ilbery et al.
, 2006.
Ricketts Hein et al.
, 2006.
Watts et al.
, 2.
As mentioned in terms of AWULSOH EXUGHQAA *DUGMLWR LQ ,QGRQHVLD LWLVGLIyAFXOWWRREWDLQVXLWDEOHGDWDWRDQDO\VH local food (Erwidodo, 2016.
Suryana, 2.
6XU\DQD QRWLFHVGLIyAFXOWLHVLQREWDLQLQJ any data of plantation and production of local food for his analysis.
Fortunately, for the most area of DIY, the BKPP DIY has a local food Then the information provided in the database are employed, in which local food is RSHUDWLRQDOO\GHyAQHGDVQRQULFHFDUERK\GUDWH crops (Khudori, 2.
This paper uses four aspects of local food production: planted area, harvested area, production amount and land productivity all provided by the BKPP DIY (Badan Ketahanan Pangan dan Penyuluhan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta [BKPP DIY], 2.
These four categories of statistic variable are commonly provided in the agricultural statistical publications that are provided by the RIyAFLDO DJHQFLHV RI ,QGRQHVLD JRYHUQPHQW IRU example.
Statistik Pertanian 2017 (Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia, 2.
From WKHGHyAQLWLRQSURYLGHGE\6WDWLVWLFV,QGRQHVLD (Badan Pusat Statistik or hereafter BPS) and Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pertanian, formerly known as Departemen Pertanian or Depta.
, 6DQQ\GHyAQHVWKHVHIRXUDVSHFWV 6DQQ\ planted area as an area where a particular crop
)RUXP*HRJUDA9RO -XO\
Local Food Potentials.
(Widiyant.
is planted, harvested area as an area where a particular crop is harvested, production amount as weight of the yield of the particular crop from the harvested areas, and land productivity as yields of a particular crop per According to the experience of Benedek and Balyzs .
, the IFR gives an advantage of mapping local food and assisting a planning program of the rural inhabitants.
However, they also point out two limitations of the IFR particularly concerning the biophysical aspect and the local food system issues (Benedek & Balyzs, 2.
This paper attempts to elaborate the broader method of local food mapping by adding the ZAE analysis as representing the biophysical aspect.
Concerning the agricultural development, the Research and Development Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture provides the map of Zone of Agro-Ecology (ZAE).
This map gives two important information: .
the agricultural zone system based on the regional characteristics and .
the regionalisation of prospectus commodity crops following the land suitability in order to support agriculture development planning (Sutriadi et al.
In the context of DIY, the map system includes agriculture and non-agriculture According to the agro-ecological zone calculation of Sutriadi et al.
DIY has 36% of the agricultural area and 8.
64% of the non-agricultural area.
Following their detail division, the DIYAos agricultural zones are categorised into zone II, i and IV, and further grouped into iaq, iax.
IVaq and IVax subzones, implying the suitability for distinct farming activities (Sutriadi et al.
, 2.
They explain that the iaq and the IVaq subzones are suitable for wet paddy, and meanwhile the iax subzone is for rubber, coconut, palm oil, robusta coffee, pepper, vanilla, stink bean .
, starfruit, jackfruit, duku, durian, guava, orange, mangosteen, corn, soybean, green bean, peanuts, cowpea, sweet potato, cassava, banana (Sutriadi et al.
, 2.
Lastly, the IVax subzone is suitable for dry paddy, corn, green bean, peanuts, cowpea, sweet potato, cassava, )RUXP*HRJUDA9RO -XO\ tobacco, red onion, palm chilli (Sutriadi et al.
The National Development Agency (Bappena.
proposes the four concepts of regional development based on: .
character, .
spatial or regional planning, .
integrated development, and .
cluster development (Setiyanto & Irawan, 2.
Moreover, for the development goals.
Setiyanto and Irawan .
deploy the concept of regional agricultural commodity development.
If a suitable commodity crop is planted based on the agro-ecological zone system, optimum EHQHyAWVLVH[SHFWHGLQFUHDVLQJWKHSURGXFWLYLW\ (Sutriadi et al.
, 2.
For example, arrowroot can be planted in all the agro-ecological zone (Hermansyah.
Murniyanto, & Badami, 2.
However.
Hermansyah et al.
argue that it is challenging to develop arrowroot in Madura inland because of no information of its agro-ecology.
Another example can be seen in the agroforestry practice in Kulonprogo.
Farmers with adaptive ability and knowledge on managing land can take advantages of commodity choices following the local agroecological features (Hani.
Indrajaya.
Suryanto, & Budiadi, 2.
Finally, if farmers could optimise their commodity production, it leads to an increase in their income (Simatupang.
Research Method This paper focuses the four regencies in DIY.
Indonesia (Figure .
: Sleman.
Gunungkidul.
Bantul and Kulonprogo.
The city of Yogyakarta is not analysed at this time due to no available data at the village .
This section explains three main stages of the research method: ZAE review.
LFI measurement, and SPP (Survei Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Usaha Pertania.
calculation (Figure .
7KH yAUVW VWDJH LV WR UHYLHZ WKH =$( PDS ,Q the previous part of this paper, it is pointed out that DIY has four sub-zones of agricultural area, namely iaq, iax.
IVaq and IVax.
The PDLQ SXUSRVH RI WKLV SDSHU LV WR yAQG RXW WKH spatial concentration of local food and therefore the analysis pays attention to iax and ISSN: 0852-0682.
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(Widiyant.
IVax which show the suitability for annual or food crops and for food crops, respectively, both as commodities including cassava and sweet potato that are representative of DIYAos local food crops, comparing to other subzones .
aq and IVa.
that are potentially suitable for wet paddy (Sutriadi et al.
, 2.
Each village is JLYHQIRXUFODVVLyAFDWLRQVWKHQRWLRQRU based on the spatial relation to the ZAE system.
The notion 1 means that in the villages there is neither subzone iax nor IVax.
The notion 2 UHyAHFWVWKDWWKHYLOODJHVKDYHWKH,D[VXE]RQH The notion 3 means that the villages have the IVax subzone.
The notion 4 shows that the villages see both iax and IVax subzones in their To calculate the local food index (LFI) is the second stage of this study.
In order to answer WKH yAUVW UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQ 7KLV SDSHU XVHV LFI as the indexAos name rather than Index of Food Relocalisation (IFR) that many previous researches have used, due to the local food parameters that this paper analyses.
In total the analysis includes 393 villages: 86 villages in Sleman, 144 villages in Gunungkidul, 75 villages in Bantul and 88 villages in Kulonprogo.
The primary data source is the Local Food Database from the BKPP DIY in 2012 (Badan Ketahanan Pangan dan Penyuluhan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta [BKPP DIY], 2.
The data source contains four leading indicators of main food crops (Noorjenah et al.
, 2.
: planted area .
, harvested area .
, land productivity (Kwintal/h.
and production amount .
etric For Sleman.
Gunungkidul, and Bantul, the database gives information of eleven local food crops: cassava, sweet potato, edible canna, arrowroot, prasina, birch rim yam, pumpkin, taro, tuber, breadfruits and elephantAos foot.
However, for Kulonprogo, the database only provides ten local food crops, excluding taro.
In this paper, the values of ten crops that are available in all the regencies are read from the hardcopy of the local food database report, and inputted manually into Microsoft Excel.
)LJXUH7KHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHPDSRI<RJ\DNDUWD6SHFLDO3URYLQFH 6RXUFHRIPDSIURP*HRVSDWLDO,QIRUPDWLRQ
Agency or Badan Informasi Geospasia.
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)RUXP*HRJUDA9RO -XO\
Local Food Potentials.
(Widiyant.
The IFR formula that Ricketts Hein et al.
yAUVWSURSRVHGLVVKRZLQJthe sum of each indicator for the village j.
N is the number of indicators and C is the number of villages in a Less score shows the highest index.
this paper, the IFR formula represents the subIndex.
Then, to provide the Local Food Index (LFI), this paper follows the formula of Ricketts Hein et al.
, proposing LFI = .
ub-index (IFR) A sub-index (IFR) B sub-index(IFR) C sub-index(IFR) D )/4.
Alternatively, the LFI formula is .
This paper adopts the index measurement proposed by Knox .
but employs different variables that show local food in the local context DQG ZKLFK UHyAHFW IRXU FDWHJRULHV WR SURGXFH four sub-Index as mentioned above namely:
planted area, harvested area, land productivity, and production amount.
Following Ricketts Hein et al.
, all of these four sub-Index results in WKH/RFDO)RRG,QGH[ A,)5AA 7KLVSDSHUDGRSWV the IFR measurement of Benedek and Balyzs .
Due to the dissimilar availability of the local food indicators in the database as mentioned above, this paper analyses ten indicators in order to provide the maps of local food .
index for DIY.
Next, the local food index is drawn into the rank of each village in the study area, using WKH AUDQN IXQFWLRQAA SURYLGHG LQ 0LFURVRIW Excel.
Niels Weterings via his helpful website, excel-easy.
com, provides detail steps for ranking the data (Easy, n.
Secondly, after each village gets rank in each indicator value, all the rank from those indicators are summed up for each sub-Index.
In other words, the subIndex value is the total rank from all indicator ranks (R.
Following the explanation of Benedek and Balyzs .
, smaller rank shows better condition in the resulted maps .
he subLQGH[ DQG /).
PDS 2SHUDWLRQDOO\ WKHUH DUH several villages with no data, 152 villages in the study area (B).
The treatment for the villages without data or the villages that contain 0 value in the sub-Index maps (Figure .
is to exclude them from creating the LFI map.
So, the highest value for the LFI is seen at the village with 6.
YDOXH )RU FODVVLyAFDWLRQ RI WKH YLOODJHV UDWKHU
)RUXP*HRJUDA9RO -XO\
than following the previous research using the quartile interval (Benedek & Balyzs, 2016.
Knox, 1.
, in this paper the equal interval is shown following the result of the QGIS calculation of the original measurement .
The spatial pattern analysis is taken by widening the previous LysonAos .
research that focuses on the top ten regional analysis, taking account IRUWKHWRSyAIW\YLOODJHV The next results are provided by two sets of analysis to answer why the LFI concentrate LQWKRVHSDUWLFXODUUHJLRQV7KHyAUVWVXEVHFWLRQ of analysis is conducted by using a crosstabulation matrix to show the typological correspondence of each quartile of the LFI scores and the agro-ecosystem zones.
A cross-tabulation matrix is a method that usually used to analyse land use change (Cuba.
Nourqolipour et al.
, 2016.
Pontius & Petrova, 2010.
Pontius.
Shusas, & McEachern.
Initially, for the land use change analysis, a cross-tabulation matrix is set the two-time interval (Batisani & Yarnal, 2009.
Pontius et , 2004.
Versace.
Ierodiaconou.
Stagnitti, & Hamilton, 2.
, using two variables in the row and column in two different periods of land use categories (Pontius et al.
, 2004.
Wang.
Cheng, & Chen, 2.
In this paper, on the row the variables of the selected ZAE zones are placed.
The data of Zone Agro-Ecology (ZAE) map includes four zones and eight sub-zones in detail: IIaq.
IIax.
IIbx.
IIcx, iaq, iax.
IVaq, and IVax (Sutriadi et al.
, 2.
Moreover.
Sutrialdi et al.
explain that the zones of I-IV are appropriate for forest plantation, annual crops, annual or food crops, and food crops, respectively.
Then, the analysis is continued by the map-overlay technique of the DIY village administration and the agro-ecosystem maps, following previous MusyafakAos .
method in order to gain what percentage of the ZEA zones are in each village.
For the ZAE zones, each village LVJLYHQRQHRIIRXUFODVVLyAFDWLRQVEDVHGRQLWV relation to the two selected sub-zones of the ZAE system .
ax and IVa.
, as explaned in the yAUVWVWHSRIWKLVVHFWLRQ7KHUHVXOWLVSUHVHQWHG in the Table 2.
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Local Food Potentials.
(Widiyant.
The second subsection to analyse the concentration pattern is to identify the income levels resulted from the agricultural activities.
There is a question whether economic motives are related to the farmersAo choices to plant paddy or palawija .
econd cro.
However, due to the lack of available data, this paper analyses farm householdsAo income from paddy and second cultivated crops at the subdistrict .
level not at the village level.
The data are derived from the Income Survey from HouseholdsAo Agricultural activities or Survey Pendapatan Rumahtangga Usaha Pertanian 2013 (SPP 2.
of the BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik [BPS], 2.
Two kinds of the average income are available: one from wet and dry paddy cultivation and the other from second commodity crops, including: maize, soybeans, peanuts, green beans, cassava, sweet potato, sorghum, taro, edible canna .
, and arrowroot .
There are 6035 selected households as the sample, consisted of 1303 households in Kulonprogo, 1531 households in Bantul, 1780 households in Gunungkidul, and 1421 households in Sleman, respectively.
In order to obtain information of the average household income this paper follows the previous research of Firani .
that provide a formula to calculate the average total income in a particular region .
ub-distric.
Then, the classes of average income .
rom very high to YHU\ ORZ DUH LGHQWLyAHG IRU HDFK VXEGLVWULFW and drawn into the map.
This map is again spatially based on the data of sub-districts at the one-level higher than a village .
in the Indonesia administrative structure.
Therefore, this paper tries to identify the spatial pattern and then to give descriptions.
To sum up, the research process is presented in a research diagram below (Figure .
)LJXUH5HVHDUFK'LDJUDP
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)RUXP*HRJUDA9RO -XO\
Local Food Potentials.
(Widiyant.
Results and Discussion Results The landscape of agro-ecologies in DIY are grouped into agriculture and non-agriculture zones (Sutriadi et al.
, 2.
The iax and IVax sub-zones, representing the perennial and food crops, are mainly concentrated in the middle part of Gunungkidul regency, some seen dispersedly in the north part of Sleman and the western part of Kulonprogo regencies.
Meanwhile, the iaq sub-zone, indicated by the green colour, is suitable for wet paddy commodity and concentrates in Kota Yogyakarta, some part of Sleman and Bantul regencies, and some area at the southern part of Kulonprogo.
The local food index is composed of the maps of the four sub-index (Figure .
The villages with very high and high scores .
ndicated by the darker green colou.
in terms of the planted area sub-index (Figure 4A) are distributed in all the regencies, but ones of very high score are concentrated in two regencies:
Gunungkidul and Kulonprogo regencies.
Meanwhile, in Gunungkidul, the very high and high scored villages are concentrated in the northern and south-eastern part of Wonosari .
he capital of Gunungkidu.
, while in Bantul, the villages with a relatively very high and high score of this sub-index are distributed in the eastern and western part, adjacent to other neighbouring regencies: Gunungkidul and Kulonprogo.
In Kulonprogo, the very high and high scored villages are located in the northern and south-eastern part of the Wates .
he capital of Kulonprog.
Finally, in Sleman there are only two villages adjacent to Bantul and Gunungkidul regencies.
The spatial pattern of the harvested area of local food sub-index (Figure 4B) is almost similar to that of the planted area sub-index.
The very high scored villages of this sub-index are located in Gunungkidul and Kulonprogo regencies, while the high scored villages are distributed mostly in Gunungkidul, followed by Kulonprogo.
Bantul and Sleman.
Comparing )RUXP*HRJUDA9RO -XO\ to the map of the planted area sub-index, there is an additional one village with a very high score in Kulonprogo.
The production amount of local food subindex (Figure 4C) shows that the very high scored villages are distributed in Gunungkidul and Kulonprogo regencies.
The high score of this sub-index is seen widely in Kulonprogo.
Gunungkidul and Bantul.
In Gunungkidul, the villages with very high and high scores are found in the northern part.
Meanwhile, in Kulonprogo, the villages with comparative advantages for production amount of local food are found in the eastern and western part.
Lastly, for Bantul the high score of this subindex shows that the villages are located in the north-western part.
The land productivity of local food sub-index (Figure 4D) depicts that the very high scored villages are distributed only in Kulonprogo, while the high score of the subindex is seen in Gunungkidul and Kulonprogo In Kulonprogo, the villages with high land productivity are located mainly in the western part and some in the south-eastern part of Wates.
In Gunungkidul, the villages with high sub-index score are found in the northern part.
Finally, for the local food index (LFI) in DIY (B), there is only one village in Gunungkidul with its very high score, while for the high scored villages are located in Gunungkidul DQG.
XORQSURJR7RVXPXSWKLVSDSHUyAQGV that only in two regencies.
Gunungkidul and Kulonprogo, as the local food potential compares to others regencies in DIY.
Gunungkidul, the villages that have very high and high scores of the LFI are located in the northern and south-eastern part of Wonosari.
In Kulonprogo, the villages with high score of the LFI are found in north-western and southeastern part of Wates.
For Bantul, the villages with high LFI are found in the northwestern and north-eastern parts from Bantul .
he capital of the regenc.
Information explaining agroecology subzone can be seen in Table 1.
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Local Food Potentials.
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Table 1.
,QIRUPDWLRQH[SODLQLQJDJURHFRORJ\VXE]RQH DSSHQGL[IRU)LJXUH
Zone/ Subzone System Sub system Forestry crops Non-agricultural crops IIaq Perennial crops Perennial crops dryland Lowland wet climates IIax Perennial crops Perennial crops dryland Lowland wet climates IIbx Perennial crops Perennial crops dryland Medium land wet climates IIcx Perennial crops Perennial crops dryland Highland wet climates iaq Annual crops/ Food crops iax Annual or Perennial crops/ Food IVaq Food crops Ivax Food crops Annual crops/ Food crops Wetland lowland wet climates Annual or Perennial crops/ Food crops dryland lowland wet Food crops wetland lowland wet Food crops dryland lowland wet Source: translated from Sutriadi et al.
3, p.
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ISSN: 0852-0682.
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Table 2 shows the distribution of the top 50 villages based on the LFI scores and the selected two sub-zones of the agro-ecological They are distributed in three regencies:
Gunungkidul.
Kulonprogo and Bantul.
There is only one village with very high score of the LFI (Class I), and twenty-three villages with high score of the LFI (Class II).
Finally, the average score of the LFI (Class .
is supported by twenty-six villages.
Meanwhile, the type 1 of the ZAE is supported by 31 villages, while )RUXP*HRJUDA9RO -XO\ the type s 2, 3 and 4 are supported by 11, 7, and one villages, respectively.
It can be argued that most the villages .
ore than hal.
are located in the areas where are not suitable for cassava and sweet potato (Type 1 of the ZAE).
Meanwhile, for Types 2 and 3 11 and 7 villages are located in the area with perennial and food crops, and food crops, respectively, both in low dryland and wet climate.
Lastly, for Type 4 that represent the combination of the iax and IVax of the ZAE sub-zones is supported ISSN: 0852-0682.
EISSN: 2460-3945 Local Food Potentials.
(Widiyant.
E\ RQH YLOODJH )URP 7DEOH WKLV VWXG\ yAQGV discussing section, particularly to answer why that the local food is not necessarily located most the local-food producing villages are in the suitable area in terms of the local agro- located not in the suitable area.
Further discussion is needed in the )LJXUH $ $YHUDJH)DUP RXVHKROGVA,QFRPHIURP3DGG\ % /RFDO)RRG,QGH[DQG & $YHUDJH)DUP RXVHKROGVA,QFRPHIURP6HFRQG&URSV ISSN: 0852-0682.
EISSN: 2460-3945
)RUXP*HRJUDA9RO -XO\
Local Food Potentials.
(Widiyant.
previously a critically underdeveloped region (Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah, 1.
and it was estimated in the 1940s and 1950s possible to plant only tea or FRIIHH :KLWWHQ6RHULDDWPDGMD $yAII However, after the government introduced the regreening program in the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s (Maryudi et al.
, 2015.
Soerianegara & Mansuri, 1.
the landscape in Gunungkidul had drastically changed.
This program succeeded in greening the formerly critical areas, and the local inhabitants could have other choices for their livelihoods: for example, to plant trees or utilise food crops (Maryudi et , 2015.
Soerianegara & Mansuri, 1.
There is another question: why the local food potential is concentrated in these particular areas? Based on not only indexbased descriptions but also on an extended explanation, it is possible to consider some factors contributing to shaping the patterns of Discussion Before entering the discussion section, the local food potentials, such as: .
physical yAUVWO\ WKLV SDSHU UHWXUQV WR WKH yAUVW UHVHDUFK support, represented by the ZAE, and .
question: Where are the local food potentials economic motive represented by the income seen in DIY? To sum up the results, the composite level.
This paper found that more than half of the index (LFI) shows that Gunungkidul and Kulonprogo are two regencies in DIY that have selected top 50 villages in the LFI are located not relatively higher local food potentials.
Most the in the suitable area for the local food production.
highly potent villages are concentrated in the Several reasons can probably be called into rural areas, relatively distant from the urban account.
Firstly, it is possible for farmers to tend area of Yogyakarta .
he city of Yogyakarta and to expect main staple foods such as rice suitable its surrounding are.
This pattern is in line for the local geographies rather than local with the previous literature mainly from the food crops to gain their income (Mardianto & western countries showing that the local food Djauhari, 2.
But, secondly, local food is activities are concentrated in the rural areas sometimes planted as an intermittent crop in (Ilbery et al.
, 2.
However, in DIY context.
WKH SDGG\ yAHOGV XVLQJ WKH URWDWLRQ VFKHPH the reasons why this spatial pattern emerge rice-rice-second crops, or the mixed cultivation seems different, considering the regional of taro .
in private forests, and cassava using intercropping technique to take care of geographical characteristics.
According to Rijanta and Rotgy .
, ecological conditions for farming, to disperse Sleman and Bantul regencies include the most possible risks and to double gains (Pearson, suitable place to grow rice, also mentioning Falcon, & Jones, 1984.
Roche, 1984.
Sudomo & farmersAo practices agroforestry in Gunungkidul.
Hani, 2014.
Sumaryanto, 2.
As for a more economic factor.
Sumaryanto Meanwhile, in Kulonprogo that has both lowland and upland areas, three crops of rice, .
attempts to compare the average income received by paddy farmers in the same fruits, and vegetables are main commodities.
Gunungkidul, where the local food agroecosystem area in Brantas catchment potentials are found in this study, was area (DAS Branta.
in East Java.
Indonesia As for relations between the spatial patterns of the LFI and farm householdsAo income OHYHOV IURP FDQ LGHQWLI\ VRPH yAQGLQJV WKDW the sub-districts of very high and high average income from paddy are concentrated in Sleman and Kulonprogo regencies (A).
In Sleman, the paddy income level is very high found in the sub-districts located in the south-eastern part of Sleman .
he capital of the Sleman regenc.
Meanwhile, in Kulonprogo, the high average income is found in one sub-district located in the southwestern part of Wates.
In contrast, the very high and high average income from secondary crops (C) is spatially distributed mainly around the south-eastern part of Wonosari in Gunungkidul, while the high average income is seen in the south-western The next section discusses the relations of the income level, the LFI and the ZAE.
)RUXP*HRJUDA9RO -XO\
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EISSN: 2460-3945
Local Food Potentials.
(Widiyant.
and previous researches of PATANAS.
According to Yusdja .
PATANAS is Panel Petani Nasional or National FarmersAo Panel.
Sumaryanto found that the household agricultural income in DAS Brantas was higher compare to PATANAS because of different households sample unit and different farming Inspired by SumaryantoAos research, based on B and 5C, a similarity pattern analysis can identify that the scores of the LFI are spatially almost in line with the income levels.
Comparing the average income from paddy (A) and the ZAE map (Figure .
, there is a spatially similar pattern that the very high and high average incomes from paddy are mostly seen in the subzone IVaq: wet paddy suggested area.
In other words, this area is the most favoured place to grow paddy according to Rijanta and Rotgy .
In contrast, the average income from secondary crops (C) spatially corresponding to the suitable ZAE subzones is supported by the practice of agroforestry in Gunungkidul and Kulonprogo (Hani et al.
, 2016.
Nibbering, 1999.
Rijanta & Rotgy, 2000.
Ritohardoyo & Prakosa.
Through agroforestry, for example, the SHRSOH LQ *XQXQJNLGXO KDYH RSWLRQV WR IXOyAO their livelihoods by selling forestry and/or farming products in the forests (Nibbering.
Titisari and Setyawan .
provide an evidence in TRUBUS magazine, reporting the two farmers in Gunungkidul who plant local food .
les ile.
in their cacao home gardens using a polyculture technique.
Another practice is also found, for example in general cassava is planted using intercropping technique alongside with perennial crops (Roche, 1.
The agroforestry practices in Kulonprogo are reported also by Hani et al.
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKHLU yAHOGZRUNV FDVVDYD LV planted under the sengon, clove and cacao tree, their results being essential to local inhabitants livelihood, and local inhabitants attain daily income as a tempeh producer, and monthly and annual income derived from the perennial yields: cacao and clove (Hani et al.
, 2.
This information probably can explain why the nonfood crops subzone (Type .
relatively show ISSN: 0852-0682.
EISSN: 2460-3945 very high and high income comparing to other ZAE types (Types 2, 3, and .
Before closing this discussion, it is QHFHVVDU\WRUHWXUQWKHAKLGGHQSRWHQWLDOAALVVXH SURSRVHG LQ WKLV SDSHU 7KLV VWXG\ LGHQWLyAHV the particular places as a concentration of local IRRG SRWHQWLDOV 3HRSOH FDQ UHFHLYH EHQHyAW for the nutrition and health by consuming local food (Mardiharini, 2.
Farmers can UHFHLYH D GRXEOH EHQHyAW IRU WKHLU HFRQRPLF lifestyle from their trade activities in addition to self-subsistence (Falcon.
Jones, & Pearson.
Nelson, 1.
Indeed, local food crops are produced widely in rural DIY, and they potentially give an opportunity as a food stock, expecting to tackle food crisis or food insecurity in some, particularly in poor villages in DIY (Widiyanto, 2.
If local food crops are processed into other forms of commodities, they lead to a value-added product, such as yARXU 0XQDUVR 0RUHRYHU DV IRU yARXU IRU H[DPSOH Munarso .
explains the multiplier effect through three scales of industry: .
home LQGXVWU\ DJURLQGXVWU\ DQG PL.
ARXU LQGXVWU\ PL[WXUH RI ORFDO DQG ZKHDW yARXU 2QHH[DPSOHLVDERXWDPRGLyAHGFDVVDYDyARXU .
Since developed in 2015, now mocaf is widely distributed not only in Java but also in Papua.
South Kalimantan, and Gorontalo (Vebriansyah.
Setyawan.
Ramadhan, & Pratiwi, 2.
Local households, communities or community-based organizations, and largerscale industries probably receive an advantage from such processed local food (Vebriansyah et al.
, 2.
Meanwhile, although currently the spatially concentrating production of local food crops is potentially hidden, and how to ship and market local food commodities is not clearly discussed in this paper, it possibly brings about severe competitions among such producing places, leading to increased production in a particular place and declined production in the other place.
Conclusion 7KLVVWXG\yAQGVRXWWKDWWKHUHDUHWZRORFDO food potential regencies in DIY: Gunungkidul
)RUXP*HRJUDA9RO -XO\
Local Food Potentials.
(Widiyant.
and Kulonprogo.
Considering the agroecological factor in order to discuss why such concentrations emerge in those regencies, this SDSHU LGHQWLyAHV WZR UHDVRQV ZK\ PRVW WKH actively producing villages are not located in the Aohypothetical zoneAo.
Firstly, local food crops are able to be grown in various agroecological environments, and secondly the farmers often practice intercropping cultivation on paddy DQG DJURIRUHVWU\ yAHOGV 7KH DYHUDJH LQFRPH approach also shows the correspondence of spatial patterns between the income levels and the LFI scores.
It is expected that, after the local food potential in DIY are mapped out, the hidden local food potentials are found.
This kind of information is useful as a supporting tool to anticipate tackling food crisis that is predicted in 2037 by the BKPP DIY (Kedaulatan Rakyat, 2.
, for example by indicating the particular villages that can be promoted as the potential pockets of local food production.
Indirectly.
WKH yAQGLQJV IURP WKLV VWXG\ LV DOVR XVHIXO WR provide information about how the Auhidden
SRWHQWLDOAA RI ORFDO IRRG DUH H[SORUHG UDQJLQJ
from nutrition and health to various livelihood impacts that are received by the stakeholdersAo local food practices.
Finally, this paper has provided a methodological foundation on local food study from the geographical perspective, attempting to map out the hidden local food SRWHQWLDOV RZHYHUWKLVSDSHULGHQWLyAHVVRPH Firstly, the index explained in this paper seem only to give general information.
detail explanation is still needed, particularly on analysing the local food crops.
In particular, this paper focuses just ten local food crops.
However, a variety of other local food crops are necessary to be incorporated into the local food index (LFI), almost neglected in the analysis.
Further researches are needed to address these issues.
For instance, an alternative method such as Location Quotient (LQ) devised in a previous research (Watts et al.
probably can give a contribution to the analysis of local food potentials from a different quantitative perspective.
Secondly, this paper only provides an analysis of SK\VLFDODQGHFRQRPLFIDFWRUV2WKHUSRVVLEOH factors are needed to explore deeply and enrich the geographical studies and also other disciplines interested in local food.
Thirdly.
WKLVVWXG\RQO\SD\VDWWHQWLRQWRWKHyAUVWDQG VHFRQG DVSHFWV RI WKH AWULSOH EXUGHQAA WKHRU\ of local food that is proposed by Professor Moerdijati Gardjito.
There remains one issue unanswered in this paper: the policy Therefore, there are potentially future researches exploring to what extent of the local food policy are delivered in DIY.
Acknowledgement The author, would like to thank the Ministry of Research.
Technology and Higher Education and the Ministry of Finance for the BUDI LN scholarship managed by LPDP for their support.
The author would like also thank Professor Makoto Takahashi and Associate Professor Masaya Iga for their valuable inputs, suggestions on preparing and yAQLVKLQJ WKLV SDSHU 7KH DXWKRU ZRXOG OLNH thank to Professor Moerdijati Gardjito for her hospitality and kindness on teaching valuable information regarding local food themes to the author.
Finally, the author would like to thank BKPP DIY for the local food database.
BPS for the average income data.
Badan Informasi Geospasial and Balai Besar Litbang SumberDaya Lahan Pertanian- Badan Litbang Pertanian Kementerian Pertanian for their digital maps.
References