Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management 13.
: 417Ae424.
http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
417Ae424
E-ISSN: 2460-5824
http://journal.
id/index.
php/jpsl Quality of an ecoenzyme and potential of its residues as composting bioactivator Slamet Santosaa.
Munif Said Hassana.
Abdul Hayat Kasimb a Biology Department.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
Hasanuddin University.
Tamalanrea.
Makassar, 90245.
Indonesia [ 62 85242113.
b Chemistry Department.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
Hasanuddin University.
Tamalanrea.
Makassar, 90245.
Indonesia [ 62 81355312.
Article Info:
Received: 02 - 01 - 2023 Accepted: 13 - 06 - 2023 Keywords:
Bioactivator, ecoenzyme, environmental management, organic waste Corresponding Author:
Slamet Santosa Biology Department.
Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences.
Hasanuddin University.
Phone: 6285242113320 Email:
slametsantosa@unhas.
Abstract.
Ecoenzyme is a complex organic solution that can be used as an alternative for environmental management.
In this study, six ecoenzym were made by fermenting water spinach, chinese cabbage, mango, and papaya at different mixture composition, designated as ECO1 to ECO6, with the addition of palm sugar or granulated sugar and water in plastic bottles of 1,500 mL for 3 months.
The ecoenzyme solution was analyzed for aroma quality, color, pH, volume, and alcohol content.
The ecoenzyme residues (BRE), effective microorganisms (BEM), and without bioactivator (TBP) were tested for the ability to decompose organic waste aerobically in plastic All treatments produced an ecoenzyme solution with a strong acid aroma, light brown to reddish brown, pH ranging from 3.
1 to 3.
4, volume ranging from 740 to 780 mL, and alcohol ranging from 4.
1 to 4.
The residual ecoenzymes (BRE), effective microorganisms (BEM), and without bioactivator (TBP) can decompose organic waste with the results of pH, temperature, humidity, total N.
P2O5, and K2O that meet the Indonesian national standard (SNI) for composting.
The composting pH value ranges 4 to 7.
5, temperature ranges from 27 to 36 oC, humidity ranges from 66 to 81%, total N ranging from 0.
68 to 0.
P2O5 ranges from 0.
49 to 54%, and K2O ranging from 0.
75 to 0.
This study concludes that using mango, papaya waste, and palm sugar produces an ecoenzyme solution with the highest alcohol content and potential of ecoenzyme residues as composting bioactivator.
How to cite (CSE Style 8th Editio.
Santosa S.
Hassan SM.
Kasim HA.
Quality of an ecoenzyme and potential of its residues as composting bioactivator.
JPSL
: 417Ae424.
http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
417Ae424.
INTRODUCTION
During the Covid-19 pandemic, all activities were carried out from home and caused the volume of household waste to increase.
Then the community is advised to increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables to improve the body's immunity which ultimately increases the waste of fruit and vegetables (Sharma et al.
Increased community activities have the potential to cause an increasing volume of Human activities will not be separated from the presence of organic and inorganic waste (Megah et al.
According to Juniartini .
Indonesia is the second largest waste contributor in Asia with a volume of 187.
2 million tons/year, after.
China with 262.
9 million tons/year, followed by the Philippines.
Vietnam, and Sri Lanka.
Mahyudin .
stated that, waste management in Indonesia is an actual problem along with the increasing population growth, which impacts the increasing amount of waste produced.
Santosa S.
Hassan SM.
Kasim HA According to Prabekti .
and Septiani et al.
, waste management in Indonesia still uses the end-ofpipe approach, in which waste is collected, transported, and disposed of in a landfill.
The paradigm of waste management that uses such a final approach must be replaced.
The new paradigm views waste as a resource that has economic value and can be used as a source of energy, ecoenzyme, compost, fertilizer, or industrial raw materials.
One way to treat organic waste is to convert it into ecoenzymes.
Ecoenzyme is a solution of complex organic substances produced from vegetable and fruit waste fermentation, plus sugar and water.
This ecoenzyme solution is brown and has a strong acidic aroma (Hemalatha and Visantini 2.
The principle of the process of making ecoenzyme is similar to composting.
Still, water is added as a growth medium, so the final product obtained is a preferred solution because it is easier to use.
Making ecoenzyme does not require a large area and a composter tub.
only plastic bottles are needed.
Bottles of mineral water or other products can be used for fermentation.
Ecoenzyme has many benefits, such as being used as a plant growth activator, a mixture of floor cleaning detergents, and for cleaning pesticide residues, descaling, and reducing car radiator temperatures (Bernadin et al.
Rohyani et al.
The process of organic waste fermentation does not only produce an ecoenzyme solution but solid Ecoenzyme residues can be used as organic fertilizers and composting bioactivators because they contain nutrients and microbes.
According to Utama et al.
, various kinds of decomposer microbes in nature can be used as composting bioactivators.
This microbe type is often called a local microorganism (MOL), which can be cultured using various sources of organic matter.
Vegetable waste can be a good medium for the proliferation of decomposing microbes and can be used as a bioactivator in composting.
Almost all vegetables will undergo lactic acid fermentation, usually carried out by various types of bacteria Streptococcus.
Leuconostoc.
Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus (Utama et al.
Since the problem of organic waste is increasing and polluting the environment, this study was carried out to utilize organic waste to produce ecoenzyme and analyze the quality of the ecoenzyme solution and the potential use of its residue as a composting bioactivator.
METHODS
Location.
Time.
Material, and Equipment of Study The study was conducted at the Baraya village and the Soil Chemistry and Fertility Laboratory.
Hasanuddin University.
Makassar.
Indonesia.
In 2022.
The materials and equipment used are papaya and mango waste, water spinach and Chinese cabbage waste, palm sugar, granulated sugar, water, used mineral bottled-1,500 mL, analytical balance, measuring cup, erlen meyers, plastic bucket, pH meter, and UV-VIS Procedure of Study Ecoenzyme Preparation Ecoenzyme is prepared by material treatment, given in Table 1.
The procedure for preparing the ecoenzyme was by putting 600 mL water into a bottle-1,500 mL, adding with 100 g granulated or palm sugar, homogenizing, and adding 300 g mango and papaya waste and or water spinach and Chinese cabbage Subsequently, the mixtures were fermented for three months in a place with no direct sunlight.
The bottle cap was opened every 24 h during fermentation to release gases.
Quality Analysis of Ecoenzyme Solution The ecoenzyme solution obtained was observed and analyzed for aroma quality, color, pH, volume, and alcohol content.
The aroma and color were observed and assessed organoleptically by 20 respondents.
While Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 417Ae424 the volume is measured using a measuring cup.
The pH and alcohol content were respectively analyzed using pH meter and UV-VIS spectrophotometer.
Testing the Potential of Ecoenzyme Residues as Composting Bioactivator The raw materials to be composted, namely vegetable, fruit, and leaf waste, were collected, cut into 2Ae3 cm sizes, and dried in the sun for three days.
Then, these dried organic wastes were composted aerobically in plastic buckets with the addition of 10% bioactivator, namely ecoenzyme residue (BRE), commercial effective microorganism (BEM), and control or without bioactivator (TBP).
Composting was done in a place with no direct sunlight for five weeks.
During the process, the composting pH, temperature, and humidity were measured weekly using a thermometer, hygrometer, and pH meter.
The composts produced were then observed for color and texture, and the content of N.
P, and K were analyzed in the Soil Chemistry and Fertility Laboratory.
Ecoenzyme ECO1
ECO2
ECO3
ECO4
ECO5
ECO6
Table 1 Raw materials used for preparing ecoenzyme Mixture of materials Vegetable and fruit waste Weight .
Sugar type Weigh .
Papaya, mango, water Granulated spinach, and Chinese Papaya and mango Granulated Water spinach and Chinese Granulated Papaya, mango, water Palm sugar spinach, and Chinese Papaya and mango Palm sugar Water spinach and chinese Palm sugar Water .
L) Data Analysis The data obtained on the quality of ecoenzymes and the potential of their residues as composting bioactivators as compared to the BEM and control treatments were analyzed statistically using Anaysis of Variance.
If there is a significant different effect between treatments, it is continued with the least significant difference (LSD) test at 95% significance level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Quality of Ecoenzym Solution Ecoenzyme solutions obtained in the first week had a distinctive aroma of fresh vegetables and fruits, clear in color when using granulated sugar and light brown when using palm sugar.
After 3 months of fermentation, the solutions had a strong acid aroma, light brown in ECO1 and ECO3, yellowish brown in ECO4 and ECO5, and reddish brown in ECO2 and ECO6 ecoenzyme with pH values ranging from 3.
1 to Meanwhile, the lowest volume of ecoenzyme solution of 740 mL was obtained in ECO2, and the highest of 780 mL was in ECO6 (Table .
The characteristics of these ecoenzyme solutions follow the results of several studies, namely acid aroma, brown color, and low pH.
The making of ecoenzymes is successful if a Santosa S.
Hassan SM.
Kasim HA brownish solution is formed, has a strong or fresh fruit acidicaroma, and a pH < 4 (Dewi et al.
Safitri et al.
The acid aroma comes from the acetic acid contained in the ecoenzyme solution.
Ecoenzymes made from vegetable waste and palm sugar produced higher volume of solution than fruit waste and granulated sugar (Table .
Vegetable waste used were the leaves, stems, and roots of water spinach and Chinese cabbage.
These plant organs function in water distribution metabolism.
Therefore, when these organs are harvested, their water content is still high.
According to Lakitan .
, the water content of the plant roots, stems, and leaves is higher than in the fruits.
Water content of plant tissues ranges from 80 to Using palm sugar in ECO4.
ECO5, and ECO6 resulted in a higher volume of ecoenzyme solution than granulated sugar in ECO1.
ECO2, and ECO3.
Ecoenzyme Materials ECO1 Fruit and vegetable ECO2 Fruit waste ECO3 Vegetable waste ECO4 Fruit and vegetable ECO5 Fruit waste ECO6 Vegetable waste Table 2 Quality of ecoenzym solution Aroma Color Strong acid Light brown Strong acid Strong acid Strong acid Volume .
L) Reddish brown Light brown Yellowish Yellowish Reddish brown Strong acid Strong acid Ecoenzyme is an event of overhaul of organic compounds by microbes so that the final product is influenced by their performance.
Microbes need sugar as a source of energy.
The higher the sugar content of the substrate, the higher the capacity of the microbes to fulfill their energy source.
According to Lempang .
, palm sugar contains 84% sucrose, and it is only 20% in granulated sugar.
Supriyani et al.
stated that the type of sugar affects the volume of ecoenzyme solution obtained.
The higher the availability of sugar .
, the higher the yield of ecoenzyme solution.
Ecoenzyme solution contains alcohol, so that it can function as a growth inhibitor and kill unwanted Therefore, ecoenzyme solution can be used as a floor cleaner, disinfectant, and insecticide.
The percentage of alcohol content of ecoenzyme solution is a determining factor for its effectiveness as an This study revealed that the solution of ecoenzyme-prepared papaya, mango waste, and palm sugar contains more alcohol than water spinach and Chinese cabbage waste and granulated sugar, in which the alcohol content ranged from 4.
1 to 4.
8% (Figure .
Granulated sugar Palm sugar ECO1 and ECO4 ECO2 and ECO5 ECO3 and ECO6 Figure 1 Alcohol content of the ecoenzym solution According to Lakitan .
, the glucose contained in fruits is higher than in plant leaves, stems, and Glucose is used as a source of nutrients in the fermentation process, which will then be converted into alcohol (Mimi 2.
Microbes attempt fermentation to obtain energy from carbohydrates .
with Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 417Ae424 alcohol or acetic acid as the product, depending on the microbes involved.
Fungi and some bacteria produce alcohol, whereas most bacteria produce acetic acid.
In their fermentation study.
Munir et al.
reported that adding three different types of sugar, namely coconut sugar, palm sugar, and granulated sugar, resulted in different alcohol levels.
The highest alcohol content was obtained from adding palm sugar .
56%), and the lowest was granulated sugar .
40%).
The potential of Ecoenzyme Residues as Composting Bioactivator Composting wastes of vegetables, fruit, and leaves using a bioactivator of the ecoenzyme residues (BRE), effective microorganisms (BEM), and without bioactivator (TBP) resulted in pH < 7 at the first week.
Longer composting time increased the pH.
At the end of composting time, the highest pH of 7.
5 was measured at BRE and BEM treatments, while at TBP treatment, it was 7.
After five weeks of composting, the composting pH range was from 6.
4 to 7.
5 (Figure .
According to Whitman and John .
, the ideal pH range during the composting process is 6 to 8.
The maturity phase of the compost in all treatments was reached on day 28 with a pH value of around 7.
This pH value indicated that the compost has matured and is safe for soil conditioners.
According to Supadma and Arthagama .
, the pattern of pH changes in compost begins with a slightly acidic pH due to the formation of simple organic acids.
Then the pH increases with incubation time due to protein breakdown and ammonia release.
The increase and decrease of pH is also a marker of the activity of microbes in decomposing organic matter (Firdaus 2011.
Ismayana et al.
BRE
BEM
TBP
Figure 2 Value of pH in the composting process of organic waste Composting temperatures ranged from 27 to 36 oC after five weeks, categorized as medium temperature.
The treatments of BRE and BEM resulted in the same composting temperature of 36 oC, while TBP was only 32 oC in the first week.
The composting temperature in the following weeks decreased until it stabilized in the fifth week (Figure .
Composting temperature occurs due to the activity of microbes.
The use of different sources of bioactivation gave rise to the diversity and number of microbes.
According to Widarti et .
, the low composting temperature is thought to be due to insufficient composting waste in the process to provide heat insulation.
BRE
BEM
TBP
Figure 3 Temperature in the composting process of organic waste Santosa S.
Hassan SM.
Kasim HA Then, the temperature will decrease due to the reduced amount of organic matter that the microbes can decompose, indicating the compost is starting to ripen.
Moreover, the increase in composting temperature is due to bacterial activity in decomposing organic matter (Pandebesie and Rayuanti 2.
Mesophilic conditions are more effective for decomposition because the microbial-activated process is dominated by protobacteria and fungi.
According to Ruskandi .
, the aerobic composting process proceeds in the mesophilic phase at 23 to 45 oC and the thermophilic phase at 45 to 65 oC.
In this study, the composting temperature fluctuation was not more than 36 oC, so only mesophilic bacteria could reproduce.
According to Indriani .
, the optimal temperature for composting is 30 to 50 oC.
While according to the criteria of Indonesian National Standard (SNI), the maximum composting process is 50 oC (BSN 2.
During the 5 weeks, the composting humidity ranged from 66 to 81%.
The highest humidity occurred in the treatments using bioactivator (BRE and BEM) in the first week, then it decreased in the following weeks and stabilized in the fourth week.
The humidity in BRE and BEM treatments was not significantly different but differed from TBP treatments in the first and second weeks.
The composting at the third, fourth, and fifth weeks showed no significant humidity difference amongst the BRE.
BEM, and TBP treatments (Figure .
Humidity affects the activity of microbes, the higher humidity, however, can cause the microbes to be disturbed and even die because the spaces for aerobic composting are filled with water.
Juanda et al.
say the decomposition process will be hampered if the composting humidity is too moist.
This is because water will cover the air cavity in the composting materials.
Lack of oxygen causes aerobic microbes to die.
According to Kusumawati .
, the optimum humidity for aerobic composting is 50 to 60%.
If it is less than 50% then the composting will take place slowly, but if it is more than 60% it will cause the nutrients to be leached out, and the air volume in the compost will decrease.
BRE
BEM
TBP
Figure 4 Value of humidity in the composting process of organic waste The final product of organic waste composting in this study showed the characteristics of color and texture with good quality.
The compost is black-brown in color with a smooth texture in all treatments.
According to Sulistyawati et al.
, the physical quality of the compost produced provides an overview of each decomposer agent's ability to decompose organic matter in the organic waste.
According to Ismayana et al.
, a good texture of compost is obtained if the final shape does not resemble the original shape of the raw material because it has been destroyed due to natural decomposition by microbes living in the Meanwhile, the results of chemical analysis showed that the compost contained total N.
P2O5, and that ranged from 0.
68 to 0.
80%, from 0.
49 to 0.
60%, and from 0.
75 to 0.
90%, respectively (Table .
This compost nutrient content met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 19-7030-2004 criteria, namely a minimum total N of 0.
P2O5 of 0.
1%, and K2O of 0.
Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 417Ae424
Characteristics Color
Texture Total N (%) P2O5 (%) K2O (%) Table 3 Quality of the final product of organic waste composting Quality of compost treated with bioactivator BRE
BEM
TBP
Black-brown
Black-brown
Black-brown
Smooth
Smooth
Smooth
CONCLUSION
Fermentation of mango, papaya, water spinach, and chinese cabbage waste with addition of palm sugar or granulated sugar and water-produced ecoenzymes.
The ecoenzyme made from papaya and mango waste with palm sugar produced a solution with the highest alcohol content.
The ecoenzyme residue can be used as composting bioactivator.
The composting process of organic waste in all treatments runs normally, with the final product having color, texture, total N.
P2O5, and K2O that complied with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 19-7030-2004 requirements.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank the Soil Chemistry and Fertility Laboratory.
Department of Soil.
Hasanuddin University for the facilities provided during the study.
REFERENCES