Public Health of Indonesia
E-ISSN: 2477-1570 | P-ISSN: 2528-1542
Original Research Relationship of socio-demographic factors, knowledge, attitude, and food consumption behavior among vocational high school students during COVID-19 pandemic.
Indonesia Nuri Hastuti1.
Sitti Nurdjannah1.
Dyah Suryani1,2* .
Suyitno3 , and Intan Wahyuni Tukiyo4 1Master of Public Health.
Faculty of Public Health.
Universitas Ahmad Dahlan.
Indonesia 2Departement of Nutrition.
Faculty of Public Health.
Universitas Ahmad Dahlan.
Indonesia 3MPHM.
ASEAN Institute for Health Development.
Mahidol University.
Thailand Tropical Medicine Program.
Faculty of Medicine.
Public Health and Nursing.
Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Indonesia Doi: https://dx.
org/10.
36685/phi.
Received: 28 December 2021 | Revised: 13 February 2022 | Accepted: 5 March 2022 Corresponding author:
Dr.
Dyah Suryani.
Si.
Kes Faculty of Public Health.
Ahmad Dahlan University Jl.
Prof.
DR.
Soepomo Sh.
Warungboto.
Kec.
Umbulharjo.
Yogyakarta 55164.
Indonesia Email: dyah.
suryani@ikm.
Copyright: A 2022 the Author.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract Background: Maintaining a nutritious eating behavior for school children is one of the important health issues to be carried out during the current COVID-19 pandemic.
The roles of parents, teachers, and health workers are necessary for school children.
Objective: This study aimed to determine socio-demographic factors, knowledge, attitude, and food consumption behavior among vocational high school students during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Municipality of Sleman.
Indonesia.
Methods: Cross-sectional design was employed among 84 students selected using purposive sampling.
Data were collected in September 2021 using validated questionnaires.
Chi-square test and multi logistic regression were used to examine associations between independent variables and food consumption behavior.
Results: The majority of the respondents were females .
%), and the range of age of all the respondents was 15-18 years old.
The multi logistic regression showed that the students who had low family income (Adj.
OR = 4.
38, 95% CI = 1.
, poor knowledge (Adj.
OR = 8.
39, 95% CI = 2.
, and had no roles of parent (Adj.
OR= 5.
45, 95% CI = 2.
statistically significantly had poor food consumption behavior.
Conclusion: The main variables that significantly influenced food consumption behavior in vocational high school students were level of knowledge, family income, and the role of parents.
This study may serve as input for public health decision-makers to improve health promotion to the students in the school.
Keywords: food consumption behavior.
COVID-19
, 2021.
Kabasawa et al.
, 2021.
Tosepu et al.
Every affected country implements the obligation to wear masks, maintain distance, and avoid crowds (Maleki et al.
, 2020.
Yanti et al.
, 2.
Background Human life changed after the COVID-19 pandemic occurred worldwide (Alzueta et al.
, 2021.
Birditt et Volume 8.
Issue 1.
January Ae March 2022 Many people have been lost their jobs due to the decline in the selling value of the companyAos products In the COVID-19 pandemic era (Tantrakarnapa et al.
, 2.
Office and school activities that were initially offline suddenly turned online (Meulenbroeks, 2020.
Tran et al.
, 2.
The change is challenging for students to accept, causing stress when studying in class (Agarwal & Kaushik.
Lazarevic & Bentz, 2.
Methods Study Design This study employed a cross-sectional approach.
The respondents were the students at Health Vocational Schools Binatama.
Sleman.
Yogyakarta.
Indonesia.
Participants The population of this study was 277 students.
The samples were taken using the purposive sampling The number of participants was 84 students after calculated using SlovinAos formula, with the inclusion criteria.
active student, .
available to be a respondent .
ign the informed consen.
, .
Bahasa Indonesia.
On the other hand, the exclusion criterion was the seriously ill students and unable to The behavior of consuming nutrition also plays an important role in keeping antibodies stable (Huber et , 2.
Adolescence is an important stage of human development when several psychological and social changes occur and the acquisition of new life habits, which are determinants of health status in adulthood (Wu et al.
, 2.
Eating habits among adolescents are influenced by biological, social, cultural, and economic factors, and evidence suggests that food consumption habits formed during adolescence remain the same into adulthood (Haddad & Sarti, 2.
In addition, parental education, household socioeconomic conditions, and the number of people in the family are social determinants that could shape adolescent health behavior (Irnaningsih et al.
, 2021.
Ruyz-Roso et al.
World Health Organization, 2.
Instruments Food consumption behavior refers to eating patterns according to balanced nutrition guidelines to regulate a balanced and safe daily diet to achieve and maintain optimal food and health status.
Foods contain fruit, vegetables, protein, plus physical activity and food safety aspects of reading food labels and choosing safe snacks.
School is also considered a predictor of knowledge on food consumption for handling malnutrition (Charles Shapu et al.
, 2.
The level of nutritional knowledge affects attitudes and behavior towards food choices (Adiba et al.
, 2.
Women tend to show more concern with taste and better nutritional knowledge than men.
This gender difference may be due to the fact that girls pay more attention to the quality of food, while boys eat out more often with their peers (Hu et al.
, 2.
There are six parts of the questionnaire, including food consumption behavior .
, knowledge .
questions about nutrition conception behavio.
, attitude .
questions about nutrition conception behavio.
, the role of parents .
, the role of the teacher .
, and role of health worker .
Each correct answer in each part of the question was scored Au1,Ay and the wrong answer was scored Au0Ay.
The total score of each part was classified into two groups using media as a cut-off point: good/yes if score > median and poor/no if total score O median.
All questions were originally designed in Bahasa Indonesia.
The questions in the questionnaire were the closed-ended type.
The result of the validity of each variable was nutrition consumption behavior .
, knowledge .
, attitude .
, the role of parents .
, the role of teachers .
, and the role of health workers .
From these results, it could be concluded that the calculated Rvalue on all items has a value greater than the T table, so this research questionnaire was valid.
Considering that the world has been experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic for almost two years, studying food consumption in school adolescents is Moreover, schools in Indonesia, which is still implemented limited meetings, will cause little It will indirectly affect food consumption behavior in adolescents because they represent potential risk factors for non-communicable diseases in the future.
So, this study aimed to determine the socio-demographic factors, knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of food consumption in healthy secondary students during the COVID-19 period.
Volume 8.
Issue 1.
January Ae March 2022 Kurder Richardson 20 (KR-.
was used for the reliability test of the nutrition consumption behavior .
, knowledge .
, attitude .
, the role of parents .
, the role of teachers .
, and the role of health workers .
in the pre-test.
addition, the pre-test of 30 students was conducted in other areas similar to the study area.
These results show that the questionnaire was reliable, with all alpha values >0.
5%, 61.
9%, 67.
9%, respectivel.
More than half of them also had a good food consumption behavior .
6%).
Table 1 Distribution of respondents by sociodemographic factors Socio-demographic Sex Male Female Age .
, n = 421 Mean A SD .
in-ma.
Working status of Yes Education of parents High Low Family Income OuRp.
1,500,000
< Rp.
1,500,000
Data Collection Data were collected in September 2021 by the researchers using the validated questionnaires after obtaining ethical permission.
Data Analysis Outcome measurement was food consumption behavior .
ood, poo.
Descriptive statistic was used to determine the frequency and percentage for all Chi-square test and multi logistic regression were used to examine associations consumption behavior.
The IBM SPSS Statistics 26 Gadjah Mada University license was used to analyze the data.
Frequency Percent 14 A 0.
Table 2 Characteristics of knowledge and attitude of the Ethical Considerations The Ethical Approval for this study was obtained from Ahmad Dahlan University Yogyakarta ethics committee office (Certificate of Approval No.
Each respondent was signed informed consent prior to data collection.
Variables Level of knowledge Good Poor Level of attitude Good Poor Role of parent Yes Role of teacher Yes Role of health worker Yes Food consumption Good Poor Results Table 1 below describes the general information of the respondents.
The majority of respondents were females .
%).
The average age of the respondents was 16 years old.
More than three-fourths of all respondents had a working parent and attended a high education level .
5% and 78.
More than half of respondents had a family income of more than or equal to Rp.
1,500,000.
While Table 2 explains the characteristics of knowledge and attitude of respondents.
More than half of them had a good level of knowledge .
3%).
The same proportion was shown for those who had good and poor attitude levels.
Most of the respondents also had a parentAos role in food consumption, teacherAos role, and health workerAos role Frequency Percent Table 3 shows the variables that had a significant correlation with food consumption behavior of students, such as family income, level of knowledge, level of attitude, the role of parent, and role of health Family income was significantly associated with food consumption .
-value 0.
The Chi- Volume 8.
Issue 1.
January Ae March 2022 Square test results also revealed that the level of knowledge and role of parents were significantly associated with food consumption .
-value <0.
<0.
001, respectivel.
The level of attitude was also significantly associated with food consumption, with p-value of 0.
Table 3 Association between each independent variable and food consumption behavior Independent variables Sex Male Female Working status of parents Yes Education of parents High Low Family Income OuRp.
< Rp.
Level of knowledge Good Poor Level of attitude Good Poor Role of parent Yes Role of teacher Yes Role of health worker Yes *p-value <0.
05, **p-value <0.
01, ***p-value <0.
Food consumption Good Poor Crude OR .
% CI) 321 .
Table 4 describes the result of multiple logistic After adjusting all the independent variables, it was found that family income, level of knowledge, and role of the parent had significant correlations with food consumption behavior.
detail, compared to those from families with income >Rp.
1,500,000, those from families with income < Rp.
1,500,000 were 4.
4 times more likely to have poor food consumption behavior.
In terms of the level of knowledge, compared to those who had a good level of knowledge, those who had a poor level of knowledge were 8.
4 times more likely to have poor food consumption behavior.
Furthermore, compared to those with the role of parent, those without the role of parents were 5.
4 times more likely to have poor food consumption behavior.
p-value <0.
001***
<0.
001***
<0.
001***
<0.
001***
Discussion The COVID-19 pandemic has been influencing everyoneAos daily life worldwide.
The governmentAos lockdown policy had significantly changed a personAos food intake (Huber et al.
, 2.
This study was the first one that explored food consumption behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic to students in Indonesia.
This study found that 46.
4% of respondents had poor food consumption behavior.
The majority of their sex was female .
%), and all the students were in the age range of 15-18 years old.
Volume 8.
Issue 1.
January Ae March 2022 Table 4 Full model of multiple logistic regression of food consumption behavior Independent variables Adj.
OR .
% CI)
Lower Upper Adj.
Sex Male Female Working status of parents Yes Education of parents High Low Family income OuRp.
< Rp.
Level of knowledge Good Poor Level of attitude Good Poor Role of parent Yes Role of teacher Yes Role of health worker Yes *p-value <0.
05, **p-value <0.
01, ***p-value <0.
p-value Family Income Family income in this study was significant to food consumption behavior.
The lower family income level tends to have poor food consumption behavior.
The result of this study was in line with a study in Zambia, which found that richer families tend to use the supermarkets and hypersmart with the various type of foods and ultra-processed food (Khonje & Qaim, 2.
Another study in Ghana also found that the income level of the family had a negative relationship with food consumption (Mensah et al.
In other words, it could be explained that higher income tends to choose healthy food instead of street food.
In terms of the income level in the household, it may relate to the point of view of buying the food.
Particularly, the study in China described that the lowest-income households were more sensitive to price, and they tended to be responsive to meats, aquatic products, and dairy products (Ren et al.
, 2.
As a result of food consumption patterns, the income level might be indirectly related to the BMI (Body Mass Inde.
(Ren et al.
, 2.
Another reason was explained by the study that revealed that the high-income family tends to visit healthy shops more often than the lower-income family (Blok et al.
, 2.
If the lower-income family tends to visit the unhealthy shop more often because of the cheaper price, the health outcome could be worse than the higher-income family.
Furthermore, the consumption of meats has an impact on the income since it has contradictory effects on each (Marques et al.
, 2.
Therefore, the family income could influence the food consumption in the way of the food selection and the trend of food shops.
The lower family income might have no sufficient budget to buy healthy and various kinds of food in terms of quantity and quality.
Level of Knowledge The level of knowledge had a significant association with food consumption.
Those who had a poor level of knowledge tend to have poor food consumption It is similar to a study in Iran that found the knowledge could be a factor affecting the pattern of Volume 8.
Issue 1.
January Ae March 2022 food consumption practice (Talatappeh et al.
, 2.
In contrast, the study in Slovenia revealed that formal education could improve children nutrition knowledge but could not influence healthy eating habits and nutrition behavior (Kostanjevec et al.
Similar findings were found from the study in India, which found inadequate knowledge about food and the effect of fast food.
As a result, they tend to choose fast food and delicious taste (Kostanjevec et , 2.
Therefore, the level of knowledge might have a correlation with the attitude of purchasing healthy food.
On the other hand, if they have a high level of knowledge, they tend to choose healthy and safe food to have a high health status.
parents in order to teach their children to have good food consumption behavior, .
Adding outreach programs to schools on nutrition consumption behavior for school children, and .
Implementing a nutritional food assistance program for poor Declaration of Conflicting Interest All of the authors declare no conflict of interest in this Funding None.
Acknowledgment Many thanks to the Faculty of Public Health.
Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta.
Indonesia, for the support of this study and all parties who contributed to this study.
The Role of Parents This study found that the role of parents tends to influence the children to have poor food consumption A significant association is also found from a study which showed the relationship between parent and child report of parental role modeling fruit at dinner (Draxten et al.
, 2.
, which focuses on fruit and vegetable only.
The parental feeding practice had an association with the intervention success of food consumption (Holley et al.
, 2.
particularly to reduce fussiness in order to increase vegetable consumption.
The parental modeling also had a strong association with healthy and unhealthy food consumption (Yee et al.
, 2.
However, it makes sense that the parent is the closest person in the childAos life who can control the food consumption of all household members.
The same food pattern in the family is also related to having the same food consumption behavior among family members.
addition, the role of the parent is also shown with the toys offered.
for instance, after controlling to parent food consumption, the toys offered are significantly associated with fast food consumption (Longacre et , 2.
The parent takes the most of children lives since they spend most of their time together.
If the parents could control the family membersAo food consumption, the parent is the most influential for childrenAos food consumption.
Author Contribution .
, & D.
conceived of the presented idea of this study.
, & S.
, developed the theory and designed the method.
, was collecting the data and , & IWT verified the analytical methods.
supervised the findings of this study.
and S.
reviewed, revised the manuscript, edited the manuscripts and publications.
All authors have agreed on the manuscriptAos final draft before submitting it for publication.
Author Biographies Nuri Hastuti is a Master of Public Health Student in the Faculty of Public Health.
Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta.
She conducted this study for thesis of master degree level.
Dr.
Dra.
Sitti Nurjannah is an Associate Professor at the master degree program in the Faculty of Public Health at the Ahmad Dahlan University of Yogyakarta.
Indonesia.
Dr.
Dyah Suryani.
Si.
Kes is an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Public Health.
Ahmad Dahlan University.
Yogyakarta.
Indonesia.
Suyitno.
SKM.
MPHM is an Alumni Student at MPHM.
ASEAN Institute for Health Development.
Mahidol University.
Thailand.
Intan Wahyuni Tukiyo is a Master Student at the Faculty of Tropical Medicine.
Gadjah Mada University.
Yogyakarta.
Indonesia.
References