Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 8 No. 1, April 2021, 13-22

ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195

THE INFLUENCE OF STAND DENSITY AND SPECIES DIVERSITY
INTO TIMBER PRODUCTION AND CARBON STOCK IN
COMMUNITY FOREST
Pandu Yudha Adi Putra Wirabuana1*, Rahmanta Setiahadi2, Ronggo Sadono1, Martin Lukito2,
and Djoko Setyo Martono2
Department of Forest Management Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Jln. Agro No.1 Bulaksumur, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Merdeka Madiun,
Jln. Serayu No.79 Pandean, Taman, Madiun, Indonesia
1

Received: 20 June 2020, Revised: 19 March 2021, Accepted: 4 April 2021
THE INFLUENCE OF STAND DENSITY AND SPECIES DIVERSITY INTO TIMBER
PRODUCTION AND CARBON STOCK IN COMMUNITY FOREST. Stand density and species
diversity are two indicators that are highly related to forest productivity. However, the effect of those
variables on the productivity of community forest is rarely documented. This study evaluates the influence
of stand density and species diversity on timber production and carbon stock in the community forest. The
study area was located in Madiun District. A field survey was conducted in four different community forest
sites, i.e. Morang, Kuwiran, Randualas, and Kare. The sampling technique was by quadrat method using a
sample plot size of 25 m x 25 m. The number of sample plots used in this study was 64 units, which were
evenly distributed in every site. Comparison of stand attributes among sites was examined by Kruskal-Wallis
test and followed by Kruskal-Nemenyi test on the effects of stand density and species diversity on timber
production and carbon stock were assessed separately for each parameter using the generalized least square
regression test. The process of statistical analysis was applied using a significance level of 5%. Results show
a significant difference in stand volume, aboveground biomass, and carbon stock among sites (P<0.05). This
study also recorded a meaningful effect of stand density and species diversity on timber production and
carbon stock of community forest, wherein stand density provided a higher effect (R2 = 0.68; P<0.05) than
species diversity (R2 = 0.26; P<0.05).
Keywords: Community forest, carbon stock, stand density, species diversity, timber production
PENGARUH KERAPATAN TEGAKAN DAN KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS TERHADAP
PRODUKSI KAYU DAN SIMPANAN KARBON DI HUTAN RAKYAT. Kerapatan tegakan dan
keanekaragaman jenis adalah dua indikator yang berkaitan erat dengan produktivitas hutan. Namun, pengaruh kedua
variabel tersebut terhadap produktivitas hutan rakyat jarang didokumentasikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi
pengaruh kepadatan tegakan dan diversitas jenis terhadap produksi kayu dan simpanan karbon di hutan rakyat. Lokasi
penelitian terletak di Kabupaten Madiun. Survey lapangan dilakukan di empat lokasi hutan rakyat yang berbeda, yaitu
Morang, Kuwiran, Randualas, dan Kare. Survey dilaksanakan dengan metode kuadrat menggunakan plot sampel 25 m
x 25 m. Jumlah plot sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sekitar 64 unit yang tersebar merata di setiap lokasi.
Perbandingan rerata karakteristik tegakan antar lokasi diuji dengan metode Kruskall-Wallis dan dilanjutkan dengan
metode Kruskall-Nemenyi. Pengaruh kepadatan tegakan dan diversitas jenis terhadap produksi kayu dan simpanan karbon
dievaluasi secara terpisah untuk setiap parameter menggunakan metode generalized least square regression. Pengujian statistik
dilakukan dengan tingkat signifikansi 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada volume
tegakan, biomassa permukaan, dan simpanan karbon antar lokasi (P<0,05). Penelitian ini juga menemukan adanya
pengaruh penting kerapatan tegakan dan diversitas jenis terhadap produksi kayu dan simpanan karbon di hutan rakyat,
dimana kepadatan tegakan memperlihatkan pengaruh yang lebih tinggi (R2 = 0,68; P<0,05) dibandingkan diversitas jenis
(R2 = 0,26; P<0,05).
Kata kunci: Hutan rakyat, simpanan karbon, kepadatan tegakan, diversitas jenis, produksi kayu
*

Corresponding author: pandu.yudha.a.p@ugm.ac.id

©2021 IJFR All rights reserved. Open access under CC BY-NC-SA license. doi:10.20886/ijfr.2021.8.1.13-22

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Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 8, No. 1, April 2021, 13-22

I. INTRODUCTION
Integration of industry development
and climate change mitigation has become
a fascinating challenge in sustainable forest
management worldwide, particularly in tropical
countries such as Vietnam, Malaysia, the
Philippines, and Indonesia (Matsumoto, Oka,
Mitsuda, Hashimoto, Kayo, Tsunetsugu, &
Tonosaki, 2016). In this context, the existence
of forests is expected to stabilize timber supply
as raw materials for commercial industries
and reduce greenhouse gas emissions into
the atmosphere (Nunes, Meireles, Gomes, &
Ribeiro, 2019). To realize those objectives,
maximizing community forest management
practice may provide an important contribution
to ensure the stability of timber production and
increase carbon stocks.
Several studies have documented the
important role of community forest in
maintaining industry's future viability and
improving carbon sequestration (Sakurai,
Rayamajhi, Pokharel, & Otsuka, 2004; Duguma
et al., 2018; Luintel, Bluffstone, & Scheller,
2018; Poudyal, Maraseni, & Cockfield, 2020).
A study recorded community forests, mainly
in Java, supplies approximately 26% of timber
demand for commercial industries such as
construction, furniture, and plywood (Hakim,
Dwiprabowo, & Effendi, 2009). This trend
has been increasing rapidly since the declining
productivity of state forests in the 1990s.
The majority of Java industries nowadays
highly depend on community forests for
obtaining timber materials (Fujiwara, Awang,
Widayanti, Septiana, Hyakumura, & Sato 2016).
Furthermore, another study conducted in
Madiun, East Java, reported that around 684.99
Mg CO2 ha-1 had been absorbed by community
forest per year (Setiahadi, 2017). These examples
indicate the bargaining position of community
forest to support the industry's sustainability
and reduce emissions. However, community
forest capability for timber production and
carbon stock is affected by certain factors, like
stand density and species diversity.

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ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195

Many studies confirm that stand density and
species diversity are two indicators of stand
characteristics that strongly relate to timber
production and carbon stock in the forest
(Moore, Limited, Cown, Mckinley, & Sabatia,
2015; Uhl et al., 2015; Wegiel, Bembenek, Lacka,
& Mederski, 2018). In general, stand density is
defined as a degree of trees crowding per unit
area, which is commonly determined based on
the growth dimension or growing space ratio
(Zeide, 2001; Lu, Zhang, Zhang, Duan, &
Zhang, 2018; Padilla-Martínez, Corral-Rivas,
Briseño-Reyes, Paul, López-Serrano, & Gadow,
2020).
Species diversity is the grade of biodiversity
that is frequently assessed by considering
individual members of species, population
size, and species composition (Chen, 2006;
Hu, Su, Li, Li, & Ke, 2015; Li, Su, Lang,
Liu, & Ou, 2018). However, the relationship
among stand density and species diversity with
both parameters vary depending on the forest
ecosystem type. A study conducted in a Korean
pine forest (Pinus koraensis) located in China
observed that higher stand density linearly
increases timber production and carbon stock.
The relationship between species diversity with
both indicators creates hump-shaped curves
(Cai, Di, Chang, & Jin, 2016). A study from
the dry savannah forest in South-Eastern
Tanzania reported that higher stand density
and species diversity significantly improved
timber production and carbon stock. Those
variables have a linier relationship (McNicol,
Ryan, Dexter, Ball, & Williams, 2018) Those
explanations indicate that higher stand density
and species diversity are not always followed by
improved timber production and carbon stock.
This study investigates the effect of
stand density and species diversity on timber
production and carbon stock in the community
forest. The research objects are focused on a
type of community forest called alas, a kind
of community forest located far from village
settlement. It is hypothesized that the higher
stand density and species diversity significantly
increase timber production and carbon stock in

The Influence of Stand Density and Species Diversity Into Timber Production ...............(Pandu Yudha Adi Putra Wirabuana et al.)

the community forest, wherein both parameters
show the linear pattern.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
A. Study Site
This study was conducted in four different
community forest sites located in Sub District
Kare, Madiun. It consisted of several villages,
i.e. Morang, Kuwiran, Randualas, and Kare
(Setiahadi, 2017). The geographic position of
the study site was at 7o41'1.42" to 7o45'31.14"
S and 111o39'19.27" to 111o42'17.30" E (Figure
1). Topography was relatively gradient between
0–25%. Altitude varied from 100 to 500 m
above sea level. The average daily temperature
reached 29oC with a mean minimum of 25oC

and a maximum of 35oC. Annual rainfall ranged
from 1,554 to 1,754 mm yr-1 during the last ten
years. Most of the rainfalls were recorded in
December and January. The study sites had a
dry period for almost five months, from July
to October. Air humidity ranged from 70.5%
to 85.6%. Soil types were dominated by alfisol.
The details of soil properties in each site are
presented in Table 1.
B. Methods
Data from Setiahadi (2017) were used to
examine the effect of stand density and species
diversity on timber production and carbon stock
in the location. The data were collected using
the quadrat method. The sample plot's shape
was square with a size of approximately 25 m

Figure 1. Study locations of community forests in Kare District
Table 1. Description of soil properties in four sites of community forests
Soil parameter
Clay fraction (%)
Silt fraction (%)
Sand fraction (%)
Cation exchange capacity (cmolc kg-1)
Soil organic matter (%)
Soil acidity

Kuwiran
39.00 + 3.46
24.60 + 0.55
36.20 + 3.11
15.00 + 1.41
17.20 + 7.82
5.46 + 0.13

Site of community forest
Morang
Randualas
37.40 + 3.13 36.80 + 4.27
23.40 + 0.55 27.00 + 0.71
39.00 + 2.74 36.40 + 3.36
14.80 + 1.64 14.40 + 1.52
14.00 + 7.58 17.60 + 9.66
5.46 + 0.13
5.36 + 0.09

Kare
36.40 + 2.88
31.40 + 0.89
32.80 + 1.92
28.20 + 2.28
23.60 + 11.24
5.26 + 0.09

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Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 8, No. 1, April 2021, 13-22

x 25 m (Setiahadi, 2017). Sixteen observation
plots have been established in every community
forest; each site had a total sampling area of
about 1 ha. The total measured plots used in
this study were 64 units. Several parameters of
individual trees were measured in each sample
plot, including species, tree diameter (d), tree
height (h), and tree volume (v). Tree diameter
was measured using a phi band at 1.3 m from the
aboveground, while tree height was estimated
from above ground to top of the crown using
a Haga altimeter. Then, individual tree volume
was calculated by the following equation:
v = 0.25π d2 h f ...............................................(1)
Where f was a constant form factor (0.6)
for tropical tree species (Akossou, Arzouma,
Attakpa, Fonton, & Kokou, 2013), to convert
individual tree volume into tree biomass (B),
the value of individual tree volume would be
multiplied by the specific wood density (WD)
and the biomass expansion factor (BEF)
(Krisnawati, Imanuddin, & Adinugroho 2012).
The detailed information about WD and BEF
are presented in Table 2. Then, the tree biomass
results were used to estimate carbon storage in
every tree species (C) since approximately 50%
of biomass is composed of carbon (Wirabuana
et al., 2019). The detailed equations were:
B = V * WD * BEF ........................................(2)
C = 0.5 * B .......................................................(3)
The results of tree measurements would be
used to compute several stand characteristics,
including quadratic mean diameter (D), mean
height (H), stand volume (V), species diversity,
stand density, aboveground biomass (AGB), and
carbon stock (CS). The value of stand volume
was determined as the sum of tree volumes in

ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195

each sample plot, converted to hectare unit.
A similar approach was also used to estimate
AGB and CS at stand level. The stand volume
parameter was frequently selected as an
indicator for the forest ecosystem's capability
for timber production (Merganič, Marušák,
Merganičová, Stolariková, & Tipmann, 2013;
Irauschek, Rammer, & Lexer, 2017).
To describe the degree of species diversity
in the community forest, we selected three
important variables, i.e. species richness,
heterogeneity, and evenness. Species richness
was calculated by Margalef Index (R1), while
heterogeneity of species was estimated by
Shannon-Wienner Index (H'). Then, species
evenness was assessed using the PielouEvenness Index (J). The detailed equations
for calculating those parameters were (Li, Su,
Zhang, Zhou, Xie, Shi, & Gou, 2018):
R1 = S-1/ln(N) .................................................(4)
H' = -∑ (ni/N) (ln ni/N) .................................(5)
J = H’/ln(S) ........................................................(6)
where S was the number of species, N
represented total tree population, and ni
described the sum of trees for each species.
To estimate stand density in the community
forest, we adopted Reineke's Stand Density
Index (SDI) concept using a modification
developed by Sadono and Umroni (2012).
Referring to the concept, the value of SDI could
be determined by considering the relationship
between the number of trees (N) and quadratic
mean diameter (D). The specific formula for
calculating SDI (Sadono & Umroni, 2012) is
presented below.
SDI = N (20/D)-1.153 .........................................(7)
Statistical analysis was processed using

Table 2. Specific wood density and biomass expansion factor for four species in community forests
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Species
Tectona grandis
Swietenia macrophylla
Acacia auriculiformis
Falcataria mollucana

Source: Krisnawati et al. (2012)

16

WD (kg m-3)
612.7
533.4
581
310.6

BEF
1.46
1.36
1.33
1.34

The Influence of Stand Density and Species Diversity Into Timber Production ...............(Pandu Yudha Adi Putra Wirabuana et al.)

software R version 3.6.1 with a significance level
of 5%. We selected the package agricolae to
conduct data analysis. Descriptive analysis was
done to identify the range of data distribution,
comprising minimum, maximum, mean,
standard deviation, and variation coefficient.
Outlier test was detected using the box plot
method. The Shapiro-Wilk test evaluated the
normality of data. The Fligner-Killen test
examined the homogeneity of variance among
sites of community forest. Comparing stand
attributes among observation sites was analyzed
separately for each variable using KruskalWallis, followed by Kruskall-Nemenyi (Tenzin
& Hasenauer, 2016). Afterwards, the influence
of stand density and species diversity on timber
production and carbon stock in the community
forest was assessed for every parameter using
the general least square regression with the
maximum likelihood method (Cai, Di, Chang,
& Jin, 2016). The linear model pattern was
used to evaluate the effect of stand density
and species diversity on timber production and
carbon stock.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Species Composition
Summarized results of the observation
showed four species commonly planted in
the study area, namely Tectona grandis, Swietenia
macrophylla, Acacia auriculiformis, and Falcataria
mollucana (Table 3). Among those species, it was
documented that T. grandis became the most
dominant species in every community forest
site. Compared to others, this species had an
abundance relative more than 80% in each
site. The second position was occupied by S.
macrophylla followed by F. mollucana in the third

rank. Meanwhile, A. auriculiformis had the lowest
population. The study recorded that the number
of species in the Kuwiran site was lower than
in the other three sites because it only had three
species..
T. grandis dominated the land cover of
community forest in the study area because
societies in each village have widely planted
it. Besides having a high price, the market
availability of this species was also accessible.
The history of community forest management
also supported this fact in the study area
wherein T. grandis was the first plantation species
introduced to societies since the sites were
located close to the state forest, managed by
Perum Perhutani (Setiahadi, 2017). However, T.
grandis required a long growing period to obtain
the yield; thus, most villagers also planted other
species that had faster growth than T. grandis, like
S. macrophylla, F. mollucana, and A. auriculiformis.
Thereby, most community forests in the study
area comprised mixed-stand, which had high
variation in growth and age distribution.
B. Stand Characteristics
Stand characteristics in each site varied and
demonstrated fascinating trends (Table 4).
Referring to the statistical analysis outcome,
there was no significant difference in quadratic
mean diameter, mean height, and stand density
indexes among sites of community forests
(P>0.05). Similar results were also documented
in species diversity parameters, including
richness, heterogeneity, and evenness (P>0.05).
In contrast, different outputs were observed
in stand volume, aboveground biomass, and
carbon stock, in which those parameters
differed significantly among sites (P<0.05).
Our study observed the highest timber

Table 3. Species composition in each site of community forest based on the relative abundance of species
No.

Species

1.
2.
3.
4.

Tectona grandis
Swietenia macrophylla
Acacia auriculiformis
Falcataria mollucana

Kuwiran
88.94
8.26
2.80
-

Composition (%)
Morang
Randualas
80.28
83.48
16.92
14.42
0.64
0.44
2.16
1.66

Kare
83.78
13.72
0.64
1.86

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Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 8, No. 1, April 2021, 13-22

ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195

Table 4. Comparison of stand attributes in each site of community forest, covering quadratic mean diameter
(D), average height (H), stand volume (V), aboveground biomass (AGB), carbon stock (CS), richness
(R1), heterogeneity (H'), evenness (J), and stand density (SDI)
Observation variable
D (cm)
H (m)
V (m3 ha -1)
AGB (Mg ha -1)
CS (Mg ha -1)
R1
H'
J
SDI

Kuwiran
13.31 + 1.77 a
13.08 + 1.78 a
96.81 + 32.54 a
86.03 + 13.27 a
43.23 + 6.64 a
0.28 + 0.08 a
0.29 + 0.09 a
0.32 + 0.11 a
416 + 146 a

Site of community forest
Morang
Randualas
13.67 + 1.29 a
13.57 + 1.22 a
13.89 + 0.83 a
13.88 + 0.83 a
171.02 + 51.69 a
170.20 + 51.59 a
126.70 + 20.16 b
116.38 + 20.12 b
73.35 + 10.08 b
69.19 + 10.06 b
0.33 + 0.12 a
0.33 + 0.10 a
0.45 + 0.17 a
0.49 + 0.17 a
0.58 + 0.20 a
0.63 + 0.18 a
500 + 139 a
503 + 138 a

Kare
13.08 + 1.71 a
12.90 + 1.61 a
98.87 + 35.89 c
73.31 + 18.57 c
41.65 + 9.29 c
0.29 + 0.09 a
0.33 + 0.12 a
0.31 + 0.11 a
426 + 144 a

p-value
0.687ns
0.574ns
0.001*
0.001*
0.001*
0.987ns
0.179ns
0.172ns
0.200ns

Remarks: *indicated a significant difference at α 5%, ns showed non-significant difference at α 5%, the similar letter in
a row showed non-significant difference among sites

production and carbon stock of community
forest in Morang, followed by Randualas in
the second position and Kare in the third
place. The lowest rank was noted in Kuwiran.
The growth performance of the community
forest in Morang was higher than in the other
sites because its stand had greater dimensions.
The bigger quadratic mean diameter, average
height, and stand density, respectively, could
be indicated, even though those parameters
did not present significant differences. Many
kinds of literature explained that greater
stand dimension growth increases its timber
production and carbon stock because the
quantity of tree volume has increased (Gevaña,
Camacho, & Camacho, 2017; Lu et al., 2018;
Padilla-Martínez et al., 2020). According to the
results, it was shown clearly that the degree of
timber production and carbon stock in Morang
was higher by approximately 43.58% and
22.43% than Kuwiran and Kare, respectively.
Compared to other sites, the existence of
community forest in Randualas indicated the
greatest species diversity, particularly related
to heterogeneity and evenness (Table 4).
Statistically, it also had an equal stand density,
timber production, and carbon stock to Morang.
Based on these findings, community forest
capability for timber production and carbon
stock in the study area could be classified into

18

two groups, i.e. low class (Kuwiran and Kare)
and high class (Randualas and Morang).
Reviewed from the diversity of species,
most community forest in the study area had
low diversity based on the range value of
richness, heterogeneity, and evenness (Table
4). It was caused by the low number of
species and their population in each location.
The majority of tree species in every site was
dominated by T. grandis (Table 3). Although
it consisted of multi-species, the community
forest was principally a type of forest ecosystem
commonly established by villagers. In this
case, the use of silvicultural prescription was
relatively limited and conducted depending on
the community's preference. Interestingly, most
of the communities preferred to grow trees that
potentially provided financial benefit. Therefore,
community forest stand attributes, especially
for tree diversity, situated in a transition phase
between monoculture plantation and natural
forest (Filqisthi & Kaswanto, 2017).
C. Effect of Stand Density and Species
Diversity on Timber Production and
Carbon Stock
Stand density and species diversity
significantly affected timber production and
carbon stock in community forest (P<0.05)
(Table 5). Unfortunately, the meaningful effect

The Influence of Stand Density and Species Diversity Into Timber Production ...............(Pandu Yudha Adi Putra Wirabuana et al.)

Table 5. Results of the best-fit generalized least square regression for exploring the effect of stand density
and species diversity on timber production and carbon stock in community forest
Response variable
Timber production

Carbon storage

Predictor variable
Stand density (SDI)
Richness (R1)
Heterogeneity (H')
Evenness (J)
Stand density (SDI)
Richness (R1)
Heterogeneity (H')
Evenness (J)

R2
0.681
0.031
0.268
0.128
0.676
0.025
0.266
0.104

Estimate
0.262
60.863
106.861
35.162
0.109
22.963
41.785
13.334

SE
0.023
51.884
24.428
14.020
0.010
21.911
10.593
5.983

t Stat
11.500
1.173
4.374
2.508
11.282
1.048
3.944
2.229

P-value
<0.001*
0.247ns
<0.001*
0.056ns
<0.001*
0.300ns
<0.001*
0.051ns

Timber production (M3 ha-1)
Carbon stock (Mg ha-1)

Carbon stock (Mg ha-1)

Timber production (M3 ha-1)

Remarks: *indicated a significant difference at α 5%, ns showed non-significant difference at α 5%

Figure 2. Relationship among stand density and species diversity with timber production and carbon stock
of community forest in Madiun

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Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 8, No. 1, April 2021, 13-22

of species diversity on both parameters was
only demonstrated by heterogeneity (P<0.05).
This study shows that there was no essential
influence of richness and evenness on timber
production and carbon stock in community
forest (P>0.05). The majority of community
forests had similar species composition in
which T. grandis was the most dominant species
in these areas (Table 3). These findings were
considerably different from the study published
by Filqisthi and Kaswanto (2017), who reported
that there was no significant effect of species
diversity on stand attributes of community
forests in West Java, mainly related to timber
production and carbon stock. The results are
also different with the study conducted by Cai
et al. (2016) in China, who documented a high
effect of richness on carbon storage in the
Korean pine forest (P. koraensis). Nevertheless,
this study reported a similar result to an
observation undertaken by McNicol et al.
(2018) in South-Eastern Tanzania, who noted
a substantial influence of stand density and
species diversity on timber production and
carbon stock in dry savannah forest. Those
comparisons strongly indicated that every type
of forest would demonstrate the different
relationship among stand density and species
diversity with timber production and carbon
stock, including community forest.
Our study observed a linear relationship
among stand density and species diversity
with timber production and community forest
carbon stock. The greater stand density and
species diversity increased timber production
and carbon stock (Figure 2). This was similar to
a study conducted by Gevaña et al. (2017) in the
Philippines, who reported a linear relationship
among stand density and species diversity
with stand attributes in mangroves, like timber
volume and carbon stock. In addition, it was
recorded wherein stand density provided a
higher effect (R2=0.68) than species diversity
(R2=0.26) on the productivity of community
forest (Table 5). This trend could have occurred
since stand density was one of the stand
parameters that described a degree of tree

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crowding per unit area (Zeide, 2001). Higher
stand density indicated a greater number of
trees and bigger growth dimension because
this parameter was determined by considering
several growth attributes, such as number of
trees, spacing, mean height, quadratic mean
diameter, crown projection area, and crown
diameter (Lu et al., 2018).
IV. CONCLUSION
Our study concluded that stand density
and species diversity significantly affect timber
production and carbon stock of community
forest, wherein stand density provided
greater influence than species diversity on
both parameters. The meaningful effect of
species diversity was only demonstrated by the
heterogeneity aspect while there was not an
important influence of richness and evenness
on timber production and carbon stock of
community forest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are very grateful to the village
governments in every community forest site
that allowed us to conduct this study in their
area. We also deliver our gratitude to reviewers
for their suggestions for this article.
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Cai, H., Di, X., Chang, S. X., & Jin, G. (2016). Stand
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