IQBAL ET AL.
Bio Palembanica 1.
: 97-102 .
This journal is available online at: https://ejournal.
Photographic Documentation of Rare Enggano Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus (Carnivora: Viverrida.
MUHAMMAD IQBAL1* .
RENDRA REGEN RAIS2.
ADI KUSWANTO3
GUNTUR PRAGUSTIANDI4 & AGUS SUSATYA5
Department of Biology.
Universitas Indo Global Mandiri.
Jalan Jend.
Sudirman No.
Palembang 30129.
Sumatera Selatan.
Indonesia.
Conservation and Natural Resource Agency.
The Ministry of Environmental and Forestry.
Jalan Mahoni.
Bengkulu, 38225.
Bengkulu Province.
Indonesia E-mail: r.
rais@gmail.
Department of Forestry Program.
Faculty of Agriculture.
Bengkulu University.
Jalan Kandang Limun.
Bengkulu 38371.
Bengkulu Province.
Indonesia E-mail: adikhus@gmail.
https://orcid.
org/0009-0002-4415-686X Department of Biology.
Faculty of Science.
Sriwijaya University.
Jalan Raya Palembang-Prabumulih KM 32.
Indralaya.
South Sumatra.
Indonesia E-mail: gunturpragustiandi@mipa.
https://orcid.
org/0009-0005-2573-3686 Department of Forestry.
Faculty of Agriculture.
Bengkulu University.
Jalan Kandang Limun.
Bengkulu 38371.
Bengkulu Province.
Indonesia E-mail: agussusatya@unib.
https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-9369-5651 *Corresponding Author.
E-mail: miqbal@uigm.
https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-6657-0183 Received 2 December 2024iCAccepted by D.
Sari: 22 December 2024iCPublished online 24 December 2024.
Abstract Enggano Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus is a subspecies of Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus that range limited in Enggano Island.
Bengkulu Province.
Southwest Sumatra.
Since a specimen collection on 11 November 1904, the occurence P.
hermaphroditus enganus has not ever been reported again.
There are two recent observations of P.
hermaphroditus enganus in 2011 and 2020.
These observations are represent recent records of this rare endemic taxa after 107 years.
Keywords: nocturnal.
Palm Civet.
Paradoxurinae.
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus.
Sumatra.
Introduction Early mammal research was done mainly by a select few individuals depositing specimens in museums and publishing in journals with limited readership, new tools and technologies have increased the number of individuals participating in data collection and increased availability of biodiversity data (Burgin et al.
More than 4.
400 species of mammals occur around the world, and Southeast Asia is particularly rich in mammals with over 500 species in the region (Francis 2.
A much greater number of mammal species are now facing extinction, many other less threatened species, may turn soon be endangered if recent rates of habitat destruction and human population growth continue unabated (Duff & Lawson 2.
Order Carnivora or carnivores are most of mammal species eat meat, with a great deal of diversity among exists more than 11 families and over 270 species in this order (Feldhamer et al.
Viverrids or Family Viverridae are small carnivores ranging from the 0-6 kg, sexual dimorphism is not very evident in many species, generally females and males appear to be similar in size (Jennings & Veron 2.
Many of them are arboreal, with rather unspecialized dentition and omnivoroues diet, including fruit and invertebrates as well as small vertebrates (Corbet & Hill 1.
Sumatra is home for many species of mammals in Sundaland (Whitten et al.
Iqbal et al.
Setiawan et al.
Enggano Island is one of two smaller islands that presumably never had Notes on the Diurnal land connected with the mainland Sumatra (Iqbal et al.
Iqbal et al.
2023A total of 15 species of mammals has been reported from Enggano Island, and few of them are endemic subspecies (Sody Maryanto et al.
Enggano Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus Lyon, 1916 is a subspecies of veverrids that only found in Enggano (Miller 1906.
Sody 1940.
Wozencraft 2.
Due to the limited number of researchers visit Enggano Island, the information about P.
hermaphroditus enganus is very little known.
Here, we report our documentations of P.
hermaphroditus enganus in Enggano Island.
Methods Situated in Indian Ocean.
Enggano is an isolated small island located approximately 100 km from major island of Sumatra (Iqbal et al.
2020a, b, c.
Iqbal et al.
Two field biodiversity surveys have been conducted in Enggano Island.
Bengkulu Province.
Sumatra (Fig.
First, a survey was carried out in 2011 in Kaana, southwest Enggano.
Second, a visit was conducted in 2020 in Banjarsari, northern Enggano.
During these surveys, we observed and documented P.
hermaphroditus enganus (Fig.
2 and As P.
hermaphroditus is nocturnal mammal, all of our observations are found at night.
We compile our observations of P.
hermaphroditus enganus with available information of historical records.
There are only two historical records of P.
hermaphroditus enganus (Miller 1906.
Lyon 1.
All records of P.
hermaphroditus enganus are presented in table 1, and distribution of the sites are displayed in figure 1.
Results and Discussion Two arboreal nocturnal mammals are identify as P.
hermaphroditus enganus because it has a long body and short dark legs, dark long tail.
the upperpart greyish brown with three dark broken lines running down the back, irregular dark spots along the sides, sometimes forming lines as well.
the underpart are lighter grey.
the forehead is lighter grey to whitish, as are the cheeks and the fore-part of the muzzle.
broad mask-like band covers the face, including the base of the pointed muzzle and ears.
These morpholological characters are fitted well with Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus according to approriate references (Jennings & Veron 2009.
Shepherd & Shepherd 2012.
Francis 2013, 2.
Lyon .
summarized description of one specimen collected from Enggano Island as follow:
type-specimen number 141026.
USNM (United States National Museu.
skin and skull of adult female .
axillary teeth much wor.
collected on Enggano Island.
November 11, 1904, by Dr.
Abbott with original number 3782.
a small form of the widely ranging P.
hermaphroditus, its size the same as that of P.
hermaphroditus parvus, but distinguished by a less rounded brain case, somewhat smaller teeth, a longer .
ntero-posteriorl.
upper canine, and probably by brown or lighter colored hind feet.
aside from the feet the color of P.
hermaphroditus enganus does not differ from that of P.
hermaphrodites parvus.
the single specimen is of the brownish type of coloration.
the brown color of the hind feet may be the result of wear as the brown hairs covering them look worn.
the entire tail is brownish, but is obviously worn.
head and body length, 495 mm.
tail length 410 mm.
hindfoot length, 77 mm.
condylobasal length, 97 mm.
zygomatic width length, 53 mm.
specimens examined: one, the The morphological character of two recent civets observed from Enggano Island are very similar with Common Civet P.
hermaphroditus from mainland Sumatra (Fig.
2 and .
There are two observations of P.
hermaphroditus enganus from Enggano Island after specimen collected on 11 November 1904.
These observations represent recent discovery of P.
enganus after 107 years .
rom 11 November 1904 to 26 February 2.
The historical records of P.
hermaphroditus enganus in Enggano Island is presented in Table 1.
Table 1.
Available information records of Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus in Enggano Island.
Number in bracket symbols are number in the map .
Note for abbreviation: MI = Muhammad Iqbal.
AK = Adi Kuswanto and r = Rendra Regen Rais.
Number on the table refer to the map (Figure .
Date 29 Feb 2020 11 Nov 1904 Undated 26 Feb 2011 Location Banjarsari .
Mainland Enggano, not specified .
Pulo Duo or Pulau Duo .
Kaana .
Remarks One individual observed Specimen Collection Specimen Collection One individual observed Sources MI and AK Pers.
Obs Lyon 1916.
GBIF 2024
Miller 1906 r Pers.
Obs, iNaturalist 2024 IQBAL ET AL.
Figure 1.
Map of Enggano Island and available information records of Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus.
Numbers showing location presented in table 1.
Solid circles are historical records and open circles are our observations in the field.
Figure 2.
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus documented on 26 February 2011 in Kaana.
Enggano Island.
Bengkulu Province.
Sumatra (Photograph: Rendra Regen Rai.
Notes on the Diurnal Figure 3.
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus documented on 29 February 2020 in Banjarsari.
Enggano Island.
Bengkulu Province.
Sumatra (Photograph: Muhammad Iqba.
Figure 4.
Typical habitat of Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus documented in Banjarsari.
Enggano Island.
Bengkulu Province.
Sumatra (Photograph: Muhammad Iqba.
IQBAL ET AL.
There are two main reasons why information of P.
hermaphroditus enganus are very little known.
First, as an isolated island with the distance c.
100 km, the transportations from Enggano Island to mainland Sumatra is very limited.
It caused only few researchers can visit the island.
Second.
hermaphroditus enganus is nocturnal mammals and possibly overlooked in the field.
The research of nocturnal mammals in Sumatra relatively still in little number compare to diurnal mammals.
According to Duckworth et al.
Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus has been assessed for The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as Least Concern because it has a broad range, good number populations, uses a wide type of habitats and is tolerant of extensive change habitat and degradation, warrants review when better data on the effects of this off-take become available.
Enggano Island.
Miller .
reported that "MusangsAy .
ocal name for P.
hermaphroditus enganu.
were common, and their droppings could be seen everywhere in the paths, and there were a few on Pulo Dua (Pulau Dua, a sattelite island of Enggano Islan.
Our observations of P.
hermaphroditus enganus found this taxa in remaining small forest near urban areas (Fig.
This could be indicate that this mammal is tolerant with habitat degradation.
Due to the its adaptability to modified habitats .
ncluding villages and town.
and resilience in the face of heavy general hunting means that at present no conservation interventions are needed for Common Palm Civet P.
hermaphroditus (Duckworth et al.
However, as reported by Nijman et .
that the pet trade in parts of its range .
otably Indonesi.
are unknown.
surveillance of trade levels and investigation of effects on wild populations are warranted.
Further surveys of P.
hermaphroditus enganus in Enggano Island are required, especially for possible threats and population monitoring with presence only on small islands in fragmentary landscapes vulnerable to environmental changes due to global climate change suggests a higher local extinction risk than currently recognized.
Acknowledgments Our visit to Enggano island was supported by ZGAP (Die Zoologische Gesellschaft fyr Arten- und Populationsschutz e.
We are very grateful to the ZGAP, particularly to Roland Wirth.
Arne Schulze and Jens-Ove Heckel.
We thank anonymus reviewer for comments earlier draft to made this paper improve.
References