Volume 1, Issue 4, September 2020

E-ISSN : 2721-303X, P-ISSN : 2721-3021

DETERMINANT OF GOVERNMENT BANK PERFORMANCE THROUGH NIM AS
INTERVENING

Laynita Sari1, Nandan Limakrisna2, Renil Septiano3
1)
STIE KBP Padang
2)
Universitas Persada YAI, Indonesia
3)
STIE KBP Padang
ARTICLE INFORMATION
Received: 25 August 2020
Revised: 1 September 2020
Issued: 24 September 2020
Corresponding author: first author
E-mail:
laynitasari4@gmail.com

DOI: 10.38035/DIJEFA

Abstract: A government bank is a bank in which most
of its shares are owned by the government. The
government bank comprises four banks namely Bank
Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Negara Indonesia, Bank
Mandiri, and Bank Tabungan Negara. One ratio used
to assess a bank’s performance is the Return on Asset
ratio. Each bank will try to keep its Return on Asset
ratio consistently rising. But the phenomenon is that
the Government Bank’s Return on Asset ratio
fluctuated from 2014 to 2019. I will therefore examine
the factors that affect the ratio of Return on Assets to
government banks. In this study, the ratio used was
Non Performing Loan as independent variable, Net
Interest Margin as intervening variable and Return on
Asset on dependent variable. The result that the Net
Interest Margin variable does not mediate the
relationship between Non Performing Loan and Return
on Asset.
Keywords: NPL, ROA, NIM, Government Bank

INTRODUCTION
A bank is an institution that helps the economic development of a country. If the
development grows well, it will boost the economy from the public, and instead of the
development of the bank is bad or crisis, then the state of the country’s economy is in
dissipation. The definition of bank according to Article 2 of Law No. 10 of 1998 in banking
is a business entity that collects funds from the public in the form of deposits and distributes
them to the public to improve the living standards of the people.
The financial development or performance of a bank from its profitability
performance. According to Bank Indonesia, the important profitability ratio for banks is
Return On Asset (ROA) (Latifah et al., 2012). According to (Astohar, 2016) Return On Asset

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(ROA) is used to measure bank profitability. This is also in line with the direction of Bank
Indonesia as a banking supervisor and supervisor is under the auspices of the Financial
Services Authority (OJK) prioritizing the profitability value of banks. The greater return on
asset (ROA) can be said to be the higher the level of profit achieved by the bank, which is
certainly the optimal position of the bank in terms of the use of assets.
In Indonesia there are four government banks namely Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank
Negara Indonesia, Bank Mandiri, and Bank Tabungan Negara. This government bank is a
state-owned bank because its shares are majority controlled by the government. Therefore,
government banks are more trusted by the public to save and for loans. The government bank
will also try to keep the ROA up.
Table 1 Financial Ratios of Gvernent Banks
Year
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

ROA
3,19
2,86
2,56
2,72
2,74
2,27

RASIO (%)
NPL
2,45
2,69
2,95
2,62
2,42
3,02

NIM
6,31
6,33
6,36
5,96
5,65
5,17

Source: Financial Statements from each government bank
From the table above explains the changes in ROA, NPL, and NIM during the period
2014 to 2019. There is an inconsistent relationship between ROA variables and NPL and
NIM variables. The desired ROA ratio always rises, but in fact from 2014 to 2019 the
financial ratio of ROA of the Government Bank is volatile. The phenomenon that occurred
from 2014 to 2016 is that the ROA ratio of government banks always decreased, where in
2014 3.19% decreased by 0.33% in 2015, so the ratio of ROA in 2015 to 2.86%. In 2016 the
ROA ratio decreased again from 0.3% in 2015 to 2.56%. In 2017 the ROA ratio increased by
0.16% from 2016 so the ROA ratio to 2.72%, in 2018 the ROA ratio also increased by 0.02%
from 2017 to 2.74%. But in 2019 the ROA ratio decreased by 0.47% so that the ROA ratio
increased by 2.27%. During 2014 to 2019, this was the largest decrease in ROA ratios.
No less important in maintaining the bank’s performance to grow properly, one of the
financial ratios of concern is the Non Performing Loan (NPL) ratio. Banks should keep this
NPL ratio always down, because if it allows this ratio to increase it will impact the decline in
profits, and eventually the bank’s performance will fall. After observing the Government
Bank’s NPL ratio from 2014 to 2019, there is a phenomenon where from 2014 to 2016 the
NPL ratio always increases, where in 2014 it increased by 2.45% by 0.23% in 2015 so the
NPL ratio to 2.69%. In 2016, the NPL ratio increased by 0.26% from 2015 to 2.95%. In 2017,
the NPL ratio decreased by 0.33% from 2016 to 2.62%. In 2018 the NPL ratio also decreased
by 0.20% from 2017 to 2.42%. But in 2019 the NPL ratio increased by 0.60% to 3.02%.
During 2014 to 2019 the largest increase in NPL ratio occurred in 2019.
In examining the ratio of ROA and NPL there is a research gap in previous research
conducted by (Prihartini, Dana, 2018) where research was conducted at Bank Rakyat
Indonesia, resulting in that the direct influence of NPL on ROA distribution is negative and

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significant. This means that the larger the non-performing loans, the more revenue reflected
through the ROA will also be reduced. Meanwhile, research conducted by (Muliawati,
Khoiruddin, 2015) which examined sharia banks resulted in a partial NPF positive effect on
ROA showed by a regression coefficient of 0.571 and a significance rate of over 0.05 which
is 0.571. Research on NPL and ROA ratios has also been conducted by (Sari, Tanno, Putri,
2019) where the ratio of NPL as a moderation variable results in that the NPL Variable is not
a moderation between LDR and ROA, so it can be concluded that the NPL variable is not a
moderating variable.
Besides the NPL and ROA ratios, the ratio that is no less important in banking is the
Net Interest Magin ratio. Net Interest Margin is the ratio used to analyze how much net
interest income compares to the company’s productive assets. In table 1 above we can see
that the ratio of NIM to government banks from 2014 to 2016 always rises, and from 2017 to
2019 the NIM ratio of government banks always falls. We can see that from 2014 to 2015 the
NIM ratio increased by 0.02% to 6.33% in 2015. In 2016, the NIM ratio also increased by
0.03% from 2015 to 6.36%. In 2017 there was a decrease in NIM by 0.41% from 2016 to
NIM in 2017 to 5.96%. In 2018 NIM again decreased by 0.31% from 2017 so that in 2018
the NIM ratio to 5.65%. During 2014 to 2019, the most NIM decrease occurred in 2019,
where NIM decreased by 0.48% from 2018 to NIM in 2019 by 5.17%.
Research by (Arsyad, 2019) which conducted research on banks found that NIM had a
significant positive effect on profitability. While the results of the study by (Pedro and
Yunanto, 2018) showed results that NIM had no significant positive effect on ROA. Other
research conducted by (Harun, 2016) states that NIM has no effect on ROA.
From the phenomenon described above and there is a research gap in the previous
research, this research issue concerning banking performance is proxy’d with ROA. This
research aims to conduct empirical studies on the factors that influence changes in ROA that
impact the banking performance of the Government Bank. Some previous studies have
examined using the same variable, then several factors that will be tested affect the ROA,
namely the calculation of NPL and NIM ratios as intervening variables in government banks.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Bank
The understanding of the Bank based on Law No. 10 of 1998 on banking that
perfected Law No. 7 of 1992 on banking, is: “Bank is a business entity that raises funds from
the community in the form of deposits and distributes it to the public in the form of credit and
or other forms to improve the living standards of many people”. So banks are business
entities whose business activities raise funds from the community in the form of deposits and
channel them back to the community in the form of credit and or in other forms and
providing other bank services to improve the living standards of many people.
The Bank is a financial institution whose major activity is to raise funds from the
community and re-channel the funds to the community and provide other Bank services
(Kashmir, 2018).
Government Bank

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It regulates the Government Bank in Law No. 19 of 2003 on BUMN (referred to as
the BUMN Law). This law gives the understanding of so-called BUMNs themselves. In
Article 1 number 1 of the BUMN Law states that BUMNs are business entities that all or
most of the capital is owned by the state through direct participation derived from the wealth
of a segregated country.
Bank Financial Performance
The performance of the company as a formal business carried out by the company to
test the efficient and effectiveness of the company’s activities that have been carried out in a
certain period. Financial performance is the determination of certain measures that can
measure the success of an organization or company in generating profit (Sucipto, 2003).
An assessment of a bank’s performance can be done by analyzing financial
statements. Financial statements comprising balance sheets will inform outside banks, such as
the Central Bank, the public, and external parties can also use investors about the picture of
its financial position to assess the amount of risk that exists in a bank. Other financial
statements namely profit or loss summarize the development of the bank’s business. The
financial statements also show the Bank’s performance.
Return On Asset (ROA)
In this study, banking performance was measured by ROA, where ROA measures the
bank’s management’s ability to manage its assets for overall profit (Dendawijaya, 2003). The
larger the ROA of a bank, the greater the level of profit achieved by the bank and the better it
is an important indicator of the ratio for shareholders and potential investors to measure the
Bank’s ability to get net income associated with dividend payments.
According to SE BI No. 13/24/DPNP dated October 25, 2011, the ROA standard set
for banks in Indonesia is at least 1.5%. Then the formula for calculating Return On Asset
(ROA):

Non Performing Loan (NPL)
Non Performing Loan (NPL) is a key indicator in assessing the bank’s function
performance, high NPL value can be said to be an overview of the bank’s failure to manage
the business causing liquidity problems (inability to pay third parties), Rentability (nonbillable debt), Solvency (Reduced capital). Meanwhile, falling profits are one consequence
because practical banks lose sources of income besides having to set aside reserves according
to credit collectibility.
According to SE BI No. 13/24/DPNP dated October 25, 2011 Credit risk is the risk
because of the failure of the debtor and or any other party in fulfilling obligations to the bank.
A healthy Non Performing Loan (NPL) standard of the non-performing loan amount is not
over 5% of the total credit given to the debtor. If it exceeds 5%, it will affect the bank’s
health level. Then the NPL formula:

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The NPL describes the level of non-performing loans held by a bank. The higher the
NPL will make net interest income fall, and the higher the NPL will be. Research supports
this hypothesis (Brock, Suarez, 2000), (Rokhim and Wulandary, 2012) and (Syarif, 2006)
that shows NPL has a negative relationship to NIM. Then researchers can lower the first
hypothesis:
H1 : NPL has a significant negative effect on NIM
In previous research on the ratio of NPL and ROA conducted by (Prihartini, Dana,
2018) where research was conducted on Bank Rakyat Indonesia, resulted in that the direct
influence of NPL on ROA distribution was negative and significant. This means that the
larger the non-performing loans, the more revenue reflected through the ROA will also be
reduced. Similar research was also conducted by (Zeuspita, Yadnya, 2019) research
conducted on public banks on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, stating that NPL had a
significant negative effect on ROA on commercial banks in idX for the period 2013-2015.
The results the implication that bank management should have wonderful ability in credit
assessment, assessment of guarantees and monitoring of debtors, thus allowing banks to
avoid the buildup of bad loans that can later affect the bank’s ROA on loan interest paid by
debtors. Other research also conducted by (Peling, Sedana, 2018) at BPD Bali bank for the
period 2009-2016 resulted in that NPL had a negative and significant effect on ROA in PT.
Bank Pembangunan Daerah Bali period 2009–2016. This means that the higher the risk of
credit, the lower the income received by BPD Bank. Then researchers can lower the second
hypothesis:
H2 : NPL has a significant negative effect on ROA
Net Interest Margin (NIM)
Net Interest Margin (NIM) is a comparison between net interest income to average
productive assets. This ratio shows the ability of banks to generate net interest income with
placing productive assets. The greater this ratio, the better the bank’s performance in
generating interest in income. However, it must be ensured that this is not because of high
intermediation costs, assuming interest income should be replanted to strengthen the bank’s
capital (Taswan, 2010).
According to SE BI No. 13/24/DPNP dated October 25, 2011, the NIM standard
stipulated for banks in Indonesia is at least 3%. Then the formula for calculating the Net
Interest Margin (NIM):

In previous research, on the ratio of Net Interest Margin to Return On Asset
conducted by (Arsyad, 2019) conducted research of banks in Egypt found that NIM had a
significant positive effect on profitability. Similar research conducted by (Sugiantari, Dana,
2019) found that Net Interest Margin had a positive and significant effect on ROA. Other

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research also conducted by (Grace, Yatna, 2019) on conventional public banks book four
shows Net Interest Margin (NIM) has a positive and significant effect on profitability proxies
by Return On Asset at Conventional Commercial Bank BUKU 4. Then the researchers can
lower the third hypothesis and the fourth:
H3 : NIM has a significant positive effect on ROA
H4 : NIM has a positive and significant influence as mediation between NPL and ROA
RESEARCH METHODS
Research Sites
This research at the Government Bank through financial report data for the period
2014-2019. Through financial statements owned by the Government Bank, researchers
processed the data according to the variables used in the study, both for independent
variables, mediation variables, and dependent variables. Thus the data processed by the
researchers is quantitative data. It gets the financial statements used from each official
website of BANK BRI, Bank BNI, Bank Mandiri, and Bank BTN.
Quantitative research includes relatively extensive libraries to give direction to
research questions or hypotheses. In planning quantitative research, library studies are often
used to usher in a problem in the introduction, (Ali & Limakrisna, 2013).
Research Design
This research wants to find out how independent variables such as Non Performing
Loan (NPL) affect dependent variables, namely Return on Assets (ROA) of Government
Banks through Net Interest Margin (NIM) as intervening variables. This research used data in
the form of semester financial statements owned by the Government Bank in the period 20142019. We get this financial report data from each official website of BANK BRI, Bank BNI,
Bank Mandiri, and Bank BTN.
Data Collection Methods
The method of collecting data in this study is to collect data from the semester
financial statements of the Government Bank from the period 2014 to 2019. We get this
financial report data from each official website of BANK BRI, Bank BNI, Bank Mandiri, and
Bank BTN.
Types and Data Sources
The data used in this study is secondary data is already in the form of reports, already
recorded and can be trusted the truth. While the data source in this study comes from the
official website of the Government Bank in the form of semester financial statements
belonging to Bank BRI, Bank BNI, Bank Mandiri and Bank BTN from 2014 to 2019.
Data Analysis
Based on the conceptual framework that has been created, the data analysis used in
this study is path analysis. It uses path analysis when independent variables can directly or
indirectly affect dependent variables. Indirect effect here means that there are intervening
variables that mediate the influence of independent variables on dependent variables.
Path analysis is a multivariate data analysis method to know the direct and indirect
influence of multiple causal variables (exogenous) on endogenous variables (consequences)

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with recursive patterns, and all variables can be observed directly. Recursive means that the
relationship between variables is one-way, there is no reciprocal relationship. If stated A
cause B, then B cannot cause A, (Ali & Limakrisna, 2013).
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the model 1 hypothesis test on the influence of NPL on motivation in table 2
below:
Table 2 Effect of NPL on NIM

Model
1

(Constant)
NPL
a. Dependent Variable: NIM

Unstandardized
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
8.353
.632
-.865
.224

Standardized Coefficients
Beta
t
Sig.
13.216
.000
-.498
-3.854
.000

Formulate SPSS test results regression equations:
NIM = 8,353 – 0,865 NPL
The hypothetical test results of model 2 influence of NPL, NIM on ROA in table 3 below:
Table 3 Effect of NPL, NIM on ROA
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized Coefficients
Model
B
Std. Error
Beta
t
Sig.
1
(Constant)
1.258
.502
2.508
.016
NPL
-.499
.093
-.394
-5.369
.000
NIM
.471
.054
.644
8.788
.000
a. Dependent Variable: ROA

Formulate SPSS test results regression equations:
ROA = 1,258 – 0,499 NPL + 0,471 NIM
Analyze the test results of each variable independent of its dependent variables:
1. NPL to NIM
H1 : NPL has a significant negative effect on NIM
The results of the NPL influence test on NIM a t value of -3,845 significance of
0.000. A value of significance smaller than 0.05 shows that NPL has a significant
negative effect on NIM. This means it accepts Hypothesis 1.
2. NPL to NIM
H1 : NPL has a significant negative effect on NIM
The results of the NPL influence test on NIM a t value of -3,845 significance of
0.000. A value of significance smaller than 0.05 shows that NPL has a significant
negative effect on NIM. This means it accepts Hypothesis 1.
3. NIM to ROA
H3 : NIM has a significant positive effect on ROA

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The results of the ROA-based NIM influence test were obtained a t value of 8,788
significance of 0.000. A value of significance smaller than 0.05 shows that NIM has a
significant positive effect on the ROA. This means it accepts Hypothesis 3.
Intervening Test Results for hypothesis 4, first determine the value of the determinant
coefficient (R²).
R square value of the regression in the following table:
Table 4 R Square NPL values
Adjusted
Model

R

R Square

Std. Error of the
Estimate

.231

1.15263

R Square

1
.498a
a. Predictors: (Constant), NPL

.248

In table 4 above we can see that the value of R square is 0.248, this means that 24.8% of NIM
is affected by NPL, other variables affect the remaining 75.2%.
e1 = √(1-0,248) = 0,867
Tabel 5. R Square NPL, NIM values
Adjusted
Model
R
R Square
R Square
1
.907a
.822
.814
a. Predictors: (Constant), NIM, NPL

Std. Error of the
Estimate
.41416

In table 5 above we can see that the R square value is 0.822, this means that 88.2% of ROA is
affected by NPL and NIM, other variables affect the remaining 17.8%.
e2 = √(1-0,822) = 0,422
e1 = 0,867
e2 = 0,422
NIM
(Y)

-0,865

0,471

(
NPL
(X)

-0,499

ROA
(Z)

(
4. NPL to ROA mediation
NIM
H4 : NIM a positive and significant influence as mediation between NPL and ROA
How the NPL affects the ROA mediated by NIM, first do the following calculations:
X
Z = - 0,499
X through Y to Z = -0,865 x 0,471 = -0,407
Total influence exerted X
Z = -0,499 - 0,407 = -0,906 From the calculation above, we can
know that the direct influence > indirect influence, where -0.499 > -0.906. This means that

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NIM does not exert influence between NPL and ROA on government banks. It rejects
hypothesis 4.
CONCLUSION AND SUGESTION
CONCLUSION
Based on the test results and discussion of hypotheses described earlier, we can draw it to
some conclusions:
1. Non Performing Loans on Government Banks has a negative and significant influence
on Net Interest Margin. We can see this from the data processing result where the t
value is -3,845 significance of 0.000. This means that if the amount of bad loans at the
Government Bank is high, then the net interest income at the Government Bank will
fall.
2. 2. Non Performing Loans at Government Banks has a negative and significant
influence on Return On Assets. We can see this from the data processing result where
the t value of -5,369 significance is 0.000. This can mean that if the amount of bad
credit at the Government Bank is high, then the profit will fall.
3. 3. Net Interest Margin on Government Bank has a positive and significant influence
on Return On Asset. We can see this from the data processing results where the t
value of 8,788 significance is 0.000. This can mean that if the net interest income at
the Government Bank is high, then the profit will also rise.
4. 4. Net Interest Margin on Government Banks does not affect non-performing loans
and return on assets. We can see this from the results of the calculation and the
comparison between direct and indirect influence. The direct influence is between
NPL on ROA and indirect influence that is NPL on ROA through NIM. Got the result
that the direct influence > of indirect influence were -0.499 > -0.906. This can mean
that the net interest income at the Government Bank has no effect on bad loans and
profits.
5.
SUGGESTION
1. The Government Bank to keep its NPL ratio consistently down, because if this NPL
grows it will reduce the company’s profit, and affect the company’s performance.
2. The Government Bank to increase its ROA ratio and be able to maintain consistently
so that the ratio always rises.
3. NIM ratio is also a positive influence to ROA, so that government banks can optimize
this ratio to continue to grow by not ruling out the principle of prudence.
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