Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol. 10 No. 2 August 2023: 151-165

INDONESIAN JOURNAL ON GEOSCIENCE
Geological Agency
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Journal homepage: h p://ijog.geologi.esdm.go.id
ISSN 2355-9314, e-ISSN 2355-9306

Geospatial Analysis for Delta Evolution of Jeneberang River
in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Rohaya Langkoke
Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia

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Corresponding author: rlangkoke@gmail.com
Manuscript received: Februari, 15, 2023; revised: April, 14, 2023;
approved: May, 30, 2023; available online: June, 19, 2023

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Abstract - This study aims to document and to elucidate the Jeneberang River delta evolution during 1922 -2022 by
analyzing the transport of sediment in and out of the river through erosion and sedimentation. The method used is
a geospatial analysis of the delta and river evolution using the Dutch map of 1922 and Landsat long-term data from
1972, 1981, 1991, 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2022 by dividing once every fifty to two years, so the delta pattern changes.
The data collection was done by downloading data via Landsat, the data processing was simulated using ArcGIS
software, and sedimentation and erosion were estimated. This study shows that the lowest sedimentation occurred in
2002 - 2004 with an area of 6.21 ha, and the highest one in 2004 - 2006 with an area of 34.99 ha. The lowest erosion
occurred in 2014- 2016 with an area of 1.08 ha, and the highest in 2006 - 2008 with an area of 22.64 ha. The evolution of the delta occurred due to landform and river migrations. Landform migration occurs gradually starting with
the direction of migration relative to the north to relative to the west resulting in the formation of a delta landform
with an area of 5349.42 ha. Furthermore, the development of the landform no longer leads relatively north to west,
but there is still sediment migration due to tides and sediment supply from rivers resulting in a delta landform with
an area of 5586.56 ha. Then landform migration is derived from the river sedimentary supply stalled to the north because of water gate construction which caused the concentration of migration lead to the southern estuary. Tides then
became a major factor in the migration, but were not as intensive as before with additional formation with an area of
5655.79 ha. The meandering changes or evolution of rivers occur naturally and are influenced by human activities. The
emergence of changes is divided into five periods ranging from changes in the meandering direction to the south to
the sedimentation and control of erosion with the construction of sluices and reclamation. Based on the study and by
using the Galloway classification, Jeneberang delta is classified as an estuarine delta that is predominantly influenced
by tides (tide-dominated) during its formation.
Keywords: Landsat imagery, delta evolution, Jeneberang River, tide-dominated, South Sulawesi

© IJOG - 2023.

How to cite this article:
Langkoke, R., 2023. Geospatial Analysis for Delta Evolution of Jeneberang River in Makassar, South Sulawesi,
Indonesia. Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, 10 (2), p.151-165. DOI: 10.17014/ijog.10.2.151-165

Introduction
In Singh (1989) and Seybold et al. (2007),
the word ‘‘delta’’ derived from the Greek can
be defined as a coastal sedimentary deposit with
each subaerial and subaqueous components. It is
formed by river borne sediment which is deposited

at the edge of a standing water, like an ocean or
sometimes a lake. The morphology and sedimentary sequences of a delta rely upon several factors
such as the discharge regime, the sediment load
of the river, and the relative magnitudes of tides,
waves, and currents (Coleman, 1982). Moreover,
the sediment grain length and the water intensity
Indexed by: SCOPUS

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Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 10 No. 2 August 2023: 151-165

developed since 2000 for settlements, business
centres, and marine tourism. For the purpose of
coastal management planning, a study on delta
evolution is needed aiming to document and to
record historical data on evolution of Jeneberang
River delta. No comprehensive studies on this
theme has been done before. This study is crucial
to monitor and to manage the impact of the river
and delta development. One of the methods to
determine the delta evolution in the studied area
is to calculate sedimentation and erosion using
Landsat imageries to understand the landform
migration, river pattern changes, and to classify
the delta type.
Landsat satellite was chosen because this is
the oldest one that is still operating today. Thus,
data with long time series could be obtained. The
need for satellite data over a long period of time
is required to see changes that have occurred at
the researched location.

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at the depositional site are crucial for the shape
of the deltaic deposition patterns (Coleman and
Wright, 1975; Wright, 1985; Bhattacharya, 1992;
Orton and Reading, 1993). This complex interplay
of unique methods and conditions effects in a
massive range of various patterns according to
the local situations. Coleman and Wright (1973;
1975) described depositional facies in deltaic sediments, and concluded that they were resulted from
a massive kind of interactive dynamic approaches
(climate, hydrologic characteristics, wave power,
and tidal movement) that modify and disperse the
sediment transported by way of the river.
Erosion and sedimentation are two main
processes that play an important role in the delta
formation. Factors that affect erosion and sedimentation changes in the function of land cover
from forest areas or green land to target areas
influence the rate of erosion and sedimentation in
the area, and cause inundation in the surrounding
area which can also be called flooding (Seybold et
al., 2007; Alimin et al., 2017; Negoro and Cholil, 2018). Another influencing factor is rainfall
and the amount of runoff that has flowed in the
watershed. In coastal areas, rivers and estuaries
will never escape from the so-called sedimentation. Moreover, it is often to become an important
issue, especially in the surrounding areas where
there is human activity. Sedimentation is the
process by which sediment isdeposited, leading
to its accumulation. The most commoncause of
deposition is the settling out of sediment from
atransporting fluid (water, wind or ice) (Holden,
2017).
Jeneberang River delta is a land formed at
the mouth of Jeneberang River located in the
west of Makassar City with the length of 75 - 80
km. Jene­berang River is one of the major rivers
in South Sulawesi with a dendritic pattern. The
upper side of Jeneberang River reaches Mount
Bawakaraeng in Gowa Regency, while the lower
side reaches Makassar Strait (Whitten et al., 1987;
Sakka et al., 2011). At the mouth of Jeneberang
River, a delta is formed and constantly changes
over time. Apart from being a catchment area,
Jeneberang River delta area has intensively

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Data and Methodology

This study took place in Jeneberang River
delta, which is administratively included in to
Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia (Figure 1). This study was performed by
means of time series of Landsat imageries which
were processed by ArcGIS software to calculate
the erosion and sedimentation of fluvial materials in the Jeneberang River delta. Over the past
forty years, remote sensing especially Landsat
satellite imagery have improved studies on fluvial geomorphology. Some quantitative change
detection methods identify objects, patterns, or
phenomena, and observe their changes at different times (Singh, 1989; Lu et al., 2004; Alesheikh
et al., 2007; Muskananfola, 2020), which can be
applied to time series of satellite imagery.
The data used in this study are images of 1922,
1922, 1972, 1981, 1991, 2000, 2010, 2020, and
2022, as well as rainfall data. (Table 1). Georeferencing Batavia mapping (scale 1: 50,000) was
done using image georeferencing method. The
Ground Control Point (GCP) was taken from the

Geospatial Analysis for Delta Evolution of Jeneberang River
in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia (R. Langkoke)
119°40'0"E

119°50'0"E

120°0'0"E

2

4

119°30'0"E

125°0'0"E

119°40'0"E

0

2

4

8

119°50'0"E

5°28'30"S

0°0'0"

120°0'0"E

Study Area
Jeneberang River
Bili-bili Dam

5°0'0"S

Km
400

0 100 200

6

119°26'0"E

±

Legend

G

119°20'0"E

1

119°24'0"E

Km

125°0'0"E

0°0'0"

5°10'0"S
5°12'0"S
0

119°22'0"E

120°0'0"E

5°8'0"S

119°26'0"E

5°0'0"S

119°24'0"E

5°10'0"S

119°22'0"E

5°12'0"S

5°28'30"S

5°8'0"S

5°18'0"S

119°30'0"E

5°18'0"S

119°20'0"E

Kilometers
12

120°0'0"E

Figure 1. Location map of the studied area (red colour square), part of The Jeneberang River system (Source: RBI Map,
modified by author).

Data
1922 image map
1972 image map

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Table 1. Data Type and Data Sources in this Study
Acquisition time

Source

Resolution

Pansharpaned

Topography of Dienst (Batavia)

-

1972/09/04

Landsat 1 (Band 754)

60 m

-

1981/04/29

Landsat 2 (Band 754)

60 m

-

1991/09/22

Landsat 5 (Band 753)

30 m

15 m

2002/05/23

Landsat 7 (Band 743)

30 m

15 m

2010/04/11

Landsat 7 (Band 743)

30 m

15 m

2020 image map

2020/04/30

Landsat 8 (Band 754)

30 m

15 m

2022 image map

2022/09/11

Landsat 8 (Band 754)

30 m

15 m

1981 image map
1991 image map
2000 image map

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2010 image map

Rainfall

Jeneberang Kampili River Station

coordinates of the crossroads seen on the Landsat
8 satellite with a resolution of 3 m. Data collection was carried out by downloading data through
Landsat and digitizing Jeneberang River delta
using digitization tools available in the Google
Earth Pro software, in the form of a feature line
from the Google Earth Pro software having a kmz
format, which is then converted to shp format using ArcMap from ArcGIS software Desktop 10.8.
The limited data in this study caused the suboptimal digitization process of Landsat data, due

to the lack of existing qualified image. The delta
landform is interpreted from Landsat imagery
and verified through field observations by visiting
the entire Jeneberang delta area and identifying
landform in the area.

Results and Discussion
Jeneberang River is located in Gowa Regency,
South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. It has a
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Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 10 No. 2 August 2023: 151-165

stream with a gradual slope on Mount Bawa­
karaeng, (b) Mature stream with a medium slope
at the Bili-Bili Dam, and (c) Old stream with a
gentle slope to Jeneberang Estuary (Figure 2).
Figure 2 also describes the characteristics and
features of each types of Jeneberang stream development. The stream development is strongly
controlled by several geological factors including
lithological types and tectonics (Hirnawan, 2009).
The extended description of each stream type is
explained below.
a. Upstream/Young stream
The upstream area is located on the Mount
Bawakaraeng. This area is the earliest part for
the sediment supply to Jeneberang delta. Factors controlling the high rate of sedimentation
and erosion includes high levels of rainfall,
soil erodibility index, land slope, vegetation
and soil management. The upstream area has
the characteristics of a high slope of more than
55o, and has a high bedload causing erosion
in the V-shaped upstream area. The material in the upstream area generally has lump
sizes, composed of volcanic rock material

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length of about 80 km which flows from east
to west, from Mount Bawakaraeng and Mount
Lompobattang to Makassar Strait. Jeneberang
River is the main river in the watershed. Physiographically, it is situated on the southern arm of
Sulawesi Island, on the western slope of Mount
Lompobattang Mountain range, a dormant stratovolcano-type. The geological conditions of Jene­
berang River basin (watershed) are dominated by
alluvium deposits of rivers, lakes, and beaches
along the river flow. The alluvium deposits are
sourced from Camba Formation which comprises
marine and volcanic sedimentary rocks including
breccias, lava, tuff, and konglongmerat, whereas
Lompobattang Formation occupies the upper part
of the river . Jeneberang River delta is influenced
by marine and fluvial processes, including sedimentation and erosion of sedimentary material in
Jeneberang River.

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Stream Development in Jeneberang Watershed
In the development of stream from Jeneberang
watershed, there are three river divisions based on
characteristics and features, including (a) Young

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Mt. Bawakaraeng

Colour

Slope ( )

Characteristics:
- Steep/V-shaped Valley
- Narrow/Shallow Channel
- High Bedload

0-2
3-4
5-8
9 - 16
17 - 35
35 - 55

Mature Stream
Moderate Slope

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> 55

Jeneberang
River Delta

Young Stream
Steep Slope

Characteristics:
- Open/gentle sloping valley
with floodplain
- Wider/deeper Channel
- More Suspended Sediment

Old Stream
Gentle Slope

Characteristics:
- Open/gentle sloping valley
with floodplain
- Flat & Wide Floodplain
- Wide, Open Valley
- Very Wide and Very Deep Channel

Features:
- ‘V’ Shaped Valleys
- Interlocking Spurs
- Waterfalls
- Gorges

Features:
- Meanders
- River Cliffs
- Slip of Slopes

Features:
- Oxbow Lakes
- Flood Plains
- Levees

Figure 2. Stream development of the Jeneberang watershed (Source: DEMNAS, 2018, mofified by author).

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Geospatial Analysis for Delta Evolution of Jeneberang River
in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia (R. Langkoke)

erosion were then reviewed by comparing data
from different years (Figure 3). The digitization
of the image map displays the changes of the
river patterns. The changes were then calculated
in ArcMap 10.8 software to determine the area
of sedimentation and erosion. The processed data
is divided into periods with a longtime span, in
2000 - 2022. The supplied sediment in the river
is mainly sourced from weathered rocks and soil
from the upward part of the river (Omorinoye et
al., 2021).
Figures 3 and 4 show that the initial sedimentation occurred in 2000 - 2002 within an area of
about 7.09 ha, then decreased and became the
lowest sedimentation in 2002 - 2004 with an
area of about 6.21 ha, and continued to increase
to the highest in 2004 - 2006 with an area of
about 34.99 ha. The highest sedimentation data
in 2004 - 2006 coincide with the occurrence of
landslide in the upper part of Jeneberang River in
March 2004, which was due to the high rainfall in
late 2003 to early 2004 (Table 2). This increased
the supply of material in the downstream of
Jeneberang River. The effect of sediment distribution is due to a large rainfall in November
2004 to February 2005 (Table 2). The rain caused
avalanche material to be carried away, leading to
the amount of water discharge to increase. The
influence of Bili-bili Dam caused the sediment
rate to stop and settle in the dam basin, so that
the sedimentary material passing downstream of
Jeneberang River was deposited over a large area
of 34.99 ha. The sedimentation fluctuates until
2022, the highest after a landslide with an area
of about 24.87 ha.
Erosion is not in harmony with sedimentation.
The eroded area has increased and decreased. In
2000 - 2002, erosion area was of about 4.21 ha,
then rose to the highest erosion in 2006 - 2008
with an area of approximately 22.64 ha. The erosion fluctuated in the next period until it reached
the lowest erosion in 2014 - 2016 with an area
of 1.08 ha. Until 2022, erosion has been occured
with an area of 7.57 ha. Rainfall data were obtained in 1972, 1981, 1991, and 2000 - 2022 from
Kampili station (Table 2).

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from Bawakaraeng Volcano. Aisyah (2022)
estimated the amount of erosion in the upper Jeneberang watershed using the USLE
equation in 2018 is 813.1 tons/m2/year with
an average permissible erosion value of 28.9
tons/ha/year.
b. Middle flow/mature stream
In the middle flow, it has a slope with a range
of 8 - 17o, and there is already a floodplain
with material generally comprising sandy to
gravel in size. The centre of the Jeneberang
watershed is Bili-Bili Dam which was built
with the aim at controlling floods, meeting
irrigation water needs, providing raw water,
and hydropower. The Bili-Bili Dam has a
catchment area of 384.4 km2 with a planned
operating period of fifty years (Department
of Public Works, 1989; JRBDP, 2004). Asrib
et al. (2011) stated that there was a change in
landuse and also the occurrence of a caldera
wall avalanche in 2004 which is the upstream
of Jeneberang watershed with a sedimentary
flow volume of 45,027,954 m3. The potential
for sediment due to large enough avalanches
will flow downstream if the rain intensity is
high, so it is susceptible to high discharge
concentrations.
c. Downstream/old stream
Downstream is the end part of Jeneberang
watershed. In this part, a process of sedimentation, erosion, abrasion, and sediment
migration occurrs. The downstream area has
a low slope with a range of 0 - 5o, so that the
floodplain is wide. In addition, the material
carried downstream is generally sand to clay
in size. There is a delta in Jeneberang estuary
that has undergone evolution caused by the
sedimentation rate of Jeneberang watershed
as well as tides dominated and waves from
the sea.
Sedimentation and Erosion Analysis
By using satellite imagery data from 2000 - 2022
digitized on ArcMap 10.8, sedimentation and erosion data were obtained through changes (evolution) of rivers and deltas. The sedimentation and

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Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 10 No. 2 August 2023: 151-165

7.09 ha
4.21 ha

6.21 ha
5.56 ha

±
0

1

2

4

6

Km

Erosion
Sedimentation
2000 - 2002

2002 - 2004
20.47 ha
22.64 ha

2004 - 2006

2006 - 2008

8.90 ha
13.48 ha

11.83 ha
6.09 ha

2008 - 2010

13.34 ha
1.08 ha

2012 - 2014

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2010 - 2012
15.05 ha
1.80 ha

9.65 ha
13.89 ha

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34.99 ha
10.67 ha

16.09 ha
5.87 ha

2016 - 2018

2018 - 2020

2014 - 2016

24.87 ha
7.57 ha

2020 - 2022

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Figure 3. Sedimentation and erosion area of The Jeneberang River.

Delta Evolution of Jeneberang River
Delta Landform Migration
The analysis evolution of Jeneberang delta
used Landsat imagery data in 1922, 1972, 1981,
1991, 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2020. The data
were processed using the ArcMap 10.8 using six
colours classification of legend including land,
sediment, river, water gate, jetties, and reclamation. It is obviously recognized that the delta pattern is significantly changed due to the influence
of sediment supply from rivers and sea. The delta
pattern changes are not only affected by the natural
process of sedimentation, but are also influenced
by human activities through delta reclamation
(Figure 5). Based on the image data, the sediment

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deposition and migration results of the Jeneberang
delta landform area are tabulated in Table 3.
1922 - 1972 Period
The Landsat image (1922 - 1972; Figure 6) is
the initial data of sediment migration during fifty
years, with an area of about 5097.62 ha. The sediment migration occurred causing the delta develop
relatively north to west with an area of 275.78 ha
forming a delta with an area of 5373.40 ha in 1972
and forming a spit in the north (Figure 6).
1972 - 1981 Period
Sediment migration occurred from the beginning of 1972 ̶ 1981 with an area of about 5373.40

Geospatial Analysis for Delta Evolution of Jeneberang River
in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia (R. Langkoke)
1981

400
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

600
400
200
0

800
600
400
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

400

800
600
400
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

400
200
0

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

800
600

400

200
0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1600

1400
1200
1000
800
600

400

200
0

400
200
0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2008
1800
1600

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

1400
1200
1000
800
600

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

400
200
0

1800

1800

1600

1600

1400
1200
1000
800
600

400

200
0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1800

800
600

400

200
0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

400
200
0

1800
1600

800
600

400

200
0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2020

2019

1400
1200
1000

2016

800
600

1800

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2022
Amount of Rainfall (mm)

1800

400

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1400
1200
1000

1600

1600

800
600

400

200
0

1600

1800

1400
1200
1000

800
600

1800

1400
1200
1000

2012

1400
1200
1000

1600

2021

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

600

1800

1600

200
0

800

1600

2018

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1400
1200
1000

2015

1800

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

800
600

1400
1200
1000

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Amount of Rainfall (mm)

1400
1200
1000

1800
1600

O

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2017
1800
1600

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2014
1800
1600

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

2013
1800
1600

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2004

1800

2011

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

1400
1200
1000

0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2010
1800
1600

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

2009
1800

400
200
0

1600

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

800
600
200
0

600

2007

1400
1200
1000

1600

200

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

400

400

200
0

800

G

800
600

800
600

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

1400
1200
1000

1400
1200
1000

400

2006
1800
1600

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

2005
1800
1600

200
0

600

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

1400
1200
1000

200
0

800

1400
1200
1000

2003
Amount of Rainfall (mm)

1800
1600

200
0

1400
1200
1000

2002

1800
1600

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

2001

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

200
0

800

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

600

1800
1600

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

800

1400
1200
1000

1800
1600

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

1400
1200
1000

2000

1991
Amount of Rainfall (mm)

1800
1600

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

Amount of Rainfall (mm)

1972
1800
1600

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 4. Rainfall diagram for Jeneberang Kampili River Station.

ha. The presence of migration occurred caused
the delta still develop relatively to the north-west
with an area of 23.98 ha forming a delta with an
area of 5349.42 ha in 1981 (Figure 7).
1981 - 1991 Period
Sediment migration occurred in the period of
1981-1991 with an area of about 5349.42 ha. The occurrence of migrations caused by tides and sediment

supply from rivers with an area of 1.64 ha, formed a
delta with an area of 5351.06 ha in 1991 (Figure 8).
1991 - 2000 Period
Sediment migration occurring in the period of
1991 - 2000 had an area of about 5351.06 ha. The
migration caused by tides and sediment supply
from rivers with an area of 235.5 ha, formed a
delta with an area of 5586.56 ha in 2000 (Figure 9).
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Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 10 No. 2 August 2023: 151-165

Table 2. Rainfall Data from Kampili Station of the Jeneberang River
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

1972

935

494

383

69

15

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1981

408

200

157

198

85

33

70

13

32

62

199

366

1991

609

489

123

251

15

0

0

0

0

0

289

483

2000

1348

151

493

325

151

244

0

0

0

199

806

298

2001

169

203

40

37

1

7

0

0

0

38

165

127

2002

754

605

481

175

46

0

0

0

0

0

136

883

2003

1758

202

0

312

45

25

0

0

0

150

765

1239

2004

849

706

0

24

276

0

0

0

0

0

443

808

2005

1150

978

234

240

0

91

0

0

0

262

888

0

2006

799

1429

578

364

404

158

0

0

0

75

0

1243

2007

886

514

605

232

0

188

0

0

0

228

301

746

2008

164

237

338

172

317

129

8

47

44

117

352

682

2009

1507

588

70

563

15

17

17

0

0

28

80

695

2010

1047

415

386

305

380

247

407

105

426

490

475

753

2011

530.91

352.73

425.15

311.36

196.67

44.34

13.11

13.78

6.3

74.37

256.61

560.65

2012

349.52

326.13

404.59

147.93

190.06

104.79

60.33

17.04

30.59

39.64

179.72

275.48

2013

749.79

329.17

258.08

288.08

177.58

191.84

188.47

14.95

8.01

78.84

178.9

476.15

2014

599.21

165.38

276.34

237.62

172.41

113.45

33.53

15.36

1.14

8.94

120.86

472.15

2015

792.8

272.52

322.46

247.82

85.62

113.81

13.49

3.42

4

3.85

99.6

558.67

2016

281.23

357.69

323.16

228.44

124.2

103.95

80.07

9.07

137

403.29

295.23

313.76

2017

402.58

349.19

234.99

181.3

193.52

248.64

89.84

14.22

77.25

77.8

426.38

462.8

2018

452.19

478.7

511.96

162.21

76.11

149.61

75.05

3.93

8.05

27.56

241.77

507.23

2019

549.55

169.29

264.58

217.43

65.35

101.57

24.04

8.68

6.43

1.38

42.04

127.49

2020

505

393

215

41

221

35

38

57

71

167

296

711

2021

869

440

2022

547.5

749

O

G

Year

285

46

84

34

27

96

215

462

781.5

251

433.5

374

112.2

134

90.3

29

412

421.9

1103.1

IJ

518

40

Sedimentation/Erosion (ha)

35
30
25
20

Erosion

15
10
5
0

2000-2002 2002-2004 2004-2006 2006-2008 2008-2010 2010-2012 2012-2014 2014-2016 2016-2018 2018-2020 2020-2022

Figure 5. Histogram of sedimentation and erosion area of the Jeneberang River.

158

Sedimentation

Geospatial Analysis for Delta Evolution of Jeneberang River
in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia (R. Langkoke)

G

5°9'0"S
5°10'0"S
5°11'0"S

River

Reclamation

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

2000

5°9'0"

5°9'0"
2

Jetty

119°23'0"E

5°10'0"

5°8'0"S

5°8'0"S
5°9'0"

5°9'0"

5°11'0"

5°10'0"
5°11'0"

5°12'0"S

IJ
5°12'0"S

5°10'0"

5°8'0"S
5°9'0"
5°10'0"
5°11'0"

1991

1

Watergate

Sediment

5°10'0"

119°26'0"E

Land

5°11'0"

119°26'0"E

119°25'0"

Kilometers

5°12'0"S

119°25'0"

119°24'0"

2

Legend

5°12'0"S

119°24'0"

119°23'0"E

0

5°8'0"S

119°23'0"E

119°26'0"E

5°8'0"S

119°26'0"E

119°25'0"

1

5°9'0"

119°25'0"

119°24'0"

5°12'0"S

±

2

5°10'0"

119°24'0"

119°23'0"E

O

119°23'0"E

1981

DELTA EVOLUTION

5°11'0"

5°9'0"
5°10'0"

5°11'0"

119°26'0"E

5°11'0"

5°9'0"
5°10'0"

5°12'0"S

5°12'0"S

5°12'0"S

119°25'0"

1972

5°11'0"

5°9'0"
5°11'0"

5°10'0"

5°8'0"S

1922

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

119°23'0"E

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

119°23'0"E

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

119°23'0"E

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

119°23'0"E

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

119°26'0"E

119°26'0"E

5°8'0"S

5°9'0"

5°9'0"

5°10'0"
5°11'0"
5°12'0"S

5°9'0"
119°25'0"

5°10'0"

5°10'0"
119°24'0"

5°11'0"

5°11'0"

5°11'0"

5°11'0"

5°12'0"S

5°12'0"S
119°23'0"E

2022

5°12'0"S

5°8'0"S
5°9'0"

5°9'0"

119°25'0"

5°12'0"S

5°10'0"
119°24'0"

5°10'0"

5°8'0"S
5°9'0"
5°10'0"
5°11'0"
5°12'0"S

119°23'0"E

2020

5°8'0"S

119°24'0"

119°23'0"E

5°8'0"S

119°23'0"E

2010

5°8'0"S

119°23'0"E

119°26'0"E

5°8'0"S

119°25'0"

5°12'0"S

119°24'0"

5°12'0"S

119°23'0"E

Sediment
Migrated
275.78
23.98
1.64
235.5
69.23
635.93

5°8'0"S

1922
1972
1981
1991
2000
2022
Cummulative

Area (ha)
Sediment
Deposited
5097.62
5373.40
5349.42
5351.06
5586.56
5655.79
4370 4.97

5°8'0"S

Year

2000 - 2022 Period
Sediment migration occurred in the 2000’s
period with an area of about 5586.56 ha. As
a result of the construction of water gates in
the northern estuary and jetties in the southern
estuary, the sediment supply from the river
stagnated. Therefore, the migration was caused
only by tides with an area of 69.23 ha, forming a delta with an area of 5655.79 ha in 2022
(Figure 10).

5°8'0"S

Table 3. Delta Landfrom Migration Data of the Jeneberang
River

119°23'0"E

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

Figure 6. Delta evolution landform migration of The Janeberang River from 1922, 1972, 1981, 1991, 2000, 2010, 2020 to 2022.

159

Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 10 No. 2 August 2023: 151-165

119°23'0"E

±

1

1981 - 1991

1

0

Kilometers

5°11'0"
5°12'0"S

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

5°10'0"
119°24'0"

119°24'0"

1

Kilometers

1991

Sediment Migration

2000

Sediment Deposited

River

Watergate

Jetty

5°10'0"
5°11'0"

5°11'0"
5°12'0"S

119°26'0"E

±

5°12'0"S

5°11'0"
5°12'0"S

IJ

5°10'0"

5°10'0"
5°11'0"
5°12'0"S

5°9'0"

Sediment Deposited

0,5

Legend

5°10'0"

1981

5°9'0"

5°9'0"

Sediment Migration

119°26'0"E

0

Kilometers

1972

119°25'0"

119°25'0"

5°8'0"S

5°8'0"S

1

River

119°24'0"

119°26'0"E

1991 - 2000

Legend

119°23'0"E

119°25'0"

DELTA EVOLUTION

O

5°8'0"S

1972 - 1981

±

Sediment Deposited

2

119°23'0"E

119°26'0"E

0,5

1991

Figure 9. Delta evolution in 1981 - 1991.

DELTA EVOLUTION

0

Sediment Migration

River

119°23'0"E

Figure 7. Delta evolution during 1922 - 1972.
119°23'0"E

Kilometers

1981

G

5°11'0"
5°12'0"S

5°10'0"

5°10'0"
5°11'0"
5°12'0"S
119°23'0"E

1

5°11'0"

Sediment Deposited

River

5°9'0"

1972

±

5°10'0"

Sediment Migration

0,5

Legend

5°9'0"

5°9'0"

Legend
1922

119°26'0"E

DELTA EVOLUTION

5°9'0"

0,5

5°8'0"S

0

119°25'0"

5°12'0"S

5°8'0"S

1922 - 1972

119°24'0"

5°8'0"S

119°26'0"E

DELTA EVOLUTION

5°8'0"S

119°25'0"

5°9'0"

119°24'0"

5°8'0"S

119°23'0"E

119°23'0"E

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

Figure 8. Delta evolution in 1972 - 1981.

Figure 10. Delta evolution in 1991 - 2000.

Jeneberang River Migration Pattern
The significant evolution of Jeneberang River
was observed in three periods, namely 1922 1972, 1981 - 1991, and 2000 - 2022. The data
per year is then overlaid every two years as a

comparison of changes in the river model. The
data used is then drawn in three colours: blue
reflecting a river, green is a migration or change
of the river, and red is the initial river (Figures
11 and 12).

160

Geospatial Analysis for Delta Evolution of Jeneberang River
in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia (R. Langkoke)
119°23'0"E

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

5°8'0"S

EVOLUTION DELTA

0

0,5

±

1

5°8'0"S

2000 - 2022

Kilometers

Legend
Sediment Deposited

River

Watergate

Jetty

Reklamasi

5°11'0"
5°12'0"S

119°23'0"E

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

Figure 11. Delta evolution in 2000 ̶ 2022.

1972 - 1981 Period
During this period, no more sedimentation and
erosion concentrated in one direction, causes not
only the northern part undergo a change in the
course of the river, but also the southern estuary.
In 1972, in the northern part, there was the same
river junction that went relatively north, but had a
wider river on the western branch. In the southern
part of the estuary, there were also branches of
the river formed, and on the branches of the main
river there are material deposits causing the river
flow to divide and then reconnect in the northern
part. In 1981, a canal was built in the northern

G

5°11'0"
5°12'0"S

5°10'0"

5°10'0"

5°9'0"

2020

Sediment Migration

5°9'0"

2010

ordinates of 119⸰25'0" S and 5⸰11'30" E for 300
m. Further significant changes were also seen in
the northern estuary in 1922 where the direction
of movement of the river underwent a displacement to the north with a displacement of 600 m.
The change in the river branch also occurred in
a westward direction relative to the west with a
displacement from the beginning of the point as
far as 450 m. In this period, the sedimentation is
no longer dominantly concentrated to the north,
which initially headed north in 1922 and in 1972
underwent a meandering turn, so that sedimentation and erosion were divided.

IJ

O

1922 - 1972 Period
During 1922 - 1972 period, the Jeneberang
River showed a significant change (evolution). In
1922 the direction of the river flow was towards
the estuary relative to the north ̶ northwest with
the branching of the river in a relatively similar
direction. The branching of the river, was in co-

Evolution River Jeneberang

1922

1972

1981

1991

2000

2010

2020

2022

Figure 12. Evolution of the Jeneberang River from 1922, 1972, 1981, 1991, 2000, 2010, 2020, to 2022.

161

Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 10 No. 2 August 2023: 151-165

part of the Jeneberang River separating the
tributary from the main river, in order to control
the direction of sedimentation and erosion, as a
result of which the supply of sediment from the
river decreased, causing part of the river become
a swamp.

2000 - 2022 Period
In this period, there was continuing human
activity in the use of the northern part of the delta
for development. This is done by reclaiming, so
river erosion is strongly influenced by human.
In the southern part, a pier was built to reduce
erosion that caused the widening of the river, so
that the sedimentation went directly to the sea
and was no longer scattered.

G

1981 - 1991 Period
The period 1981 - 1991, sedimentation and
erosion were controlled relative to the southwest
and no longer spread. In 1991, the existing river
became narrower because it was covered with
sediment turning part of it into a swamp. The
southern part of the estuary also experienced a
decrease in erosion, but there was an increase
in sedimentation. In 1981, part of the river was
covered with sediment.

The river was no longer going to north but was
concentrated to the southern estuary. At the river
junction, in 1995, a sluice was built, so the sedimentation from Jeneberang River was no longer
to the north but to the south. It was seen in 1991
that the southern estuary that had previously
branched in 2000 no longer exists.

5°9'0"S

1,800

Meters
2,400

5°11'0"

1,200

River
Migration
First River

5°12'0"S

119°26'0"E

119°23'0"E

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

119°26'0"E

119°23'0"E

119°24'0"E

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

5°9'0"S

119°23'0"E

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

119°23'0"E

119°24'0"

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

5°9'0"S

119°25'0"

119°25'0"

5°9'0"S

119°24'0"

5°9'0"S

0 300 600

5°9'0"S

5°12'0"S

5°11'0"

5°12'0"S

S

119°24'0"

5°10'0"
5°11'0"

5°10'0"

5°10'0"

5°11'0"

5°11'0"

5°12'0"S

5°10'0"
5°11'0"

5°12'0"S

5°10'0"
5°11'0"

5°10'0"

N

S

119°25'0"

119°26'0"E

119°23'0"E

5°12'0"S

5°12'0"S
119°24'0"

5°12'0"S

S

5°12'0"S
119°23'0"E

5°10'0"

N

119°23'0"E

N

5°11'0"

119°26'0"E

119°23'0"E

5°9'0"S

5°12'0"S

S

119°25'0"E

5°9'0"S

5°9'0"S

119°24'0"

IJ

N

5°10'0"

5°10'0"

N

5°10'0"

5°9'0"S

N

119°23'0"E

119°26'0"E

5°11'0"

119°25'0"

119°24'0"

5°11'0"

119°23'0"E

Type of Jeneberang River Delta
Galloway (1975, in Bhattacharya, 1992)
classified the delta according to dominated processes during its formation into three main types
including: river-dominated, wave-dominated, and
tide-dominated delta (Figure 13). On the basis of
this study, Jeneberang River delta is character-

O

1991 - 2000 Period
During this period, human activities seem to
begin influencing the concentration of material
sedimentation in Jeneberang delta. A tributary in
the northern part was then separated from Jene­
berang River with the construction of sluices
at the river junction and the northern estuary.

Figure 13. Migration and change of the Jeneberang River pattern from 1992 ̶ 1972, 1981 ̶ 1991, 1991 ̶ 2000, to 2000 ̶ 2022.

162

Geospatial Analysis for Delta Evolution of Jeneberang River
in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia (R. Langkoke)

O

Mississippi

Mahakam

nga

Elo

e
bat
Lo

IJ

TIDE
DOMINATED

ine

WAVE
DOMINATED

uar

te

RIVER
DOMINATED

Est

psa

ate

ng

Cu

Jeneberang

Elo

te

Rivers

Danube

Tides

Waves

Sao Francisco

sedimentation occurred in 2002 - 2004 with an
area of 6.21 ha and the highest in 2004 - 2006
with an area of 34.99 ha. The lowest erosion occurred in 2014 - 2016 with an area of 1.08 ha and
the highest in 2006 - 2008 with an area of 22.64
ha. The evolution of the Jeneberang delta is due
to landform and river migration. The landform
migration occurred gradually starting in 1922 1981, where the direction of migration is relative
to west and resulted in a delta landform formation
with an area of 5349.42 ha. In 1981 - 2000, the
development of landform no longer occured, but
sediment migration was still happening due to
tides and sediment supply from the river resulting
in a delta landform with an area of 5586.56 ha.
In 2000 - 2022, landform migration originating
from river sediment supplies was stalled to the
north due to water gate construction which led to
migration concentrations leading to the southern
estuary. Tides became the major factor in sediment migration, although the tides roles were not
that intensive as before with additional delta
formation with an area of 5655.79 ha.
The Jeneberang River evolution occurs naturally and is influenced by human activities. The
river evolution occurred into several periods,
started from the river meandering to the south, until the sedimentation and erosion controls by the
construction of sluices and reclamation. On the
basis of Galloway classification, the Jeneberang
River delta is categorized into an estuary delta,
which is predominantly influenced by tides during its formation.

G

ized by the presence of deposit (sediment) in
front of the river mouth, which becomes to be
one of diagnostic indications for the role of tide
current for the formation of the delta. This condition is obviously recorded during the periods of
1922 - 1981. The sediment occurring in front of
the river mouth was commonly typified by finegrained sand to clay, which also coincided with
the previous studies conducted by Bhattacharya
(1992), Orton and Reading (1993), and Wright
(1985) in other deltas. Moreover, the existence of
Tanjung Bunga spit in the northern part supports
this phenomenon (Langkoke, 2011). Based on the
mentioned characteristics, the delta of Jeneberang
River is categorized into an estuarine pattern,
which is predominantly formed by tide currents.
Therefore, the delta of Jeneberang River is classified as tide-dominated delta (Figure 14; modified
from Galloway, 1975, in Bhattacharya, 1992).

Copper

Fly

Gambar 14. Jeneberang River delta classified into tidedominated/estuarine type (modified from Galloway, 1975;
in Bhattacharya, 1992).

Conclusions

This study indicates that the Jeneberang River
delta is very dynamic and underwent pattern
evolution over the periods. The delta evolution
is strongly controlled by sedimentation and erosion factors. The Landsat imagery analysis by
using ArcGIS software reveals that the lowest

Acknowledgments
The author thanks Prof. Dahlang Tahir and Dr.
Idar Mappangara who supported n writing this
scientific papers. Sincere gratitude goes to Dr.
Arifudin Idrus for a comprehensive proofreading and enrichment on the entire manuscript.
Many thanks are also directed to Dr. Ilham Alimuddin with his laboratory assistants, namely
Muhammad Iqbal Husen, Didi Prasetia, and Heri
Astaman who helped the author during the delta
163

Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 10 No. 2 August 2023: 151-165

simulation using ArcGIS software. Last but not
least, the author is thankful to the journal editors
and reviewers for their constructive inputs and
suggestions for upgrading the manuscript.

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