KARYA KESEHATAN SIWALIMA
Original Article Open Access Full Text Article Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing of Acne Patch Containing Mangrove Leaf Extract (Sonneratia alb.
Against Staphylococcus Dwi Azziatus SilfiaA.
Dzun Haryadi Ittiqo2.
Melati Permata Hati3.
Yuli Fitriani4 1,2,3,4 Pharmacy Study Program.
Faculty of Health Sciences.
Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram.
Indonesia Abstract Vol 5.
,18-29 A 2026 The Author.
http://dx.
org/10.
54639/kks.
Indonesia has significant potential in the utilization of biological natural resources, including mangrove plants known to contain bioactive compounds with pharmacological value.
One mangrove species.
Sonneratia alba, contains flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids that exhibit potential as natural antibacterial agents.
This study aimed to develop an acne patch formulation based on Sonneratia alba leaf extract and to evaluate its physical characteristics and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus The study employed an experimental laboratory design with extract concentrations of 5% (F.
, 7.
5% (F.
, and 10% (F.
, along with a negative control (F.
and a positive control .
ure Physical organoleptic properties, pH, weight uniformity, thickness, folding endurance, elongation, and moisture content.
Antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar diffusion method.
The results showed that all formulations met the required physical quality parameters, and formulation F3 .
%) produced the largest inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus, 5 A 0.
58 mm, which is categorized as strong antibacterial activity.
In conclusion.
Sonneratia alba leaf extract demonstrates potential as a natural active ingredient in topical acne patch formulations.
Further studies are recommended, including stability testing, skin irritation assessment, and quantitative analysis of active compounds using analytical techniques such as HPLC to ensure the safety and efficacy of the formulation.
Article Information Submitted: 07-11-2025 .
Revised: 20-02-2026.
Accepted: 26-03-2026.
Published: 30-03-2026.
Corresponding Author:
Dwi Azziatus Silfia.
Pharmacy Study Program.
Faculty of Health Sciences.
Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram.
Indonesia Email: dwiazziatussilfia@gmail.
Citation Information (APA Styl.
Silfia.
DA.
Ittiqo.
DH.
Hati.
MP.
Fitriani.
Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing of Acne Patch Containing Mangrove Leaf Extract (Sonneratia alb.
Against Staphylococcus aureus.
Karya Kesehatan Siwalima, 5.
, http://dx.
org/10.
54639/kks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike International License.
E-ISSN: 2828-8181
P-ISSN: 2828-8408
Publisher Lembaga Penerbitan Fakultas Kesehatan.
Universitas Kristen Indonesia Maluku Keywords: Patient safety.
Nursing staff.
Quality of Patient safety culture.
Health https://ojs.
id/index.
php/KKS/index Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing Introduction emergence of antimicrobial resistance and the risk of adverse effects have Indonesia, as one of the worldAos raised significant concerns regarding largest archipelagic nations, harbors Silfia et al.
their long-term use.
This limitation substantial yet underexploited potential from natural sources that are safer, these resources, mangrove ecosystems effective, and sustainable.
represent a unique reservoir of bioactive alternative antibacterial agents derived for pharmaceutical innovation.
Among Previous studies have demonstrated pharmacological properties.
One species of particular interest is Sonneratia alba, exhibits notable antibacterial activity which has been reported to contain against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (Hidayat et al.
, 2.
The underlying mechanisms involve anti-inflammatory disruption of bacterial cell membranes.
Despite increasing evidence inhibition of protein synthesis, and interference with microbial metabolic Sonneratia alba into clinically relevant For instance.
Hidayati et al.
pharmaceutical formulations remains .
reported an inhibition zone of 17 limited, particularly for dermatological mm against Staphylococcus aureus, applications such as acne management.
Acne Sonneratia these studies are largely confined to excessive sebum production, follicular Staphylococcus This indicates a critical gap in the development of advanced drug delivery systems capable of optimizing lesion severity.
Current therapeutic the therapeutic potential of mangrove- derived bioactives.
topical antibiotics such as clindamycin semi-solid and uncontrolled release of active These inflammatory responses that exacerbate poor stability, limited skin retention, bacteria play a crucial role in triggering formulations, which often suffer from colonization by Cutibacterium acnes .
against Cutibacterium acnes.
However, multifactorial pathogenesis, including Rahayu effects of flavonoids and saponins pilosebaceous unit characterized by highlighted the synergistic antibacterial Yuliani Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing (SDG.
, particularly Goal 3 (Good technology has emerged as a promising Health and Well-Bein.
and Goal 15 topical delivery system that enables (Life localized, controlled, and sustained release of active compounds.
Acne The findings are expected patches not only provide a protective to bridge the gap between natural barrier against external contaminants product research and pharmaceutical but also enhance drug penetration through occlusive effects.
Polymer- sustainable and clinically relevant anti- Silfia et al.
utilizing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose Lan.
, acne therapies.
(HPMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), mechanical strength, flexibility, and Method Research Design Nevertheless.
This Sonneratia alba, into such delivery experimental design using a post-test mangrove-derived extracts, specifically Five experimental groups were compared, representing a significant research gap with high innovation potential.
Sonneratia alba leaf extract at concentrations of 5% Therefore, (F.
, 7.
5% (F.
, and 10% (F.
, along with develop and evaluate a matrix-based a negative control (F0, extract-free acne patch containing Sonneratia alba formulatio.
and a positive control .
ure extrac.
Time and Study Setting Staphylococcus aureus.
This research The research was conducted from introduces a novel integration of a March to July 2025.
Experimental mangrove-derived natural antibacterial procedures were carried out at the agent with an advanced topical delivery Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology In addition to its scientific and the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical contribution, this approach aligns with Technology.
Faculty of Health Sciences, the Sustainable Development Goals Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram.
Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing as well as at the Regional Health Silfia et al.
Population and Sample Laboratory for Testing and Calibration The (BLKP.
Sekotong Tengah coastal area.
Lombok.
The The independent variable was the The Soxhlet extractor, rotary evaporator.
Operational Definitions incubator, autoclave, laminar airflow Sonneratia alba leaf extract refers to the extract obtained through Soxhlet The acne patch is defined as a Staphylococcus carbopol, ethyl cellulose, propylene matrix-based dosage form composed of glycol, ethanol, distilled water, ethyl hydrophilic .
and hydrophobic acetate.
MuellerAeHinton Agar (MHA), .
thyl cellulos.
polymers incorporating Materials included Sonneratia alba extraction using ethyl acetate as the Materials and Instruments treatment with the formulated patches.
Sonneratia Tengah.
diameter of the inhibition zone of Staphylococcus from Bagik Kembar Village.
Sekotong concentrations .
%, 7.
5%, and 10%).
undamaged, pest-free leaves collected Sonneratia alba leaf extract at varying The mangrove leaves collected from the Research Variables and standard phytochemical reagents.
concentrations of 0%, 5%, 7.
5%, and Data Collection Procedures Antibacterial activity is defined as Sample Preparation the ability of the patch formulations (F0.
Mangrove leaves were washed, cut F1.
F2.
and the positive control .
ure growth of into small pieces, air-dried for 24 hours.
Staphylococcus aureus, as measured by and further dried in an oven at 60 AC for 6Ae8 hours.
The dried material was Physical quality parameters include ground into powder (Arviani et al.
organoleptic properties, pH, weight Saerang et al.
, 2.
inhibit the Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing Extraction glycol, and the extract was incorporated into propylene glycol.
All components A total of 50 g of powdered leaves was extracted using Soxhlet extraction and dried at 40 AC for 48 hours, followed evaporator at 40 AC.
Extraction yield was by storage in a desiccator for 24 hours (Benedict et al.
, 2.
acceptable (Saerang et al.
, 2.
Evaluation of Patch Formulations Phytochemical Screening Organoleptic Qualitative phytochemical analysis cast into petri dishes .
cm diamete.
extract was concentrated using a rotary Ou10% volume of 60 mL.
The mixture .
was approximately 60 AC for 6 hours.
The homogeneous and adjusted to a final with 350 mL of ethyl acetate at Silfia et al.
ppearance, color, odo.
, pH, weight tannins, phenols, triterpenoids, and steroids was conducted using standard content were evaluated using standard reagents (Syafitri et al.
, 2020.
Dwi et al.
procedures (Supriadi & Sherlyke, 2023.
Putra & Santoso, 2.
Latif et al.
, 2021.
Hamzah et al.
, 2023.
Formulation of Acne Patch Yusuf et al.
, 2020.
Wardani & Saryanti.
Table 1.
Acne Patch Formulation Design Code Extract Concentration 100 AAL extract All conducted in triplicate.
Description Antibacterial Activity Test Negative control Formulation 1 Formulation 2 Formulation 3 Positive control All media and equipment were sterilized at 121 AC for 15 minutes.
MuellerAeHinton Agar was prepared and inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus standardized to 0.
5 McFarland (OO1.
5 y 10A CFU/mL) (Amanda et al.
, 2.
Preparation Method Patch samples (F0AeF.
and the positive The acne patches were prepared control were placed on the agar surface using the solvent casting technique and incubated at 37 AC for 24 hours.
The (Priyanka et al.
, 2.
Ethyl cellulose inhibition zones were measured using a was dissolved in ethanol, carbopol was vernier caliper with 0.
1 mm precision dispersed in distilled water, methyl (Manuhuttu et al.
, 2021.
Tjiptoningsih et paraben was dissolved in propylene , 2.
Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing Silfia et al.
Extraction Yield of Sonneratia Data Analysis Phytochemical Table 2.
Extraction Yield of Sonneratia alba Leaves Antibacterial activity data Parameter Powder weight .
Extract weight .
Yield (%) were statistically analyzed using SPSS to among formulations.
Results Value A total of 265 g of dried leaf powder.
Overview of the Study obtained from approximately 3.
5 kg of This study aimed to evaluate the fresh leaves, produced 28.
32 g of antibacterial activity of acne patch concentrated extract, corresponding to a Sonneratia yield of 10.
This yield meets the alba leaf extract against Staphylococcus acceptable extraction efficiency criteria laboratory-based reported in previous studies.
Phytochemical Screening using four formulations: F0 .
xtract-free Table 3.
Phytochemical Profile of Ethyl contro.
F1 .
%).
F2 .
5%), and F3 Acetate Extract of Sonneratia alba .
%) extract concentrations.
All formulations were assessed using the No.
agar diffusion method on MuellerAe Hinton Agar to determine inhibition zones as indicators of antibacterial In addition, physicochemical thickness, moisture content, weight Compound Reagent Result Interpretation Class Dragendorff.
Alkaloids Present
Mayer
Flavonoids HCCSOCE
Present
Distilled Saponins Ae
Not detected Tannins FeClCE
Not detected Phenols FeClCE
Not detected Chloroform
Terpenoids Ae
Not detected HCCSOCE
Chloroform
Steroids Present
HCCSOCE
uniformity, folding endurance, and elongation capacity.
Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids, which are known to contribute Other compounds such as saponins, tannins.
Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing terpenoids were not Silfia et al.
Formula detected in the ethyl acetate extract.
Acne Patch Formulation Table 4.
Composition of Acne Patch Formulations All Mean A SD .
0 A 2.
4 A 2.
2 A 2.
%CV
Ingredient
(%)
F1 (%)
(%)
(%)
Function alba extract Active coefficient of variation (%CV) O5%.
Carbopol 940 Hydrophilic Thickness Table 7.
Patch Thickness Ethyl cellulose Methyl paraben 0.
Propylene glycol 10 Ethanol .
%) 40 Distilled water Hydrophobic Preservative Plasticizer Solvent Formula ad 100 ad 100 ad 100 ad 100 Vehicle Physical Evaluation of Acne Patch Mean A SD .
52 A 0.
57 A 0.
57 A 0.
50 A 0.
Organoleptic Properties The thickness values were relatively Table 5.
Organoleptic Characteristics Formula Appearance Color Odor indicating uniform film formation.
Dry, smooth.
Transparent Odorless Folding Endurance Dry, smooth.
Characteristic Light green Table 8.
Folding Endurance Dry, smooth.
Characteristic Dark green Formula Mean A SD Dry, smooth.
Characteristic Dark black 7 A 88.
An increase in extract concentration 0 A 86.
7 A 65.
0 A 31.
resulted in a progressive darkening of All patches exhibited high folding incorporation of the plant extract into endurance, reflecting good mechanical the patch matrix.
strength and flexibility.
Weight Uniformity Elongation Capacity Table 6.
Weight Uniformity Table 9.
Percentage Elongation Formula Mean A SD .
6 A 0.
%CV
Formula Mean A SD (%) 33 A 5.
Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing Formula Silfia et al.
flavonoids, and steroids in the extract.
Mean A SD (%) 67 A 31.
00 A 10.
33 A 5.
all of which are known to contribute to antibacterial activity.
Alkaloids exert their antimicrobial effects by disrupting bacterial cell walls and interfering with Formulation F2 demonstrated the protein synthesis (Gazali, 2.
, while highest elongation, indicating superior flavonoids provide dual functionality as antibacterial and antioxidant agents, enhancing their relevance for topical therapeutic applications such as acne Discussion treatment (Rukmini et al.
, 2.
The extraction of Sonneratia alba Additionally, steroids are recognized for leaves resulted in a yield of 10.
which meets the standard criteria for which may support the skin healing (>10%).
This anti-inflammatory relatively high yield indicates that a associated with acne lesions (Syafitri et compounds was successfully recovered saponins, tannins, and terpenoids were from the plant material.
Extraction not detected in this study.
This absence efficiency is influenced by several may be attributed to the polarity mismatch between these compounds temperature, extraction duration, and and the extraction solvent or possible particle size (Nahor.
Rumagit, & Tou, thermal degradation during the Soxhlet In this study, ethyl acetate was selected as a semi-polar solvent, which Zainuddin, 2.
proved to be appropriate for extracting semi-polar (Hooru.
Sormin, using a carbopolAeethyl cellulose matrix physicochemical properties.
Carbopol, highlighting the suitability of ethyl (Rohama The formulation of the acne patch flavonoids, and steroids.
This finding is as a hydrophilic polymer, contributes to elasticity and swelling capacity, while ethyl cellulose acts as a hydrophobic Mailoa, 2.
polymer that regulates the release of Phytochemical screening further active compounds (Puspitasari et al.
confirmed the presence of alkaloids.
The Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing Silfia et al.
polymers enables the formation of a controlled drug delivery.
Furthermore, indicating high flexibility and resistance successfully produced patches that were to mechanical stress.
This finding aligns thin, flexible, and easily detachable, with previous studies reporting that the indicating its suitability for topical presence of plasticizers and appropriate applications (Priyanka et al.
, 2.
Evaluation .
5%) showing the highest elongation .
%).
This suggests that F2 provides an optimal balance between mechanical characteristic odor with higher extract strength and flexibility, which is critical concentrations, indicating successful for maintaining patch integrity during incorporation of the extract into the polymer matrix.
These observations are in line with previous findings that good flexibility, with formulation F2 showed a gradual increase in color 100% across all formulations indicate Organoleptic assessment In addition, elongation values above formulations met the required quality intensity and elasticity (Ermawati & Prilantari, 2.
All Overall, the findings of this study are consistent with previous reports by influences the physical appearance of Gazali et al.
and Hooru et al.
dosage forms (Fitriana, 2.
Weight antibacterial potential of Sonneratia formulations showed a coefficient of alba extracts.
Notably, formulation F2 .
5%) exhibited the most favorable components within the patches (Oktania stability and functional performance, et al.
, 2.
The thickness of the suggesting its potential as an optimal patches ranged from 0.
50 to 0.
57 mm, candidate for further development.
which falls within the acceptable range These results highlight the feasibility of for topical patches (<1 m.
, ensuring integrating mangrove-derived bioactive user comfort and effective adhesion to the skin.
delivery systems, thereby contributing Mechanical to the development of effective and sustainable natural anti-acne therapies.
Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing Conclusion Silfia et al.
skin irritation tests, were not performed.
This study demonstrated that acne Furthermore, the actual concentration of concentrations of 5% (F.
, 7.
5% (F.
bioactive compounds within each patch and 10% (F.
successfully met all was not quantitatively verified using analytical techniques such as HPLC or Sonneratia UVAeVis spectrophotometry.
parameters, including appearance, pH, weight uniformity, thickness, folding Future endurance, elongation, and moisture These findings indicate that the developed matrix-based patch system is assessments, and quantitative analysis of physically stable and suitable for topical active compounds to ensure product Moreover.
Among the tested formulations.
F3 expanded antibacterial evaluations using .
%) exhibited the highest antibacterial complementary methods and in vivo activity against Staphylococcus aureus, studies are necessary to validate the with a mean inhibition zone of 18.
therapeutic efficacy of the formulation 58 mm, categorized as strong activity.
under physiological conditions.
Overall, this study provides a scientific basis for This result highlights the significant potential of Sonneratia alba leaf extract the development of mangrove-based, as a natural antibacterial agent for topical sustainable, and effective topical anti- anti-acne formulations.
acne therapies.
Despite these promising findings.
Conflict of Interests Statement Stability studies under The authors declare that there are various storage conditions were not no conflicts of interest regarding the conducted, and thus the long-term publication of this study.
This research was conducted independently without any financial support, sponsorship, or addition, safety evaluations, particularly personal relationships that could have Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing influenced the results or interpretation Silfia et al.
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