https://dinastipub.
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DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
38035/dijefa.
https://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.
Influence of Country-of-Origin Reputation Towards Attitude and Intention to Adopt Chinese Electric Vehicle in Indonesia Maria Audrey Aristanty1*.
Grace Wijaya2.
Faranita Mustikasari3 Binus Business School.
Jakarta.
Indonesia, maria.
aristanty@binus.
Binus Business School.
Jakarta.
Indonesia, grace.
wijaya@binus.
Binus Business School.
Jakarta.
Indonesia, faranita.
mustikasari@binus.
Corresponding Author: maria.
aristanty@binus.
Abstract: This study aims to identify the factors that influence the adoption of Chinese electric vehicles in Indonesia.
To achieve this, it employs a modified theory of planned behavior.
The study initially examines how ChinaAos country-of-origin reputation influence perceived risk and trust, and then how those influences attitude towards electric vehicle adoption.
Furthermore, the study investigates influence of attitude, along with subjective norms and facilitating conditions towards intention to adopt electric vehicles from China.
A total of 260 valid responses from consumers living in major cities in Indonesia were collected.
The PLS-SEM method was used to analyze the data.
It was found that Hypotheses 7 was rejected due to no significant effect, while other hypotheses were accepted and have significant effect.
Facilitating conditions did not influence electric vehicle adoption intention in this study because most of the respondents came from high-income groups and were able to facilitate themselves with home charging devices.
This result can be used as insight for government or car manufacturers to create suitable facilitating conditions that can improve adoption intention of Chinese electric vehicle in Indonesia for consumers who are unable to facilitate themselves.
Keywords: Country-of-Origin reputation.
Chinese electric vehicle, intention to adopt, theory of planned behavior, facilitating conditions.
INTRODUCTION
Electric vehicle (EV) adoption is expected to be a solution to air pollution caused by emissions from conventional vehicles (Nienhaus & Brandt, 2023.
Ibrahim, 2.
Various incentives for consumers are given to accelerate adoption of EV in Indonesia based on Presidential Regulation Number 55 of 2019 (Azzahra, 2.
Indonesian government also provided an incentive quota in 2023 for 35.
900 EVs produced by manufacturers who met the minimum requirement of 40% domestic component level, so consumers who bought these EVs will only pay 1% VAT (Priyanto, 2023.
Sandi, 2.
However.
EV sales during 2023 did not reach the number of quotas provided, so the minimum domestic component level requirement was postponed until 2026 (IEA, 2.
New regulation was issued by government regarding 3017 | P a g e https://dinastipub.
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exemptions of tax duties for imported EV, therefore manufacturers can market imported EVs until 2025 (Fea, 2.
As a result.
Chinese EV company.
BYD became the largest car importer in Indonesia among other car manufacturers with sales of 2.
694 units per August 2024 (Rayanti.
As a result, more and more EVs from China entered Indonesian market such as BAIC.
GAC Aion.
Jetour and Zeekr (Antara, 2024.
CNN Indonesia, 2024.
Jordy, 2.
China is often criticized by the international media about product quality and safety issues (Diamantopoulos et al.
, 2.
More than 10 years ago.
Chery and Geely has left behind a bad reputation for Chinese cars in Indonesia by selling cars at low prices, but with much worse quality than other cars on the market (Rahadiyansyah, 2.
Chinese car companies back then were also impatient in building and strengthening after-sales networks in Indonesia, so that consumers felt neglected and trust was not built (Ferdian, 2018.
Fitrianto & Triyatna.
Years later.
Wuling came to Indonesia in 2016 and tried to erase the negative reputation of Chinese cars by building a factory and extensive sales networks as a proof of its long-term commitment (Galiartha, 2.
In 2022.
Air EV was produced as WulingAos first EV in Indonesia to strenghten the companyAos commitment towards the country (Wuling Tech Team.
Indonesian consumers now have a positive view on Chinese cars, and their popularity is increasing due to innovative features and technology, attractive design, and affordable prices (Vero & WeBridge, 2024.
Xinhua, 2.
As a result.
Chinese automotive companies in 2024 managed to control 83.
6 percent of the electric car market share in Indonesia (Krisdamarjati.
Despite its increasing popularity and positive perception by the public.
Chinese cars are still viewed skeptically, especially in terms of quality and safety, as well as level of durability and long-term performance compared to proven leading brands (Vero & WeBridge 2.
Cars are being categorized as risky products, where recalls are an acceptable way to protect consumers from potential harm (Mitchell, 1.
Several cases have hit Chinese electric cars such as unknown irreparable damage, battery pack falling off while driving, also peeling paint and mold on cars (Opletal, 2023.
Vainilavicius, 2024.
Kothari, 2.
In September 2024.
BYD 000 EVs due to a manufacturing defect that could cause short circuits and fires (Ho, 2.
Other risks associated with EV are also concerning for consumers, such as battery replacement cost, long charging time (PwC Indonesia, 2.
, and extreme drop in resale value (Ferdian, 2.
Another main obstacle that made consumer hold back from buying EVs is the difficulty in finding charging stations in remote areas of Indonesia (PwC Indonesia, 2.
, although 69% of consumers from big cities will only use EV for inner-city mobility according to Populix research (Arifin, 2024.
Limited number of charging infrastructure and relatively distant locations make consumers more comfortable at charging their EV at home (Arifin, 2024.
, so the State Electricity Company (PLN) provides incentives in the form of electricity tariff discounts and free installation of home charging equipment for every purchase of EV (Saputra, 2.
Consumer behavior can be explained and predicted by theory of planned behavior (TPB) which is formed by attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN) and perceived behavioral control (PBC) to determine a personAos intention (Ajzen, 1.
TPB and several other models were then combined by Venkatesh et al.
to form the basis formulation of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT).
Facilitating conditions as one of the components from UTAUT has a root construct derived from perceived behavioral control, so that facilitating conditions can be used directly to predict behavioral intentions (Venkatesh et , 2.
Gunawan et al.
, .
have studied consumer intentions to use EV in Indonesia by using a combination of UTAUT2.
TPB and perceived risk theories.
Dutta & Hwang .
focused on research on the adoption of EV in Taiwan through TPB.
On the other hand.
Jimynez & San-Martin .
used the country-of-origin reputation (COOR) approach in examining perceived risk (PR) and trust (TR) in cars from South Korea.
Thus, not many have studied the 3018 | P a g e https://dinastipub.
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influence of the country-of-origin aspect in EV adoption literature.
Existing studies on countryof-origin has a research context towards various products such as conventional cars, ecommerce services, fashion, cameras, and even medicine (Jimynez & San-Martin.
, 2010, 2016.
Shin et al.
, 2012.
Bhattacharya et al.
, 2022.
Kim et al.
, 2.
In addition, there are still a few that combine TPB.
PR.
TR, and COOR to predict EV adoption.
Therefore, this study will attempt to fill this gap while modifying TPB by including facilitating conditions (FC) aspect to make it more suitable for EV context.
A companyAos reputation from a COO can reveal past behavior and future performance, reducing consumer risk when unfamiliar with foreign or emerging market products (Jimynez & San-Martin, 2.
A study by Thanasuta et al.
found that Japanese cars are the preferred choice for most Thai consumers due to their quality and excellent after-sales service over the past 50 years in the Thai automotive market.
A lingering antipathy towards a country due to political or economic events can negatively impact consumers, as seen in Chinese consumersAo reduced interest in Japanese products due to past war violence (Maher & Carter.
Similarly.
COOR negatively affects PR in the context of South Korean cars (Jimynez & San-Martin, 2.
, and Shin et al.
found similar results for COO in camera and clothing Based on these findings, we propose the following hypothesis.
H1: When country-of-origin reputation is higher, perceived risk will be lower.
COO influences both risk perception and trust.
When a productAos COO is perceived well, consumers have more positive and satisfied feelings, leading to higher initial trust in the company (Jimynez & San-Martin, 2.
A well-built COOR signals a companyAos ability to comply with commitments, strengthening consumer trust (Jimynez & San-Martin, 2.
Research on South Korean cars in Spain and Mexico, and online shopping platforms, shows a significant relationship between COOR and trust (Jimynez & San-Martin, 2010.
Bhattacharya et al.
, 2.
Therefore, we propose the following hypothesis.
H2: When country-of-origin reputation is higher, trust will be higher.
Consumers must face risk, though it can be painful and cause anxiety (Taylor, 1.
performance risk arises when consumers perceive EV performance as lower than conventional cars (Wang et al.
, 2.
Additionally, thereAos a potential risk of product-related health issues, such as injury from home EV charging (Featherman et al.
, 2.
Research by Liao .
and Wang et al.
found a negative relationship between performance risk and EV adoption attitudes, while Jaiswal et al.
found no significant association.
These contradictory results suggest the following hypothesis for future research.
H2: Perceived risk negatively influences attitudes toward electric vehicles from China in Indonesia.
Trust arises when parties have confidence in each otherAos reliability and integrity (Morgan & Hunt, 1.
ItAos crucial in relationships, reducing consumer uncertainty (Jimynez & San-Martin, 2.
Consumers trust companiesAo abilities and integrity, fostering long-term relationships (Shih et al.
, 2.
As a key influencer in human-machine interactions, trust shapes consumer attitudes towards technology (Pitardi & Marriott, 2.
Studies show a positive correlation between trust and attitude in electric car ridesharing (Eccarius & Chen, 2.
, face recognition payment technology (Moriuchi, 2.
, and virtual assistant technology (Pitardi & Marriott, 2.
H4: Trust positively influences attitude toward electric vehicles from China in Indonesia.
Attitude, as defined by Ajzen .
, reflects an individualAos perception of a behaviorAos positivity or negativity.
The advantages of cutting-edge technology in products significantly 3019 | P a g e https://dinastipub.
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influence consumer attitudes (Yuen et al.
, 2.
Personal experience with electric cars shapes new consumersAo attitudes, making them primary psychological factors influencing adoption intention (Li et al.
, 2.
Intention measures effort in executing a behavior, and individuals are more likely to engage in it when they perceive it favorably (Ajzen, 2.
As awareness of EVsAo advantages grows, widespread adoption is expected to increase (Gunawan et al.
, 2.
Studies in Taiwan.
China, and India have shown a positive impact of attitude on EV adoption intention (Liao, 2021.
Dutta & Hwang, 2021.
Wang et al.
, 2018.
Jaiswal et al.
, 2.
Based on these findings, we propose the following hypothesis:
H5: Attitude positively influence intention to adopt electric vehicles from China in Indonesia.
Subjective norms, social pressure from groups or influential individuals, influence EV adoption (Ajzen, 1.
Influential individuals include parents, friends, co-workers, or experts.
Group or racial members often comply with group rules, impacting EV adoption (Ramachandaramurthy et al.
, 2.
Purchasing an EV involves family consideration, including vehicle count and home charging (Li et al.
, 2.
Previous studies show SN positively influences EV attitudes (Liao, 2021.
Dutta & Hwang, 2021.
Shalender & Sharma.
Mohamed et al.
found a modest positive impact of SN on EV adoption in Canada.
This study explores the following hypothesis:
H6: Subjective norms positively influence intention to adopt electric vehicles from China in Indonesia.
Facilitating conditions (FC) is the level of trust in infrastructure and organizational support for system or product adoption (Venkatesh et al.
, 2.
Incentive policies in many countries accelerate EV adoption, leading to substantial cost savings for consumers (Huang & Ge, 2.
Indonesian consumer confidence in EVs is influenced by government efforts to facilitate electrification programs, such as infrastructure preparation and incentives (Gunawan et al.
, 2022.
Veza et al.
, 2.
However, charging infrastructure remains a major challenge in Indonesia (Gunawan et al.
, 2022.
Veza et al.
, 2.
Studies by Alwadain et al.
in Saudi Arabia.
Castillo et al.
in India and Spain, and Chaveesuk et al.
on autonomous vehicles in Thailand show a positive relationship between FC and EV adoption intention.
Based on these findings, we propose the following hypothesis:
H7: Facilitating conditions positively influences intention to adopt electric vehicles from China in Indonesia.
METHOD
Data collection will be conducted with convenience sampling.
The number of samples needed is five times the number of indicators (Hair et al.
, 2019.
So, the minimum number of respondents needed is 180, considering 36 indicators.
The chosen population includes conventional car owners and car users who use cars but donAot own one.
These include family car users and those who rely on conventional or online car taxi services.
The targeted samples are residents of major Indonesian cities like Jakarta.
Bandung.
Bogor.
Tangerang.
Depok, and Bekasi, also targeted respondents must know about Chinese EVs sold in Indonesia such as their advantages and disadvantages.
Data was collected using Google Forms and sent through social The questionnaire form was written in Indonesian and English.
A pre-test was conducted among 31 of the 55 sample respondents.
The results tested reliability and validity of indicator items and provided feedback to refine the questionnaire.
A total of 310 responses were collected during the actual survey conducted in November 2024.
Eight constructs which consists of 36 indicator items are measured using a Likert scale from 1 to 5, where Austrongly disagreeAy is worth one point and Austrongly agreeAy is worth five COOR is measured using indicators from Jimynez & San-Martin .
PR and TR 3020 | P a g e https://dinastipub.
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are measured using indicators from Wang et al.
Liao .
, and Jimynez & San-Martin .
Indicators from Jaiswal et al.
Liao .
Gunawan et al.
, and Castillo et al.
assess TPB constructs: ATT.
SN.
FC, and ITA.
Some measurement item words are modified or adjusted for Indonesian respondents.
The PLS-SEM method is used for data analysis in this study, as suggested by Hair et al.
for complex research models with numerous indicators.
The results were analyzed through reflective measurement model analysis, structural model evaluation, convergent validity, internal consistency, discriminant validity, structural model analysis, and examining hypothetical relationships.
SmartPLS version 4.
was used to analyze the data.
The following are measurement items and conceptual framework used in this study.
Construct
Item
Countryof-originReputation (COO) COO1
COO2
COO3
COO4
COO5
COO6
COO7
PR1
Perceived Risk (PR) PR2
PR3
PR4
PR5
PR6
Trust (TR) Attitude adoption of EV from China
(ATT)
Subjective Norms (SN) PR7
TR1
TR2
TR3
TR4
TR5
TR6
ATT1
ATT2
ATT3
ATT4
SN1
SN2
SN3
Facilitating Conditions (FC) FC1
FC2
Table 1.
Measurement Items Measurement I believe that China EV firms are innovative I think that China EV firms possess a distinguished brand image I believe that China EV firms are prestigious I think EV China firms are well recognized I think that China EV firms have a bad reputation in the market I believe that China EV firms are frequently mentioned in the media I think that China EV firms have better reputation than others I am afraid of suffering financial losses .
g: total purchasing cost, battery replacement cost, insurance coverage, resale valu.
when using EV from China I would not feel totally safe when I drive EV from China on the road Considering the disadvantages of EV from China .
g, limited driving range, difficult to find charging station, long time rechargin.
I think using EV from China could involve important time losses I worry about whether EV from China will really perform as well as traditional gasoline vehicles I worry about that my family and friends donAot understand me if I purchase EV from China I am afraid that the cruising range of EV from China cannot meet my expectation .
iscrepancy between companyAos claim and real vehicle usag.
I am afraid that EV from China often break I believe China EV firms are giving fulfillment of promises I believe that China EV firms make honest transactions I am confident that China EV firms will act in the best interest of the customer I think that China EV firms are concerned about customer satisfaction I believe that China EV firms give detailed and truthful information I trust in the technical capacity of China EV firms I am interested in EV from China I like the idea of using EV from China It gives me positive feeling to adopt EV from China as one of my travel choices In the long term.
I think buying EV from China is more cost effective than owning a conventional vehicle If my family and relatives had bought and used EV from China, maybe I would too Maybe I will be interested in using EV from China if my close friends recommend it If the environment I work in uses EV from China.
I might as well use them The Indonesian government is actively setting up facilities for selling electric vehicles Sources Jimynez & SanMartin.
Wang et , 2018.
Liao.
Jimynez & SanMartin.
Jaiswal et , 2021.
Liao.
Gunawan et al.
Gunawan et al.
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FC4
FC5
Intention to adopt EV
from China
(ITA)
ITA1
ITA2
ITA3
ITA4
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The Indonesian government is actively setting up public electric refueling facilities The Indonesian government is actively offering incentives to increase electric power for electric vehicle owners There is a help center that can be contacted in case
of problems with EV from China
I would be constrained by the lack of infrastructure and other facilities to use EV from China
I am willing to adopt EV from China when choosing a vehicle in the near future I plan to adopt EV from China when choosing vehicle in the near
I intend to adopt EV from China when choosing a vehicle in the near future I would like to recommend others to adopt EV from China
when they planned to choose a vehicle Castillo et
, 2023
Jaiswal et
, 2021
Source: Author Figure 1.
Conceptual Framework
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Pre-Test Internal consistency reliability for constructs was measured using composite reliability and CronbachAos alpha, both of which require a minimum standard value of 0.
70 (Hair, et al.
The convergent validity is assessed using Average Variance Extraction (AVE) and must be greater than 0.
5 for the construct to be considered valid (Hair et al.
, 2.
Convergent validity is also measured through outer loading, in which high outer loading indicates similarities between indicators related to a construct (Hair, 2.
Hair et al.
suggest a standard of 0.
5 or higher for good outer loading, and ideally 0.
7 or higher.
On this pre-test phase, we found that 4 indicators and 2 constructs didnAot meet the minimum standard needed for reliability and validity.
After removing unreliable indicators and reanalyzing the data until all outer loadings are above standard.
CronbachAos Alpha and AVE of COO still fall below the standard.
This is likely because of the limited sample size during the pre-test.
PLS-SEM is more sensitive to sample size and becomes unreliable when using small samples (Hair et al.
, 2.
Indicator items that were eliminated in this pre-test will be omitted from the actual survey.
Respondent Profile This study collected 260 valid responses out of 310 from the actual survey.
The gender distribution is nearly balanced with a significant share of respondents over the age of 35 .
%).
Most respondents lived in Jakarta .
%), followed by other major cities in Java like Tangerang .
%).
Bandung .
%), and Bogor .
%).
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%) and are quite well-off, earning a monthly income exceeding Rp.
15,000,000 .
which is triple the minimum wage in Jakarta (Badan Pusat Statistik DKI Jakarta, 2.
Almost all respondents are also conventional car owners .
%).
Respondents were also asked to recall EV brands they remember the most from a list of six Chinese EVs sold in Indonesia.
BYD
%) and Wuling .
%) are the two brands that emerged at the top of the list.
Reliability and Validity In the first data processing stage, indicator FC5 came out as unreliable with an outer loading of -0.
300 and had to be eliminated.
Consequently.
CronbachAos alpha .
and AVE .
of FC are also below the standard threshold.
Upon elimination of FC5, the data was then processed a second time and the results showed that all construct and indicators were reliable and valid.
The final analysis results are shown in the table below.
Construct Table 1.
Validity and Reliability of Construct
Indicator Outer
CronbachAos Composite Loadings Alpha
Reliability (CR) Country-of-originReputation (COO) Perceived Risk (PR) Trust (TR) Attitude toward adoption of EV from China (ATT) Subjective Norms (SN) Facilitating Conditions (FC) Intention to adopt EV
from China (ITA) COO1
COO2
COO5
COO7
PR2
PR3
PR4
PR6
PR7
TR1
TR2
TR3
TR4
TR5
TR6
ATT1
ATT2
ATT3
ATT4
SN1
SN2
SN3
FC1
FC2
FC3
FC4
ITA1
ITA2
ITA3
ITA4
Source: Research data Average Variance Extracted (AVE) Discriminant Validity This study employs the heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) criterion to assess discriminant validity, which measures how each construct differs from each other (Hair et al.
, 2019.
The HTMT criterion has a maximum value of 0.
90 for constructs that share similar concepts and a maximum value of 0.
85 for constructs that have distinct concepts (Hair et al.
, 2019.
In the studyAos results, the HTMT value between ATT and INT is 0.
856, which is valid according to 3023 | P a g e https://dinastipub.
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the standard of 0.
90 since both constructs share a similar concept.
HTMT values for the rest of constructs all fall below the threshold of 0.
85, indicating their validity.
The results are shown in the table below.
ATT
Table 2.
Correlation of Measurement Items COO
ITA
ATT
COO
ITA
Source: Research data Structural Model Coefficient of determination (R.
is the most used measurement for evaluating structural A higher R2 indicates better prediction of the dependent variable (Hair et al.
, 2019.
The result showed that R2 value for PR is 0.
TR is 0.
ATT is 0.
521, and INT is 0.
It can be concluded that the PR and TR have weak explanatory power, while the ATT and INT have moderate explanatory power.
Hypothesis Test Result The path coefficientAos significance is evaluated to examine the relevance of the relationship between constructs (Hair et al.
, 2019.
Hair .
stated that path coefficient value ranges from -1 to 1, indicating a strong negative or positive relationship.
In marketing research, significance level is typically assumed to be 5% (Hair, 2.
To measure the significance of relationship between constructs at that level, the p-value must be less than 0.
and the t-value must exceed 1.
65 in a one-tailed test (Hair, 2.
Data analysis was done by bootstrapping 5000 samples as recommended by Hair .
with a one-tailed test since the hypothesis in this study has a negative or positive direction.
The test results below showed that H1.
H2.
H3.
H4.
H5, and H6 were accepted and had a significant relationship.
However.
H7 was rejected, indicating that FC did not have a significant influence on attitude towards EV from China in Indonesia.
Table 3.
Result of Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis Path T statistics Direction Coefficients COO Ie PR Accepted COO Ie TR Accepted PR Ie ATT Accepted TR Ie ATT Accepted ATT Ie ITA Accepted SN Ie ITA Accepted FC Ie ITA Rejected Hypothesis P values Results Source: Research data 3024 | P a g e https://dinastipub.
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Discussion The finding in this study proven that higher COOR reduces PR.
This result aligns with the research of Jimynez & San-Martin .
and Shin et al.
Moreover, we found that a high COOR enhances TR, which support the findings of Jimynez & San-Martin .
0, 2.
Most EV from China have only been launched in Indonesia for the past three years.
However, the results from this study indicated that Indonesian consumers have placed trust in the reputation of China, which helped to reduce their perception of risk.
Previously perceived as a country lacking in technology and automotive industry, the quality of Chinese cars has significantly improved since 2005 (Li, 2020.
Veza et al.
, 2.
and this improvement is particularly notable for our mature respondents who might have personally experienced the enhanced quality of Chinese cars compared to their initial arrival in Indonesia.
PR has been found to have a negative impact on ATT towards the adoption of EV from China.
This finding aligns with previous literature in China by Wang et al.
and Liao .
, as well as in India by Jaiswal et al.
On the contrary.
TR have a positive influence on ATT towards the adoption of EV from China.
This corroborates the findings of previous research on adoption of EV ride-sharing (Eccarius & Chen, 2.
and virtual assistant Alexa (Pitardi & Marriott.
The majority of respondents who own conventional cars may have become more cautious in considering long-term car risks due to past purchase experiences.
Furthermore, the presence of Chinese car companies through dealers that mostly located in capital city and large cities where our respondents lived, so this exposure may contribute to the sense of trust in Chinese EV for them.
Attitude has proven to have a positive impact on the intention to adopt EV (ITA) from China.
This finding is consistent with the results from previous studies by Wang .
Liao .
Jaiswal .
, and Dutta & Hwang .
The intention to adopt EV from China is also positively influenced by SN.
This has confirmed the result of Liao .
in China.
Dutta & Hwang .
in Taiwan.
Shalender & Sharma .
in India, and Mohammed et al.
in Canada.
Chinese electric car companies can enhance their reputations and reduce perceived risk by prioritizing long-term commitments to fulfilling sales promises through after-sales service.
This includes establishing a comprehensive dealer network and after-sales service throughout Indonesia to reach consumers more closely.
Electric car manufacturers are advised to assume accountability for mitigating potential losses associated with their products (Jaiswal et al.
and enhancing their innovation capabilities and improving vehicle quality (Liao, 2.
in order to persuade consumers to favor Chinese-produced electric vehicles.
Companies should focus on promoting factors that increase trust and reduce consumer risk perception, as subjective norms have little influence on electric car adoption among established and mature FC were found to have no impact on the intention to adopt EV from China, thus rejecting H7.
This result contradicts literature by Chaveesuk et al.
Castillo et al.
, and Alwadain et al.
Our studyAos measurement items mostly refer to the governmentAos effort in setting up public charging facilities and offering incentives for increasing household electricity power.
A possible reason for this contradictory result is respondents in our study are considered capable of facilitating themselves for charging needs.
To install a home charging device in Indonesia, consumers must upgrade their household electricity capacity to 7,700 Volt Ampere (VA) at a discounted cost of IDR 850,000 from the original price of IDR 7.
49 million (PLN, 2023.
Setiawan, 2.
63% of our respondents who have an income above IDR 15 million can be considered in the upper class who have expenses of more than IDR 6 million per month (World Bank, 2.
, so they are considered able to facilitate themselves with home charging even without incentives.
To encourage EV adoption for this consumer group, the government could provide non-financial incentives such as exclusive parking spaces at shopping centers and discounts on parking fees or tolls.
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CONCLUSION
The results from this study showed that respondents no longer perceived ChinaAos reputation as negative as it used to be.
Instead, they believe that Chinese car technology is of higher quality, which can help reduce safety risks.
COOR plays a crucial role in reducing perceived risks and fostering trust.
PR negatively affects attitude towards adopting Chinese EV in Indonesia, while TR positively affects it.
ATT, along with SN, positively affects the intention to adopt Chinese EV.
However, only FC have been proven to not affect the intention.
In conclusion.
ATT holds the strongest influence towards INT compared to SN and FC.
Established and mature respondents in our study are considered able to facilitate themselves with personal car charging devices.
Therefore, public charging facilities and financial incentives on household electrical capacity provided by the government are insignificant when considering the adoption of Chinese EV.
Similar to Jimynez & San-MartinAos .
study on COO reputation in automobiles, this studyAos findings are limited due to its specific product type and COO country context.
The relevance of this context depends on the COOAos advancement of electric car technology and the countryAos reputation.
Potential biases include the questionnaireAos dual language, the meaning of COO reputation due to the car product categoryAos close relationship with its brand (Jimynez & San-Martin, 2.
, and the selection of the respondent sample, as knowledgeable individuals about electric cars may attend automotive exhibitions, visit showrooms, or hear from friends.
This study, targeting respondents from major Indonesian cities, primarily Java, may not be representative of other major cities outside Java.
The rejection of a hypothesis suggests unexplored factors influencing Chinese electric car adoption.
The studyAos focus on the rise of Chinese electric cars in Indonesia in 2024 is limited to a specific phenomenon.
Further research, especially on Chinese electric cars, is needed due to the dynamic nature of the automotive market, regulations, and government.
Suggestions for further research include waiting until the Indonesian electric car market becomes more diverse, with products from various countries, which could alter the studyAos As in Alwadain et al.
and Castillo et al.
, future researchers could include technology, expertise, and consumersAo ability to facilitate electric car adoption in facilitating Future studies of COOs in other countries could explore more relevant variables based on the state of the electric car industry and the COOsAo reputations.
REFERENCES