Cakrawala Pendidikan Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Vol.
44 No.
October 2025, pp.
https://journal.
id/index.
php/cp/issue/view/2958 DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
21831/cp.
Sriwijaya period ceramics found in the Musi River as a learning source for Palembang local history Kabib Sholeh*.
Warto.
Djono Universitas Sebelas Maret.
Indonesia *Corresponding Author: habibsholeh978@gmail.
ABSTRACT
This study addresses the limited understanding and integration of archeological findings, specifically the Srivijaya-period ceramics discovered in the Musi River in Palembang.
Indonesia, into historical education.
Although these findings hold significant historical importance, their incorporation into the historical education curriculum remains limited, thereby hindering the potential for enriching historical knowledge and fostering local cultural identity.
Employing qualitative descriptive approach, this research aims to explore the historical value of Sriwijaya period ceramics from the Musi River and their integration as a source for learning local history in Palembang.
Its data was collected through literature study, document analysis, and field observations.
The literature study includes historical and archaeological references related to the Sriwijaya Kingdom and ceramics found in the Musi River, and the document analysis entails examining archaeological finds and previous research reports.
The data were then analyzed to reveal the historical value of ceramics and their potential as a source of learning the history of Palembang.
The identification of Chinese ceramic artifacts from the Sriwijaya era has yielded ceramics from the Tang .
th9th century AD) and Sung .
th-13th century AD) dynasties.
The discovery of these artifacts holds historical significance in the domains of foreign policy, economics, social, and cultural development during the flourishing of Sriwijaya in Palembang, and these can serve as a valuable resource for local history education in schools.
Keywords: Historical value, ceramic objects.
Sriwijaya, historical learning resources Article history Received:
28 January 2025 Revised:
24 June 2025 Accepted:
09 September 2025 Published:
03 October 2025 Citation (APA Styl.
: Sholeh.
Warto.
, & Djono.
Sriwijaya period ceramics found in the Musi River as a learning source for Palembang local history.
Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 44.
, pp.
DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
21831/cp.
INTRODUCTION
Learning local history is very interesting to teach for students and the community because local history is important history that emerged in a particular region and has differences or characteristics from local history in other regions (Sholeh, 2.
Local history is usually not well known by the wider community, even though local history is the fragment of history that is known to the wider community as national history (Sholeh et al.
, 2019, 2.
Local history contains important value and includes historical data evidence that can enrich and increase the strength of national historical evidence, so local history will enrich the more complex treasures of history and past life as learning for the present and the future (Fauzi, 2014.
Thorp & Persson, 2.
One of the national histories that is widely known to the public is the history of the development of Sriwijaya, although there is still a lack of data and historical evidence, so local history will enrich the data and evidence of national history, such as the center of power and development of Sriwijaya in Palembang.
The Sriwijaya Chiefdom was one of the largest maritime kingdoms in Southeast Asia which was once centered in Palembang.
South Sumatra (Coedes.
George, 1992.
Sholeh, 2015.
Sholeh et al.
, 2.
Its glory, which lasted from the 7th to the 13th century AD, left various invaluable historical traces.
One important piece of evidence from Sriwijaya's heyday is the archaeological Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan.
Vol.
44 No.
October 2025, pp.
remains in the form of ceramics found along the Musi River.
These discoveries not only have high historical value but also have the potential to be a rich learning resource for understanding Palembang's local history.
The Sriwijaya chiefdom, which was based in Palembang, began in 682 AD, as evidenced by the contents of the Kedukan Bukit inscription (Manguin, 2022.
Sadzali, 2.
The Datu or ruler of Sriwijaya is known to have built maritime power centered in Palembang until in the 11th century AD Sriwijaya moved from Palembang to the Jambi region (Andhifani, 2.
Before Sriwijaya was in Jambi.
Palembang was the center of developing maritime power.
The development of the Sriwijaya chiefdom in Palembang experienced various periods of glory in various fields, one of which was the aspect of the Sriwijaya maritime economy which developed rapidly from the 7th-11th century AD (Santun, 2013.
Sholeh, 2019.
The greatness of Sriwijaya's maritime economy cannot be separated from ancient trade and shipping, both trade relations between islands or trade relations between countries such as China.
India and Arabs who traded with Sriwijaya (Sholeh, 2019.
Sriwijaya supported trade and shipping activities through historical records and objects found in the Musi River (Rohmah et al.
, 2022.
Utomo, 2.
Historical relics found in the Musi River in Palembang include Chinese ceramics, beads, coins, ancient ship parts, statues, inscribed tablets and other historical objects.
The Musi River, as the artery of transportation and trade during the Sriwijaya era, played a crucial role in the spread of culture and economy.
The ceramics found in this river reflect Sriwijaya's interactions with various other cultures, especially through sea trade routes that connected the archipelago with China.
India and other regions (Sholeh, 2022.
Sholeh et al.
, 2.
These ceramics, which come from various periods and origins, provide deep insight into the social, economic and cultural life of the Sriwijaya people.
Many relics from the Sriwijaya era were found in the Musi River, one of which was found in the form of Chinese ceramic objects (Sholeh, 2022.
Susilo et al.
, 2.
These findings show historical evidence of the existence of Sriwijaya when it was in power in Palembang, traders from outside came to trade with Sriwijaya and the Musi River can be called a silent witness to the trade relationship between Sriwijaya and China.
Ceramic objects that are often found at the bottom of rivers show that a trade process has occurred in which their respective commodities were sent to each other (Taim, 2.
Ceramic objects are identical to objects that people need in everyday life, but there are also ceramics that are needed not as daily necessities but as orders from a ruler or certain person as a luxury item or sofenier which functions as jewelry or shows high social status for those who have these luxurious ceramic objects (Taim, 2.
Ceramic finds from various eras of Chinese dynasties were found in the Musi River in Palembang, and currently, a small part of these objects are in the collection of the Taman Purba Kala Sriwijaya Museum and are also owned or kept by many collectors of Sriwijaya antiques.
These ceramic objects were obtained from diving by the local Palembang community, which began in 2005 and continues to this day.
The diving was carried out by the community using the equipment they had, with the help of a compressor as a breathing aid, diving to a depth of 20-30 m at the bottom of the Musi River.
The results of diving or searching for treasure include ceramics, currency, beads, and other objects.
However, in general ceramic objects with various types of findings, including bowls, jars, plates, pottery, and other types of ceramic objects were found as evidence of the life activities of the Sriwijaya period.
The number of ceramic objects found in the Musi River by divers is increasing day by day, so some are bought and sold outside the island and even abroad, and some are also owned by certain community groups.
The study or research on ceramic objects from the Chinese dynasty period has received little attention from researchers, even though these objects are proof of the existence of Sriwijaya, which was based in Palembang through activities on the Musi River.
Likewise, research into the integration of historical value into Sriwijaya era heritage objects as a source of learning about local history has so far been little carried out by researchers.
Considering the importance of these ceramic objects, they should be studied more deeply as a form of the historical existence of Palembang as the center of Sriwijaya and its various developments.
The next urgency in terms of public understanding of the historical value contained in Sriwijaya era ceramic objects is still low as a means of learning local history in Palembang (Astuti et al.
, 2.
Copyright A 2025, author, e-ISSN 2442-8620, p-ISSN 0216-1370 Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan.
Vol.
44 No.
October 2025, pp.
The historical value of ceramic objects found by the Musi River is important for the public, including students at school, to study or know, namely as a source of learning about local history in Palembang.
In the realm of learning local history, the discovery of this ceramic holds immense value as a valuable learning resource.
By studying these ceramic artifacts, students can gain a deeper understanding of PalembangAos history and its significant role in Southeast Asian maritime history.
These artifacts offer insights into various aspects of daily life, ceramic-making techniques, and international trade routes from the past.
This research aims to explore the historical significance of Sriwijaya period ceramics found in the Musi River and their potential as a learning resource for local history in Palembang.
analyzing these artifacts, we hope to gain a comprehensive understanding of the history and culture of Sriwijaya, fostering increased local community awareness and appreciation of their cultural heritage.
Moreover, this research seeks to contribute to the development of more contextual and engaging history learning materials tailored to the interests of PalembangAos young Previously, relevant research had been written with the title "Analysis of the findings of heritage objects in the Musi River.
Palembang", in this article it discussed in general the findings of objects in the Musi River and had not examined in more detail the existing findings as will be discussed in this article (Rohmah et al.
, 2.
Furthermore, research with the title "History of Civilization in the Musi River.
Palembang", in this article discusses history and civilization, including the discovery of objects in the Musi River, but the study is still general in nature regarding the existence of the Musi River from the classical era to the present (Sholeh, 2.
Considering these studies, this article aims to delve deeper into the historical values contained in Sriwijaya era ceramic objects and explore their potential as a source of learning about local
METHOD
This research uses qualitative methods with a descriptive approach to explore and analyze the historical value of ceramics from the Sriwijaya period found in the Musi River, as well as their potential as a source of learning local history in Palembang.
This method was chosen to gain a deep and holistic understanding of the subject of research.
The steps taken in this research are as The research began by reviewing various relevant written sources, including books, scientific journals, articles, and research reports from the South Sumatra archaeological center related to Kedutan Sriwijaya, the history of the Musi River, and ceramic finds in the area (Zuchri Abdussamad, 2.
This literature study aims to collect basic information regarding the types, functions and techniques for making ceramics during the Sriwijaya period, as well as to understand the historical and cultural context of these findings.
Next, an analysis of archaeological documents and previous research reports was carried out which recorded ceramic finds in the Musi River (Mudjia, 2.
This analysis involves a detailed examination of the physical condition of existing ceramics, ornaments and inscriptions, to reveal relevant historical and cultural aspects.
This process helps in identifying the unique characteristics of ceramic finds and their relevance to the local history of Palembang.
To obtain more concrete empirical data, direct observations were made at the ceramic discovery locations along the Musi River (Huberman, 1.
These field observations involve visual documentation through photography and detailed descriptions of the condition and archaeological context of the ceramic finds.
These observations provide a clearer picture of the discovery environment and the actual condition of the artifact.
Conduct in-depth interviews with archaeologists, historians, and historical education practitioners to gain a deeper perspective on the historical value of ceramic finds.
These interviews also aimed to gather views on the best ways to integrate these findings into local history education curricula.
Views from experts help in understanding the significance of the findings and their practical application in the educational Copyright A 2025, author, e-ISSN 2442-8620, p-ISSN 0216-1370 Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan.
Vol.
44 No.
October 2025, pp.
Data collected from literature studies, document analysis, field observations and interviews were analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques (Huberman, 1.
This analysis process aims to interpret the data comprehensively and connect the results of the analysis with the research Through this analysis, research seeks to identify the historical value of ceramics and develop strategies to utilize these findings as an effective learning resource in local history education in Palembang.
By using this method, it is hoped that the research can provide a comprehensive picture of the historical value of ceramics found in the Musi River and how these findings can be effectively integrated into local history learning in Palembang.
This method not only reveals the historical aspects of ceramics but also maximizes its potential as an educational tool that enriches the knowledge and cultural identity of local communities.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Findings Ceramic objects from the Sriwijaya era found in the Musi River.
Palembang The Musi River is a silent witness to the enormous maritime power of the chiefdom that once ruled here, namely the Sriwijaya Kingdom.
During the Sriwijaya kingdom, trade relations became increasingly busy, both domestic and foreign trade.
But basically Sriwijaya's cooperative relations with foreign countries do not have to be based only on economic interests, this cooperation can also be carried out on the basis of other interests such as politics, security, religion and many other interests, in this way the cooperative relationship will carried out more intensively if it is carried out in a mutually beneficial process for both parties (Sholeh, 2.
Sriwijaya trade is developing rapidly.
this situation can create prosperity and prosperity for the Sriwijaya people.
According to Sholeh .
, evidence regarding the relationship between Sriwijaya and China is something that occurs from various sources, where Sriwijaya has a very good foreign policy with foreign countries.
The Chinese government has a mutually beneficial cooperative relationship with Sriwijaya, so it will protect trade and shipping in Sriwijaya's power routes if needed (Adhityatama & Sulistyarto, 2018.
Harkantiningsih, 2013.
Sholeh, 2.
Trade goods originating from Sriwijaya include rattan, red quinine, sandalwood, areca nut, resin, agarwood, ivory and spices (Muljana, 2.
Meanwhile, the commodities brought by China itself are glassware such as ceramic bowls, vessels and other porcelain items (Kabib, 2019.
Taim, 2.
In this way, the two countries carry out trade in a sustainable manner.
In achieving glory and prosperity for the Sriwijaya people, the role of the Musi River cannot be separated from achieving this goal.
In controlling the Musi River.
Sriwijaya has a strategic policy that has a significant impact on its control of the island of Sumatra.
Indonesia (Susilo.
At that time, the Musi River, which was not only an ordinary river but also a significant trade shipping route, played a crucial role in SriwijayaAos economic and trade dominance.
Its strategic location along the sea route connecting China and India further enhanced its importance, as it provided a wealth of natural resources for trade and transit.
The Musi River served as a vital trade route, facilitating the transportation of goods from the interior to the port and vice versa.
Its accessibility to the South China Sea, an important trade route at the time, further enhanced its significance.
The river facilitated the trade of various goods, including spices, wood, metal, cloth, and luxury items.
These goods were traded with neighboring countries such as India.
China, and Arabia, as well as with areas in Southeast Asia (Susilo, 2.
The Musi River has an important role for the surrounding residents.
The role of the Musi River and its tributaries in the movement of people, trade and the delivery of basic goods today remains large, even though it is not like the past (Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas, 2.
Traces of trade activities in South Sumatra that used the Musi River as their main route can be traced through various artifacts found in the Musi Riverbed.
Trade artifacts found at the bottom of the Musi River are dominated by Chinese-made ceramics, which have been the most popular commodity in South Sumatra, even since pre-Sriwijaya times.
The community in South Sumatra is dominated by traders, fishermen and laborers.
Copyright A 2025, author, e-ISSN 2442-8620, p-ISSN 0216-1370 Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan.
Vol.
44 No.
October 2025, pp.
Palembang itself has historical objects which are traces or silent witnesses of all the historical events that were passed through and experienced by the people of the city of Palembang at that time.
One of these relics is ceramics, where the search for these relics was carried out by local divers on the Musi River.
The divers looked for objects in the Musi River and dived for approximately 2 hours using improvised equipment such as a compressor to help with breathing while in the water and using a chain pendulum to weight the divers down to the bottom of the Musi River to look for ancient objects, one of which was ceramic objects left over from the Sriwijaya period.
The divers who were at the bottom of the river touched and lifted the found objects to the surface of the water or on the boat, some of the diving members sorted the findings from the divers at the bottom of the river, namely in the form of ceramics in intact condition and fragments and other found objects.
According to Faisal, an antiquities collector interviewed in 2024, local divers have been actively searching for Chinese ceramic relics in the Musi River since 2005.
Many of these artifacts have been discovered near significant locations such as Kuto Besak Fort, the 3 Ilir area.
PT Pupuk Pusri, and Kemarau Island.
The diving efforts were primarily carried out by residents of Tangga Buntung.
Palembang.
The distribution of historical artifacts along the Musi River is widespread, but the most concentrated discoveries are found near the riverbanks within the city of Palembang.
Among these findings are Chinese ceramic objects dating back to the Sriwijaya era.
These artifacts have been identified and classified using various historical and archaeological data sources.
The following matrix presents specific examples of ceramic objects from the Tang and Sung dynasties that were recovered from the riverbed, offering valuable insights into the maritime trade and cultural exchanges during the height of SriwijayaAos influence.
The matrix above explains the various types of Chinese ceramic objects found in the Musi River and succeeded in identifying these objects owned by Sriwijaya antique collectors and museum collections in the city of Palembang.
Based on the identification data, it was obtained that the ceramic objects were of various shapes and included those from several eras of the Chinese dynasty during the reign of Sriwijaya in Palembang (VII-XI centuries AD).
Based on the typology of objects, morphological descriptions based on ceramic manuals and reinforced by validation results from archaeologists, the finds of ceramic objects come from ceramics from the Tang dynasty .
and the Sung dynasty (AD 960-1.
These findings shed light on SriwijayaAos relationship with the Chinese dynasty during its golden age as the most prominent maritime ruler of its time.
The ceramic objects discovered in the Musi River serve as historical evidence of trade activities and community life during the Sriwijaya era.
The presence of ceramic finds, including plates, jars, bowls, and other types of items, in the Musi River provides concrete proof of the existence of the Sriwijaya chiefdom and the developments that occurred during its past, which are of utmost importance for further study, utilizing various scientific approaches.
Historical value contained in ceramic objects from the Sriwijaya era Every discovery of heritage objects in the Musi River certainly has historical value if explored from a historical perspective.
The value of a historical event, including that of a historical object, is something that is considered valuable and is the goal to be achieved in studying human Values are everything related to human behavior, good and bad, as measured by religion, tradition, ethics, morals and culture that apply in society (Zakiyah & Rusdiana, 2.
Practical value is something that is useful and valuable in everyday life, which is the same as the ceramic remains in the Musi River from the Sriwijaya period which have important historical values in present and future life.
The historical value of ceramic remains in the Musi River are further described as follows.
Historical value in economics The Sriwijaya Chiefdom has a strategic area, namely being in the middle of the shipping route between India and China, therefore the economic activities of its people are never separated from trade.
Ceramic objects have significant historical value in the economic field during the Copyright A 2025, author, e-ISSN 2442-8620, p-ISSN 0216-1370 Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan.
Vol.
44 No.
October 2025, pp.
Sriwijaya era which had an important role in supporting Sriwijaya's international trade activities and Sriwijaya's strategy in maintaining its economy.
There are two types of ceramics, firstly local ceramics, which were made by the Sriwijaya Kingdom government itself, which is characterized by its objects being in the form of pottery, not having much glazing because at that time there was no glazing technique.
Second, the type of Chinese ceramics.
Chinese ceramics first introduced the glazing technique around the century before Christ, and most of the ceramics found in the Musi River were already glazed (Raharjo et , 2018.
Rangkuti, 2.
Ceramics are part of household equipment needs such as cups, bowls and plates, which are made from ceramic.
The discovery of ceramics in the Musi River is evidence of trade from China with Sriwijaya.
In conducting trade.
Sriwijaya sells locally produced commodities such as agarwood, resin, incense, which are products from the interior where these commodities are favored by Chinese traders (Rangkuti, 2.
It is not uncommon for commodity goods to be bought and sold using a barter system but also using a smedium of exchange in the form of flats written in Chinese and there is also money made from tin or copper in various other forms (Rohmah et al.
, 2.
Evidence of exchange tools or money was found in many objects in the form of Chinese coins, money made from tin, copper and gold found along the Musi River in Palembang.
The Tang and Sung era ceramics found in the Musi River are evidence of historical data which were the result of trade which were used as tools for daily household needs, such as for drinking, food and for external needs as equipment for daily necessities but as souvenir items for local people.
rulers or nobles in the land of Sriwijaya.
At that time, ceramics were traded goods, but there were two types of traded ceramics, first, the ceramics were traded based on orders, which were usually characterized by ceramics that were not for the home.
Ordered ceramics are used as souvenirs by nobles, rulers and officials, but the number of items is limited because they are only owned by certain people.
Second, ordinary ceramics owned by ordinary people which are used for daily needs.
These ceramics were traded by Chinese traders during the Tang and Sung Dynasties.
The historical economic value in question is the trade activities carried out by Sriwijaya with the Chinese dynasty, especially during the Tang and Sung dynasties, so it is not surprising that many ceramics remains were found at the bottom of the Musi River.
Thus, ceramics had an important role in the economy during the Sriwijaya era, both as part of trade activities and as part of household needs.
Historical values in the field of foreign policy The Sriwijaya Chiefdom was the first maritime ruler in the archipelago which stretched throughout Southeast Asia to Madagascar.
Sriwijaya was famous for its military strength at sea which was able to control trade in the Malacca Strait which at that time was the link between China and India.
Apart from that.
Sriwijaya also actively participates in international trade.
Because of their advantageous position, traders from China began stopping in Sriwijaya to unload their merchandise in the Sriwijaya Kedatuan area (Saputra & Greece, 2.
Geographical location, mature maritime hegemony politics and supporting natural data sources meant that Sriwijaya as a maritime ruler in the 7th to 11th centuries AD developed its maritime power in the After that Sriwijaya was able to expand its power outside the archipelago.
This condition was certainly supported by Sriwijaya's good and strong foreign policy capabilities at that time.
Sriwijaya had close relations with the dynasties in China in the fields of trade and politics.
Such as the cooperative relationship between Sriwijaya and the Tang Dynasty, which was a strategic step to develop Sriwijaya's dominance over commerce in the Southeast Asian region.
Sriwijaya collaborated with the Tang Dynasty, with Sriwijaya starting to export goods to China, these types of commodities were agarwood, camphor, sandalwood, ivory, tin, ebony and also spices and perfumes (Wolters, 2.
Evidence of this collaboration can also be seen in the discovery of several Chinese relics such as ceramics in the form of jars, plates, bowls and other artifacts found along the Palembang Musi River.
This condition provides evidence of the existence of relations between the two countries.
Sriwijaya established two relationships that Copyright A 2025, author, e-ISSN 2442-8620, p-ISSN 0216-1370 Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan.
Vol.
44 No.
October 2025, pp.
needed to be balanced and followed in order to maintain and control shipping and trade routes, the relationship between the center of the kingdom and the coastal communities of its subordinate areas, and the relationship between the kingdom's rulers and neighboring countries (Sholeh.
This policy was carried out to maintain political relations both within and outside the As a maritime monarchy.
Sriwijaya is always involved in diplomacy with other countries to achieve and uphold its political goals.
Sriwijaya is considered successful in maintaining control over the seas because of its alliances with powerful countries in Asia, such as the Chinese government (Sholeh, 2.
There is evidence that Sriwijaya and China have positive relations, because Sriwijaya has excellent foreign policy practices.
It is not surprising that Sriwijaya has benefited greatly from this relationship.
Regarding maritime power politics.
Sriwijaya in particular was able to exercise maximum control over the sea, thereby gaining respect from other kings because of the strength of its political authority.
Apart from actively hosting trade.
Sriwijaya also carries out trade collaborations.
Sriwijaya trading ships often came to China wanting to trade, and vice versa.
Not wanting to be outdone.
China also visited the port or city center of Sriwijaya to trade.
Sriwijaya has succeeded in expanding to various regions outside Sumatra.
This shows that ceramics and other artifacts are trade commodities that play an important role in Sriwijaya's foreign political relations with various regions in Southeast Asia and China.
Historical values in the socio-cultural field Sriwijaya period ceramic objects found in the Musi River have historical value in social and cultural fields, beyond their economic and foreign political significance.
These functional household equipment and jewelry items reflected extensive trade relations and cultural Ceramics were traded with nations like India.
China, and Arabia, with China being the largest trading partner.
China traded various ceramics, particularly celadon-type glazed stoneware with high-quality materials, a superior firing process, and attractive motifs and colors, which were highly sought after by the Sriwijaya nobles (Wiyana, 2.
Ceramics ordered by rulers and nobles were luxury goods or souvenirs from China, used for decoration or aesthetic Nobles who owned these objects had higher social status than ordinary people who used low-quality ceramics for daily needs during the Sriwijaya era.
Ceramics have social, cultural, and status values.
While theyAore used as household utensils like bowls, kettles, and jugs for daily needs, some cultures use them as high-status souvenirs or expensive items.
The discovery of ceramic objects from the Sriwijaya period has two important things, first, ceramics owned by ordinary people which were used for household utensils.
Ceramics owned by ordinary people generally have surfaces that are still rough or unglazed, and the quality is also not good because the firing rate is still low, around 300 C - 1000 C.
The second status of ceramics is owned by high social statuses such as nobles, officials, and rulers (Adhityatama & Sulistyarto.
Ceramics owned by high social status are specially ordered for non-household needs.
Celadon ceramics, for example, are high-quality ceramics with a nearly perfect glaze and highquality materials, achieved through a high-quality firing above 1200 C - 1300 C.
Integration of historical values of Sriwijaya era ceramic objects as a source for learning local Local history learning resources are crucial in education, especially at Palembang High School.
Ceramics, particularly those from the Sriwijaya period found in the Musi River, offer diverse and interesting historical value for learning PalembangAos local history.
These objects align with the high school history curriculum, particularly in the context of Indonesian national history (See Table 1 Ae Appendix .
This is relevant to the Indonesian national history syllabus in Senior High Schools (SMA), specifically in class KD, about analyzing the characteristics of community life, government, and culture during the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Indonesia.
This includes showing examples of evidence that still apply to Indonesian society today.
The Basic Competencies include submaterials on the development of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, including the Sriwijaya chiefdom in Copyright A 2025, author, e-ISSN 2442-8620, p-ISSN 0216-1370 Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan.
Vol.
44 No.
October 2025, pp.
Palembang.
However, there is limited material taught about SriwijayaAos power in Palembang due to the reliance on textbooks and the lack of local history material in textbooks (Sholeh, 2.
The analysis of historical ceramic objects from the Sriwijaya period, related to the development of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Indonesia, can enrich school learning resources about this period.
This includes the power of the Sriwijaya Chiefdom in Palembang, as mentioned in the history syllabus for class X Senior High School.
The historical value of these ceramic objects, such as their role in Sriwijaya foreign policy, economic development, and social and cultural life, is a relevant historical learning source for teachers and students.
Historical teaching materials, such as artifacts from the Sriwijaya era like ceramics, can be used in classrooms to teach students about the past and its impact on the present and future.
These artifacts deepen studentsAo understanding of the archipelagoAos history and help younger generations comprehend the lives and cultures of the past.
Cultural values, represented by these artifacts, can be included in arts and culture learning resources or other relevant fields.
Analytical skills can be developed by asking students to examine historical artifacts like ceramics, understanding their production methods, themes, and meanings in Sriwijaya culture.
Students can also analyze these heritage objects, such as ceramics, to understand manufacturing techniques, motifs, and their role in the lives of the Sriwijaya people.
Integrating historical values of ceramic objects from the Sriwijaya era in Palembang and school curricula can enhance studentsAo understanding of Indonesian history and culture during that time.
It also increases knowledge about the millennia-old vassal state system and HinduBuddhist influence in Indonesian art, crafts, and buildings.
Students gain insights into local history and the development of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, including the Sriwijaya Chiefdom, aligning with High School Basic Competencies.
The integration of historical ceramic object values from the Sriwijaya period found in the Musi River will be used as teaching materials for history learning.
These materials identify ceramic objects from the Sriwijaya period originating from Chinese dynasties like the Tang and Sung.
They also include historical values in economics, foreign political relations, and socio-culture.
These values help students understand and appreciate historical events and legacies and apply historical learning to everyday life.
Discussion Judging from previous research entitled "Distribution of foreign ceramics during the Sriwijaya period .
th-13th century AD) on the eastern coast of southern Sumatra: Chronological evidence and international relations" (Taim, 2.
Then previous research entitled "Analysis of Findings of Historical Heritage Objects in the Musi River" and research entitled Sriwijaya shipping and trade routes in the 7th century AD (Rohmah et al.
, 2022.
Sholeh, 2.
In the research conducted by Eka Asih Putrina Taim, she discussed sites where various kinds and types of ceramics from the Sriwijaya Kedatuan period were found.
The sites in South Sumatra province include the Air Sugihan site, the Karang Anyar Palembang site, the Limestone City site on Bangka Island, and sites on the East coast of Jambi province and discuss ceramic finds from the Sriwijaya Kingdom era.
In subsequent research carried out by Liamilatul Rohmah, he discussed and analyzed various findings of objects in the Musi River from various periods, starting from the Sriwijaya Kingdom era, the Palembang Sultanate era, and the colonial period whose findings had not yet been identified in depth.
This research differs from previous studies by examining the historical significance of ceramic objects from the Sriwijaya period in Palembang.
To understand their historical value, researchers must first identify various ceramic objects found in the Musi River, originating from Chinese dynasties like the Tang and Sung.
Palembang has numerous historical relics, including buildings, objects, sites, areas, and writings.
Like those in the Musi River, many Sriwijaya period objects were either intact or in pieces.
Historical relics that are traces or silent witnesses of all the historical events witnessed by Palembang residents at that time can be found in the city itself.
Local divers search for artifacts, and one type of relic is ceramics.
The types of ceramics found in the Musi River come from various Chinese dynasties.
Such as the type of ceramics originating from the Tang dynasty .
906 AD) in the form of bowls, kettles, jugs and jugs.
Most of these types of ceramics from the Copyright A 2025, author, e-ISSN 2442-8620, p-ISSN 0216-1370 Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan.
Vol.
44 No.
October 2025, pp.
Tang dynasty are glazed, but the glazing used is not very perfect because it uses a flush glazing Furthermore, there are types of ceramics from the Sung dynasty .
-1279 AD) in the form of bowls, plates, jars, kettles .
and jugs.
This type of ceramic from the Sung dynasty is also glazed, where the glaze is almost perfect.
There is one type of ceramic from the Sung dynasty that was famous among high social status groups such as nobles, officials and rulers, namely celadon ceramics.
Celadon ceramics are one of the ceramics whose glaze is perfect, which is why they are much sought after by high social status groups.
And finally, there is a type of ceramic found in the Musi River which comes from the local Sriwijaya Era in the form of jugs and kettles .
This type of ceramic in the local Sriwijaya era was still in the form of pottery, because the firing still used a low level of around 300 C-1000 C.
This pottery was widely used by the local Sriwijaya community for daily needs and requirements.
Of the various types of ceramics found in the Musi River, they certainly have historical values that can be used as a digital history learning resource in schools.
The historical values contained in these ceramic objects are historical value in the economic field, foreign political relations and historical value in the socio-cultural field.
In the economic field, ceramics themselves have quite important historical value, where ceramics were objects traded by the Chinese state in the Sriwijaya Kedatuan region.
This trade proves that ceramics have a role in supporting Sriwijaya's international trade activities and Sriwijaya's strategy in maintaining its Then, in the field of foreign political relations, the discovery of ceramics proves that indeed there was a cooperative relationship between China and the Sriwijaya Chiefdom.
China and the Sriwijaya Chiefdom have a mutually beneficial cooperative relationship.
The Chiefdom allows Chinese ships to trade in Sriwijaya territory in exchange for Chinese government protection in SriwijayaAos power routes.
Sriwijaya exports rattan, red quinine, sandalwood, areca nut, ivory, and spices, while China exports glassware like ceramic bowls, vessels, and porcelain items.
This sustainable trade ensures a mutually beneficial relationship.
Ceramics hold social, cultural, and status value and are used by ordinary people are rough and household items, while those used by nobles and officials are expensive souvenirs or status symbols.
Research on Sriwijaya era ceramic remains in Palembang holds significant interests:
preserving and studying cultural heritage, enriching historical learning, and encouraging innovation in learning.
Ceramic objects offer insights into the history, way of life, and culture of the Palembang people, contributing to the preservation and study of cultural heritage.
They can enrich historical education by providing a more comprehensive understanding of historical and cultural life and improve classroom teaching by revealing their unique qualities.
This research can also encourage innovation in teaching by offering interesting and interactive learning opportunities for students and the younger generation.
CONCLUSION
This research shows that the ceramic finds from the Sriwijaya period in the Musi River are Chinese ceramics from the Tang dynasty .
-906 AD) and ceramics from the Sung dynasty .
-1279 AD) and these ceramic objects indicate the Sriwijaya period of power which was centered in Palembang.
These ceramic remains have important historical value and can be used as a source of learning about Palembang's local history.
These ceramics provide valuable information about social, economic and cultural life during the Sriwijaya era, as well as the international trade relations that existed.
As archaeological artifacts, these ceramics offer in-depth insight into manufacturing techniques, motifs and functions in the context of Sriwijaya society.
Using these findings as learning materials can enrich knowledge of local history, increase appreciation of cultural heritage, and strengthen local identity among students and the people of Palembang.
The integration of this knowledge in the educational curriculum also helps preserve the cultural and historical heritage of the region.
REFERENCES