The Concept of Madhhab and the Question of Its Bou ndary A Qodri A.
Azizy Ab6trak Konsep Tentang Madhhab dan Persoalan Batas-batasnya Apakah suatu madhltab itu bagaikan sebuah Kurr-rpLrlan hukurn Is(Perdat.
larn seperti Kitab lJndang-undangFlukurn Pidana pcngikut madhhab tersebut tinggal rnengarnbilhukr-rrntertentu dari Kumpulan hukum IslarntersebLrt sesuaidengan 1,angdipcrlukanl I'er-rtu uu'abny:r,pada mulanyzratau pada dasarnyatidak demrkian.
Sejakawai - katakanlah.
sahaba- ulama berijtibad .
rcrpikir beba.
Hasil iithacl it'"rlahvang kemudian krta kenal dengan narna hukurri Islrm.
Suclahbarangtcntu di .
alam jurnlahyang tidak begitu banya.
k e t e n t u a n - k c t e n t u a ny a n g r i n c i t e n t a n g h u k u m l s l a n t 1 ' .
r n g <lisebutkancli dalam ai-Qur'xn maupun Iladlth.
Pada nras:r^saltbud'.
tabi'irt sirnbul kedaerah:rnuntuk rnenyebutkansuatu madblsabl>eiurtrlah Pemikiranhr-rkumIslamselaludrnisbatkankepadanema pribacli dari para tokoh itu.
Umpanranya,pendapat'Urnarb.
al-Khattlb, 'A'rshl.
Zavd l'l',l'hebit.
Ibn 'Umar.
Sa'rdb.
al-Musayyab,dll.
Baru pada z.
)tnan tabi'Dn kccil, terutarnasekali generasiAbu Hanifa.
Ibn Abi Layle.
M3lik.
dan al-AwziT, narna nmtlhbab yang dinisbatkanpada daerah itu terwujud.
vakni madhab yang disebut oleh Joseph Schachtdengan nama ancient scbctolsqf law, dan oleh Allrnad FJasandengan sebutan early scbools of Maka muncullah nama abl al-'lraq, ahl al-Madina, dan ahl-Sbam.
Pada masa ini juga terbiasa mengunggulkan sebagai ulama rnelebihi yang lairrnya.
Sebutan madbbab kedaerahanini dipakai oleh al-Shaybani cli dalarn beberapa tulisannya, antara lain al-Siyar al-Kabir dan Kitab al'ala Abl al-MadIna, dan oleh al-Shafi'i di dalam al-Llmmnya, disamping yang lainnya.
Sejak gerakan yang dilancarkan oleh al-Sy1fi'i, nama kedaerahan mulai memudar dan berganti dengan nama perorangan.
Maka pada waktu madbbab muncul dalam bentuknya yang baru, kini narna pCrorangan menjadi sebutan madbbab tersebut, seperti madbhab Al*mt'ab, ^b.
5YI9%
g<tri A.
An4 flanafi yang dinisbatkan kepada Ab[ flanifa, madhba& Maliki yang dinisbatkan kepada Malik b.
Anas, madbbab Shefr\ yang dinisbatkan kepada Muframmad b.
Idris al-Shafil, dan madbbabfl.
anbali yang dinisbar kan kepada Ahmad b.
Raik di dalarn madhhab atas dasar nama kedaerahanatau nama pendapatpribadi tetap rnunculdan berkernbang.
Akibatnya.
perlredaan pcndapat di kalrrngan ahli .
khtilnf al-.
fuqaha'),baik intern nmdbhab rnaupun antere salu nndLthab dengttn madbhab yang lain 'pe ncliri" ntctdbltaktyapun Ilaltk:rnpcrlrcllrtrt clcnganItll:ttll senglrtsr-rlrr.
bes:rrdari iuxtrrt nadhltab tcrseltut ltanvak lrisl clitcrirnu.
Nlr-rrirl-nrurid \ ' : t r ' t t l u ( ' l n l ) L l t t \ ' .
u l l c l - l , t ' t l : t : t l t p ( ' l l ( l i l l ) : l t c l t ' t r g .
t n l l ) l i l l l l l l l ( ' r L ' k : t .
() l l l o l t n r ' : t .
A l t r r \ ' [ r s u f c l u n i \ l r .
r l .
u r n r n l r lcrl.
u l - l .
l l r s l t nl r i - S l t l r y l t - r l rl ir : t n \ ' : t k l l l ( ' l ] l P t l n \ ' 1i l perlrcclaurrpcrrchput clcngarr-,\lrLrI.
Ilelrcrape titr,rriclal-Shiifi'i, scpcrti I r l - N l r .
r z .
: rcnl lir r -.
ir l - l J u s : r ) ' t i ,l n e r n l ) r - r r r v lpt ic r l t c ' c l u l t tltt c n c l l t l ' l l trt i er l g l i n i t r l l l .
ntsi ltt'rif:rrlnvrtllun r r i - S h : - r l ' I.
i r.
i n l r c g i t r -pr r .
r i tvr u n g l : r i n .
l l l h k r r t t t l : t n t t g , r : n e t c n c l l p l t t c l c n g l t t .
rg L l r r r t t v : lc l l n , l c t r g l r n 1 t ( - l l p u r t y l r i l r : r k r - r n t L r kb e r l ' r c c l r p i r .
r ' r l r n1 ' r c r - r c l i rrir t a r l h J .
t c t br r c r e I i : r .
, { l t r .
fr t f l t r l t l - ' l ' l h l i \ \ ' i l l ) ( ' r l l p t t l r \ ' 1r1 p c , r l t r ' c l : r : r1n.
r t ' n c l l r J rcrltr : n g : r nA l r t l l l l r n i f : r : l t l - - [ r .
t u ' : t v ltrl i.
r r r i r r .
il,]i- C l l : r z .
i l l l ' .
L r f , : tsnl r j l l r c r l r c , : l lsr : r t t rs l r l n l rl 1iin L r r t t r - rl tkc l t c r : i p l rk l t s t r s .
t t t t i t l L l titt l ( i ! ' k t l I u g : i l n ( , l r l l ) u r .
r ' , ' l r r .
i e r l > r , c l :1i :l rr r: rr i c l l r .
i ]ct l c n g a l l l l l l l l ! l l l l - s h ' .
t t j ' l I ) t ' r l r t ' t l l t : t r r <li I ) ( ' 1 ( l : r l r r rl te l ' s L - l ) utti c l l t k l i l r r r r ' .
rL l l c l l t l l t r t r l ' i l : t ' , ' : r llti q b .
n u n u i l .
r i g , l t .
t'(| i.
\itt l r , l r r r r 't,i l : r r ' : r l t t t s i l u i f i r 1 i .
tl ) : r l a r r tr .
r ' : t i .
l tlrtrc r s r u t t l u t t t !.
l o t t : .
t t 1 ? ( i r r t r i .
{ r r r l l r i l l t c n r l : r 1 x r t< l l r i p c n g i i i r - r lt t t u r l l t h c t l rl t t i r r l - .
i s r ci j i s t ' l t t 1s ( ' ! l : i ? , l i l r t l f i r lc f u n g ln c l r : r l l r r r c l l r : , , l1l r-rr c r r t r k i r : tt 'rrtt n g r t t c r t t i l t l ^ r tit ltr < ' r i l t i r t rt li i l t l t l t l l .
, i l s e r r i r l i rp c n g i l , r r t n t u r l h l .
t r .
t l tl .
i : l r i l r d u r i i t r " r .
i s t i l l r l l : r t t t .
1 ! u l t i rtlt t t t l i t t r l i r i g t r l c l k .
r i l : r l r g c li k l t i i r r r o l c h r .
ira i n l l \ ' 1 l n ! , j l t u h t t t l t s l i i ' r \ - l<i .
i t : l t g t l l Jr : c t i t , l i r .
(,\ll l5()'.
jtrgli tcltglillt t l' n g ,\ \ ' l l l l l t l l t h t t t - t n t u r l l t l .
t u l , ,s c i ) ( .
' l ' 1l t l - S r - r \ r r -\r' 1 c l i l i n v r rs c l l : i g l i n t t t .
i l t .
r l i i rt tl t r t l a q S c r l c r ) l 1 t n li t r - rl.
i - S l l l l i ' l c l i k c n l r ll t t c l r t r l t n g i r r r .
r r i d - n t r r r i c l n yuun t r - r l <r n e n i s l r l t k l n i l t r r u y r r n g d i l - i c r i k l r nk c - p a d at l e r c k : t scilrgai iirrtu rnilik ul-ShIli'i.
Drrn al-slrtfi'i iuga rtlclarangIlruricl-rllr-rridrlva r:rrtr-rklteftaqlirl kepadartya et:ru kepadll orang lain, selragaimanaditegaskan kitab Mukhtasantya.
f e l a s s e k a l i o l c l - ra l - M u z a n r d i d a l l r n p e n d a h u l u a n Oleh karena itu wajar kalau masih saja dimunculkan pertanyaan tcrtrnClkonsep madbbabdan batas-batasnya,yang pada hakikatnya tidak sepeni yang digambarkan kebanyakan orang sebagai hal kaku dan tanpa Allant'a4 No.
e Lbrr.
td Madbab atd tbe {).
oI tK &arndary Namundalarnkenyataannya selaluberkembangdan eclecticism.
Atau bisa dikatakanbahwakonsep madbhabsepertiyang selama rnrdipahamioleh unlunlperludiredifinrsr.
JdJo drltr lILl UtrJl J/ Jl LS .
r1Jl r-#fJ *qiri U,r "lS)tJ 'o-* e_cJ t *.
r rL& i{Lr.
Jl,-r .
'Jl y-ar,-rJ iEJiuIJ.
1,Jq C,4iJt Ji ,/ryt -t, fi - .
-)l ,Fl -Jl ,sfi jj'n J.
/sfijl.
o1-j".
oaf! .
OI,*tt 'rJ L{.
- J.
rJ L lg- zl^U d{ ,J$ "f-q ss ty.
A I .
i,r1Ult.
Jti.
is s,frJUJbt Jl L.
JtrL,r*L r{^ll :tJj *,.
i iidAtt .
lJ!l , ', 'l Jf f, -3 , f ,y.
l5 , .
pU ,-y.
qj t &b1 r *,tli.
r f .
-L,ill Jti,- dFj r/ dt3ll Jl a*i.
oir-r r dfjJYlJ $L:
,f.
l 6t\ Ancient.
i-jraj' Allanrl \r#AJl.
-r.
re,Jl l-c \r-.
JLja dl .
, .
:fJj L*r-1.
r-!l *iL5 \-tl3 *--"li .
, t*J i!"a.
> d63 Ct .
f fl.
Lts-i F'-lt 6,F '"i"*ll a.
-Ul .
" fi ql Jl ,.
,:/.
il ,il --*J Ll t l ii^.
iJlJ t-y.
ti Lr.
Jl .
="'l JJ4 C#! '* -r.
ollpFio r, hit.
59/IlX !J.
r,rf.
i ll ,t -,1 e,$ Lj! r_.
J " up *p,Jl poseph schachf ,-iil-!, .
jr-rr , .
xlri A.
Aziry Early Schoolso$ #f3lf .
,sli.
r iF-> .
-i t51*, r lschoolsoflaw ii,-*.
Jf J*if .
,tl/l ,F-t ,-/.
y! 3t ,ri i*.
Jtli ,^/l *.
b 'LJ.
JI v$^1 Jt$ii ,**l5Jl ,-'.
'Jlia.
"-,.
n^*Jts 9,.
"i'j \rlt 4itJl 6.
,!^Jl pr>.
"l,c !*nill "sifl oSFl fW ,*l ,rJ! ,i{ , lrl Jl :*-! \sx,c.
"J i"-l q J -lJ .
U:' ,ti .
i -=,y.
J,ll uJ! .
i1"Jl i"iJl *,tjy:.
,U.
ll '-.
*lrtJ.
, o-:|,i .
* *i5 l -*t- t1*4 )'-Yl ii-Jis .
4-llJi,.
fu,f \t*'LJ.
-,.
*a-rl3 iiJti* d * ,{ r.
-Jl .
i-q*i.
L* .
:a J fuU '-4tl i*4iJl 'lr!t )*1 t e ti ,'4n' -,*rn .
r-i .
'tj-, *[ a'.
L! >i qi UJti 1.
'i.
,ir-^^Jl .
-ra.
c'i-y ,ts .
'F{:^ji 13i1r.
-,elr-ll i.
ii -rLr"oi ,tf ,-.
f,-.
-iJ *,Jid-r' #.
tb-ll ,ri #|.
311 ,Jl q1**iJl .
--,al:*rl ,rj ,i*? '&*r , .
,ci*lJ -r1.
,O^iL-3Jl cr--r.
rJl ev Jrro ,)1.
Wf,-l -*i!lj *,1 .
ll lYt qljs C tsrjJl "t5 /",i iy i,!t -rJl ,-,-1*l .
,SIUI "*lf Jl.
3,-i oojr-r*ll J.
f -,lr ,t .
r'lf .
*,tSJl.
aJf i*.
r--,le!l F-11 li.
J .
Jrls c,l1l1.
JliFtl li^ .
l s," ls r ll,aw ,a.
t'-tll1,.
Ctsl5,-#ttlf J-"{ d ,i-)Ul uf,r.
Jl L& ue9 ir*.
>r*,-" ,lrT 'J,.
5itr-LJti .
1 iri C.
ltS ,r#-1, lf3!.
ei*'i-l o.
i ,lri .
rJtii "j$'-J ,f.
:,!LrJf,-fu dJori ip*pIt C.
t ri.
# -.
Al -lantl'ab.
N t.
59/ .
fte Anccpotl'tdWand Jt{ .
--"ri 'i.
iEiiJf' /l/ls b.
JL .
,/ i.
rlf ,:,t.
!f 0i- 0g / l f .
Uril,ilf f.
p<lu 6lJ ulj J.
'bjt{ jy-lu oJlj S*lf -rflJf gLpt tbc@bn :,-t l ,fl *rfiJf -!.
t r!l ,*{ , {J.
l ,Jt-.
| .
r-i Il5 i,r.
}$l,f Jsi -J# - lelecticisnrl #iiJl *t.
a--'3Sl a.
j1, f-s .
r pJ.
-t ary- rl{Jl tt l .
JJi ,'1,l.
Stl .
\ \ \ fL.
Ct tll \rlrt**Jg r gltrll Jt.
-})f Utr.
'i fr.
tll!-, ,t- i*.
ju ' liT,r5 a-.
i'i fJ.
Srll(.
\o.
o is ft $Sl ( 4-d.
n oj$ .
Sitl #t i" j o.
->J .
r,i'.
lt f* .
y ,f/l UL*.
,! ,j.
tJ ,.
kti }*r .
Lc .
r,jea,ta.
-Y *e u t$t u ol r*lu Jl o.
rb Ol U.
3r4i!tl os.
^&st S ilrl { JLL gi ,iS.
: ri , gta.
l Jy.
tJ[ .
"t^t Al-JennAh.
No.
5/19!X
,:llj 'tl i O! I Sitt l,nJl,.
1b Llra.
6 Jl.
i e" ,-5-,11 Uf rit p1 gE l.
:/.
"i.
lf fr.
" A.
Qdtl A.
Azr4 o*' f-aris the diffbrence berween one madbbab .
chool of Islamic 'I'he ansrverttlay be assumedthat madb' l:i.
ancjan()thermadhhab:
bab stricrlv<jiffcr fionr each other in uqul al-fiqb and other foundations of tire,-try.
Holvcvcr, the trr.
reis that they are not onl1"'eclectic.
" br-rtalso, er rhc ssrltc tinrc, within a single marJbbctb, the iurrsts stili kecp the rr diff'er'l'lrt-'relorr:.
hcrc i shall exaltrincr the collccpt oi.
cnccs, cven t.
ilterr illa:.
ancl thc qucstintl ,-tl its lloltrlltn' The ilirth of Islamic st'ltotils ,.
l l.
ts tt',tri l g s ep l t i , c h a c i t t s t : t r t s l l r s e r r e l v s i s o l t l t c l t t .
t c i c n l " s c \ ' ( ' l l j L r r i ' t : .
' l ' \ { r ' r l i n l r " f i ' r t l r r ' ' lbr'ilnl lli-r-liklr'l lot tliq irlrrlis atlcl frotit tlti'' N l e C l i n C : .
I I C : C i : r i r t l s t i t t t t " r t t C n t l l i .
s t ( .
' r ! C erlc : - .
t r r : i i ,f t ( .
r t ' , , .
' r r .
:lit.
3 s s h o $ r t e l t r c r n t o l t e i n g t c r r , .
t l .
r - jl:l.
l t e t i i i t , i l l l i ' .
l j r s l c e n l h a t l s l l r r r t r r 'j r r r r s i t r u c l t , ' n < .
c' a t u r 1 ' < , .
ft h e i t i d t r l r i c a r i i ' 8 t l l ( c l r t r - l l 1 i \ l ) ) I ) t r r i r l S t h e g r e i i t r ' l p a i - l o f t h c , :l s i l I t l ) r .
c i r f i J f \ .
l s l .
y 1 l t , ' l : r i ri'n.
t h c ' t e c i t n r r ' r l jr r ! ( ' a t t l i r l ol .
l t l i e t - ' r : 1 i .
l r l "l i! , r ' r c l o r t 'Aclo,rclitrg to Schacht.
Isllrlit' i s l l r r l r i t j u r i s p r u c i e r r , .
c ' ,.
l i c l n ( ) ( e s v c t c x i s l , ' i e g : r i t i t p r i g l r t q t : r r t c c l t r o r n l l r c r I ' r r u t r t ' r t c l a c l r r t i t t i s t r : r t i v t 'a n t i I l i , l ) r l l i l l "tlic cviclencr,'rrt lcglrl traclittons t':lrt''.
us h.
Ii Io alirt ltrur:tir.
e,anrl l()()A Il orll\"' l-'urtherilorc' Scil:rcht sivs tillt thc 1'nut.
"-t:i<.
lsriril tl.
rs \\'(-'r(' ' r e s J l o n s i l t i , .
: l i .
r r c l c r r : i o l t i n g nl r r r n l - , c t ' i l i r c t t s s r , ' t - t l rt.
ci i: l t t r r , ' :r r f l ' .
l i l r t ' .
" .
r ' , , t ( ( ) r' i ) ' s i i r p : t l t l 1 i i - I .
I s i .
r r r r r i e l i g r c , t t :t,t i c : l s l r n d t l l l l l r \ " , .
i r - i .
t r - , l t i t r i i s l .
, .
i u l l i t t ' t r t i'r ' t t 5 l r l r i r .
( .
,tfo t \ ' r X t C ( ii n C r f : l { 1 1 8 a l l c \ \ ' f r a t l r c r l o r k t < l r .
' \ r l t l -M ,tl11 pt"i'.
"rl c'1' D 1 .
i t r l l l t r: r n , .
1a t l i t , i : ' r i(!ii'C clf lltc ilfr: 1'ltt:ri",:tri .
lrn Lis trtnstonlc.
rlg islamrr iru " Sclurcht's tlicsis tlr.
ri !r'gal ir.
r'litl.
s l n l r ' i r \ \ ' 1 u l .
l i r i ls c h ( ) i a r ' " .
r s , o f ( ( ) u r ' s i t .
c ' i { : : ( t c ( il ' .
, : r o : ' o i r l l r : - ' l l L i r ' t" t i t t - t " ' r fi ' ' r il t e l : , : r i > ' .
o t f t c ' \ l t s t c r n s i ' l r o i i t r ' .
i i i < r - ' N r l c l I i - .
i 't .
, - ilt.
l y j a L : i r i ) 1 i i .
: r .
i I L ' 1 l L i r \ r i s c l r t l i c u l t i ( .
' 1 l ( - c { - ' l ) t l r - r i C r - r u l s t - r i rI "' l l t t l t j ' ' ',^rr5 t , i t : r c : L t l t ( l l ' ' .
1s p e c t r l a t i v c a t t e i r l p t b v p r i t , t t ss c l i o l a r s , w o r k i n g c l t r r i.
]r, rtatli to.
ir ifri.
-\ iI tcl'pror f t : l i i t e f l r s t t h r e c c c r r t t l r i t - s ' r f i .
s ! : l n r .
{ o d t r f t r r e t h e l v i l l ' .
l f, 4 , l l a h " existing leiut'ecl a corttpreircnsive systelrt ol'rulcs, largely in opposition t.
qal prlctice, s,hlclr ijxple.
tite rcligious "6 Most Muslirn scholars- btiicr,'e th'lt there rr'es activity in iegal thor-rght right fronr the beginning '-.
,eretirc Isialil: dtere luclicial activitiils at the time of tlle I'rophet, judgrentsof the rightll' guided caliphs, the fatnws of the Companions,and AlJar.
ab, r*o.
The Corr.
qt olMadhab and tbe Quatlott of lB tunIfury the legal literature of the first century.
The rnaking of fatwdwas fully prac- ticed by the Companions down to the Successors and had never come to an even the Qur'an itself contains many cases related to the practice of asking and giving fanuAs.
s The role of iftx' in the Qur'an suggests that the regulations based on the Qur'an or the Qur'anic laq's were anchorccl firntly during the'Prophct'stirne.
The Ancient Schools of l^aw of Islarnic larl, with the tinre of the illuslinr schoiar.
sstart thelr ciiscr-rssion I'rophet.
cl'en though rt.
tostof tl-rcrnarc a\\'ltrc thal lt-sforntal shapc as an rndependent subiect of stucll, bcgan at a latcr tre .
Accorciing to thern, the residencc of the Cornpanions in dilfercnt cities cannot be neglccted a.
o 1 ' t h e a n c i e n t s c h o o l s o f l a s ' , a n d t h c s c h c l l a r so f t h e a n c i e n t .
s c h o o l so f l a q ' u'erc the heirs of those Companions.
Thus, thc root of the lraqi school rvas 'Abbas.
Ibn Mas'ld and All b.
Abi T:rlib, that of tl're ]\'leccanschool n'as Ibn 'A'isha.
Ibn 'Umar, and and that of the Medinese school was [-1rnar.
Muslim scholars, like Ahmacl Hasan.
believe that the fbrrnation of Islamic lax' r'*'asin the hands of the Successors " because they exercisecl ittibad freely.
thev q'ere not afraid of giving prel'erenceto thc optnion.
s of one Cotpunton ()\,er those of another, and even the oprnions of a Succes.
s()r over those of a Cornpanion.
Islanric lan, during the time of the Prophet and the Contpanions was not systematized.
Hasan argues.
In this respect, dif-fbrencesof opinion among the Successorswere "due to local and regional factors.
""'Schachtwrites that the ancient schools of law" accepted geographical dif-fbrencesof doctrines as natural.
they voiced strong objections to disagreement within e a c h s c h o o l .
" r r w h a t F .
I a s a nc a l l s " t h e e a d y s c h o o l s o f l a s r " ' i s " m o r e o r l e s s definite and identifiable traditions prevalent in different regions before alShefi'i and against which al-Shafi'iargues".
r2thus, flasan includes Ab[ Hanifa.
Mllik and al-Awza\ in the ancient schools of law.
For the formation of these schools, every irnportant city had its own leadcrs who contributed to the development of legal thought in that region.
'Urwa al-Zubayr.
Ab[ Bakr b In Medina, there were Sa'id b.
al-Musayyab, 'Abd al-Ralrmiln,'Ubaydallah b.
'Abdallah Khxriia b.
Zayd.
Sulaymln b.
Yasxr, and al-QXsintb.
Mufarnmad.
These Successorswere u.
suallycalled tlre "seven jurists of Medina.
" \We also find other celebrated names in lvle:dina,such as 'Abdallah b.
'Umar, lbn Shiheb al-Zuhri, and )al.
ryx b.
Said.
Malik Salim b.
and his contemporaneous jurists were the last exponenLs of the Medinese AUatrl'ab.
No.
Qdri Azi4 'Alqama b.
Qays.
Masruq b alschool.
In Kufa, the famous Successors were Ajda', al-Aswadb.
Yazld.
Shuray.
al-Harith.
Ibrahim al-Nakhal, al-Sha'bi.
Hammxd b.
Abr SulaymXn al-Ash'ari, and the last exponents there were Ab[ 'Llmar b IJanifa and his disciples.
In Syria, there were Qabr.
a b Dhuwav b.
ALrd al-'Azrz.
Ntakl:tl, ancl the last cxpc>nentthere was al-Arl'21'1.
There were in l\.
cca ancl llasra.
als<ta number ol'celcbrated nates of the Succe\r'lr\\rors tirc trrne of thc late Successorsl tabi'u nbi'ir.
threc scitoois of llrrl ctlrergc<1' n'hiclr then rvcre called "thc ancient schools of lar'," or "the eariv sciloclisof' c eclinesc l l r q .
t h e l r a q r .
e s p c c i e l l y ' t h cK u f i a n s c h o o l .
t h t : H i i e z i ,c s p e c r a l l ' " ' t i l M In his al-.
Siy'arui-Kobtr.
Nlltltlttl'ttl'tllcl anci the S1'riln scho<.
lr<rcri, -'lrclti H r r s a p a i - s l r a y t r X n li l e n t l ( ) n s t l r r c c ( r l r c s c h < r r rcl - , fl n r < )1.
a b l u l .
S l r r i m( h c s c h c i o l o l ' s v r i r r ) .
l r n c l t t h l n l - ' N l u d t t t r r ( t l r e s c ' h o o lo f \ ' l e c l i n l ) l l c s : t v sl l l ( ) n c p l a c e:
llu( irt' hc sitottlclnot bc pr-rfictl:
rs killeclon thc lxttle-f \l'6cn a .
)r1!,r stilinceclsto bc prayedfcrrThis is tl-reopinronof thc-scirooiol lrl antltlre sch<nl 6f 51'ril We hrvc choscn this opinion ()n thc othc'r h:rncl, ltc<'ortlrng to the sclrool of Meciina.
the tnartvr shoulcl not be pravccl tor Malik b Att&\ ts of thrs oPtnrott " 'ele A l - S h a r .
b X nar l s 6 e n t i t l e s ( ) n c o t .
h i s b o o k s " a l - F .
l u i i a A h l .
r l - N I a c l i n l.
p r o o l ' a g a i n s t t h e s c h ( ) o lo f N i e c l i n a lslariclaq'as the rcsult of inclcpenclent iitibctd catrle intc>being lftcr thc c l e : r t ho f t l t e P r o p l - r e t s, i n c e a t t h c t i n r e o f t h c P r o p h e t t l l c r e * ' a s n o r e a l l v inclcpcnclent iitlbad lt1'the Cornpanions, since evcn'thin.
q llacl to bc brotrgl.
ltack to thc Proplret, u'hose iudgrnents n'erc final lt is tn-re thlt there n'erc s ( ) l t i ( ,( l l s a g l - c c n l c n tlsl n t c ) n gt h e C o r r t p r t n t o n sh, u t t n e i l n l i d c et s t c l nt ( ) e c c e P t ( ) r t ( ) r e i e c t .
, r .
' : ft o s r t h e P r o p h c t l l l ( ) n c A f t e r t h c c l t ' a t ho f t h e P r o p h c t .
n c l t i n a l 1nerc rlecle, s9 that reai rndepcnclem iitihriri carne l() exlst.
clccisicrr-rs 'L]rnarb al-Khattlrll,Itrn 'l Irnar,'l lthrn:tn, ikhtil[('tnrctng rhc grear Cornpanions.
oltrllanions All.
lltl l-.
-ibit,ancl otltcrs \\'es rcc()gnizecl,even thor,rgltsorre * crc caliphs.
J'l'risattitucle becarlc clear in the region s'here sonrc of thctrl lived l'hey gavc some fatwas and opinions in which they often disagreed antong themselvcs.
I'hether they li,''ed in dif-fbrent regions or in thc same They gavefatuns ancl iniunctions based on individual thinking to the .
lrcstions or pr6blems they received, and they were not associatedu'ith thc 'I'hc regional symbols did not emerge during the generananles of regions.
'o the generation of tion of the Cornpanions or even in the next generation, the great Successors.
only at the time of the late Successors,at the time of Abu Al-Jaml'ab.
No.
5*1996
Ibe Qnt q ofMadbab arrd tbe eu6am of IB BJtlndary flanifa.
Ibn Abi Layla.
Milik, and al-Awzi'i, did rhe names of the .
which were associated with the names of regions come into existence.
But the use of geographical names for the scholars was preceded by the fact that the people gave prreferenceto the perrnanent residents of the same regions over scholars frotn other regions.
Frc>mtirc:gencration of thc late Successors until the rnicldle of tlie second ccnrLrn,of rhc ira, the regional nerres of the sclrools ctnergccl.
Tltis clevelopnrent reacirecl its pe:rk at ther til'nc of three great scirolars,Ab.
Hanif a together n'rth his trvo rntrnraredrsciples.
Abu Yusuf anci al-Shaybanl.
Mrlik, ancl al-Awz-e'i rhis plrase enciecl ar the rrsc of alS h a t i ' 1q, i t o t r t e c ln o t o n l t ' t c )g ( ) a g l l n s t t l i c s c h o o l .
sl t a s e c o l n t h L 'r c g r o n s ,i - r r - r t a l s o t o s v s t e n l a t i z ei e g a l t h i n k i n g u n i v c r s a l l l ' .
I .
n f o r t u n a t el r ' , t h e r c s u l t r ' u ' a s to establi.
1l nc\\'school, hi.
srln'n sclrr>ol.
ancl the schoc>ls\\'cre then narr-recl according to thclr rnasters rather tiran accorcting to regions.
roriis\\'ere no longcr callc-dIraclr.
Hijt-rzi.
or 51'112t'r.
but rather F.
and Arr'z-ij.
It is lnterestlng to note that n'hile al-shavblnr mentions the namc r>i ttre regional scltools.
ahl al-'lraq.
abl al-Madhrct.
'tncl abl al-Sbant ntTaltau'i.
trr bis Ikbtila.
fctl-Fuqaba , nrcrntionsthe rndividual narnes of the grear []c also olten mentlons the collectir,'egroup.
ltot the regionai narre.
lor lri.
sorvn school, i.
ct-slnburn .
ur authoritie.
tsFor other schools he lnentions onll' the nanre of the lnasters.
al-An'zI'i, ll.
lik and al-Shefi'r.
Most scholars cite nvo inf'luences to explain dif-ferencesamong the ancient schools of lan': that the local elenients were very porverful, which irnplies that Islamic iaw was flexibie ar rhar tirne, and was the exercise of personal opinion.
In order to protect the community from disintegration caused by the differences among the scholars, the concept of iima',the consensus of the scholars in a given region, !r'as established.
The .
scholars,then.
established tlrc concept of sunna, thc pracrice of the communiry In rhat region.
, more or less the customary la*', r','hcther or not it had its root in the practice of thc Prophet or the Cornpanions.
Schacht says that the ancient Arab ccrnceptof suntn became one of the central concepts of Islamic law.
r" In reality, consensus was hardly reachccl in single regions because scholars still bacJ iklttildf among thcrnsell'cs, as al-Sh:Ifi'l both prov'ed ancl criricized AlShati'i says.
I have known the people of a ciry disunitedamong themselves,then betweenthclsein onc ciry anclthosein differentcities [Forexample,)we ]rave knoq'n th-rtalrnostnone of the peoplc of lMeccadep:r:dfrom thc opinion of e1a'b.
Abi Rabah,rc that Muslim b Khalid al-Ztnfi garc.
/atuas baseclon the opinion of 'A1a'.
But we also find other people with diff'erentopinions.
AlJarnl ab.
No.
5Y19X
these people chose the opinions of sa'id b.
salim insteadthat of al-zanlr Each of the supporters of al-zani and of sa'id b.
salim differed among rhemselvesand weakenedeach other.
I have known that the people of but also reiectedsome of his opinMedinapreferredSa'idb.
al-lr.
In our time, we have Malik b.
Anas,q'hom the people of Medina on the other hand.
thereare someother peoplewho exaggeratein 'l-Zini.
order ro weakenthe opinron of Malik.
I find that Ibn Abi l\.
I fincl tl.
ratsonreof the people of K0fa f'avorthe opinion of lbn Abi enrl criticizethe'itpinion of A.
u Ylrsttf:some of them favor Alru L:rvlar yrrsufalcl criticrzc.
al-Than'ri:
otirersfavorSu{-y-f,n Ibn Abi L"ayiri:
Sllil.
al-Hasan e v ea l s t l 6 f t h c p c o p l c o f r .
i t i c so t h t , rt h r n t h o s eI h u v c ' r n c n t i o t r eIt i h ' A ( : i 'o \ e r o t l ) e rS t l ( .
\ s ( ) r s ' k n ( ) \ \ ' nt h .
t t t l l t ' p e o p l co f N l t c t : rp r ef e r r e c l or"erother srrcsal-liJ:rkha'i lrilcthc,pc<:lplt' Iltr-.
prefc'rrc<l r:lf lr.
'l'hc l st fl a u .
u l .
t i c ' hl r e c l > e e ' rf r l r , r n c l cldl l a i r l l \ ' ( ) nt h c t r : a c l t u n c i e n tS ( t h ( ) ( ) < ings in onc geogr:lphic location.
transf()rrttccltht'rtlselvcs into st-l-rriulsltsecl upon allegiancc t() incliviclualnlasters ln the scc()nclcentury, rlunf indiv'rch-re i s b c g a n t o f o l l o * ' t h c t c a c h i n g ( ) f : l r e c c ) g n l z e cal L l t l t ( ) r r t vw h i l c s t i l l c l a r n l lng thc rigi'rt t<-tcliflcr frorn thcrr rnastcr ()n polnlS ctf rlc-tail T'hus sc,ltlc s.
ll()ia r s o f K 1 r f a ,i n c l u c l i n g A l l u Y [ s u f l t n d M L r h a n l l l l a cbl a l - H a s a n a l - S l r a l ' b : i n i , fbllrtq'ed AbLrIlanrfat ltur ,\lruY.
r-rfhacl his ()\\'.
llo\\'ersr 2n.
sottl': Kuf :tns t ltt,e r c u c r e s t - l t o l f i , l l o u .
c c lI i t n A l r r l .
r y l u l n t h c s c l r o o l so f ' N l e c i i n a : r n cFl .
g 1 ' 1 1 rrs rvl'ro fbllrved l:liik and regarclecltlte ixrok of Melik al-Mt'atlct, "ts t h e i r a u t h o r i t a t i l ' c n ' o r k I : u r t h c r n ) ( ) r c ,t h c s c h o l a r s c r i t i c i z e c le a c ' l to t h c ' r ' l r f , q s u n ' i v c c l( ) n l ) i n t l i c f o l l o u e r s r r l A b t l I I a n i f : i .
T 6 r - r .
tsh e a n c i c n t s t h o o l o f ancl rlte ancient scll.
l of HijIz sun,ir.
'cclonlt' in the follorvcr.
sof l\.
lik TIti.
\\'lls (()r-n<tf tlte unt'ient sr-'itool:.
of la"r'int<t "perstllrltl" sc'ltt.
tral-!si()rrttati.
p l e t c ( l l x t h c r t t i c l c l l co f ' t l x ' t h i r c l c e r l t t r r y ' The F<rrmation of l[Iadhhab and .
re Question of Its BoundarS' Thc torrnativt.
'pcriocl of'lsl:rnric lar'"'u''asthc first r\\'() ancl a hrlf ccntrtric:s o l ' l s l a r r r .
A s I d e s g r i l t c da b o v e , i t s t u r t e cfl r o r l t h e t i m e o f t h c C o n t p : t n i ( ) n so n thc [:rs.
is of incliviclu:tl authoritics, \\'as continue.
on th.
] basis 6f rcqional authoritiL:s.
ihen retLrrne.
to individual authorities, c:\renthouglr tltc aurhoritics kept tltc lr.
,calc'onsensLls.
r pickcd solne ol the opinions of their precleccssors,trnorc specificallv of thc colnpanions.
In this period, there was er any quesrion of clenying to 3ny scholar the right to solve legal lerns l.
y his ow.
n indcpendent ijtihdd.
Most scholars period canle to an encl, the question of ilbad and of who was qualified to Al-Jamt'&.
No.
5gI9tX 71reCorrcet of Madbab artd tbe eu^tton of lts bundary exercise it was raised.
From about the rniddle of the third cenrury of the llilra, the idea began to gain ground that only the grear scholars of the pasr had rhe riglrt to exercise independent ijtihad.
an ijtibad thar rras cletined diffbrently from the old fiee use of personal opinion .
, and rhat wasrestricred to clerrvrng valicl conclusions frorl the Qur'an, the vutna, ancl consensus, by analogv .
i-yd.
or systematic reasoning.
reTherefore, by the bcginning <tf the f<-iurthcentLrr\/of the ilijra.
Muslirn juri.
srsof all schools f'elt thar every e.
ssentiel legal problern had been thoroughly discusseclancl solved b1' previor.
grand iurists, ancl a consen.
susgrach-rallyestablisheclitself thar no one nriglrt lreve tlre lleccessa.
'tlualif ic'utionst() exercise inclcpcndent iltihad Ir nteant r h : r t ' a l l f u t u r e e c t i v i t i c : sr v c > r - rhl cal v e t o b c c o n f r n e d t o t h e e x p l a n : r t i o r -ar .
p p l i c l t t i o n .
a n c l , a t t l t o s t , i n t c r p r e t a t i c ) no l t h c d o c t r i n c a s i t h a c l b e c n I a i c ld o n ' r r rnc'c for:rll.
"r"'hrch' rreant'the closing of the door oi ritibarl or tctlicl ")' l'ile trtovct'tient fi()r'n the so-calleciforrnatrve perroci of Islatlic ilts' intcr the so-calleclclosing of the gate of iltihad, however, was nor dramatic.
Indepenclent tltinking continuecl to exist.
\X''estill fincl sornc scholars vn,howere lfullv inclepenclent mrrjlctbirl.
'n'centhe rnidcller9f the thircl until the beginning of the fburth cenruries of the Hiira, such as Di'*'.
b Khalaf r r l - ? a h i r i a n d a l - T a b a r i .
A l - T a h i r r i .
a l - - l ' a b a r ra, n c l a l - M a r n ' a z i l i v e d a t r h a t tirne and they still exescised iltibacl independently, in the scnse rhar thel'did not always fbllow their masters.
and al-Tabari even considered himself'an rndependenr multabid.
The main cliff'erenceberween al-Jahan'i anci al-TaLrari rs that al-Tahes'r associared himself with an established school.
the shefi!.
and later moved to the Hanafi Al-Taban, on the other hand, moved from the Shefi'r school to become an independent mujtabid and fbunded his own school, the Jariri school.
Furthermore, it can be assumed that most of the probfems which emerged ar thar time had already been discussed bv the earlier jurist.
s,and the results of the ijtibad of the great scholars werc still acceptablc and workable ancl new oncs were not urgentlv needecl In acldition, it seerns thet most scholars of the time were more eager to develop the establisheclopinions of the great scholars of the pa.
st than to invcnr new opinions q,lrich \\,cre n()t in grc'atclerriancl.
This attitr.
rde,I believe , n'as mostly their person.
rl choice, even though they' still develoJred their own opinions q'hich sornetimes disagrea<lwith thosc of their masters.
Although el-'Iahawi, fr example, had man,v cliff'erenceswith the .
?sters uf l-risoriginal school.
Ab[ hJanifa,Abu Yrisuf, and al-Shaybtrni, he still atuchecl himself ro the i.
nafi school and he advanced its theoretical development.
AlJamt'ob.
No.
5Y19:X
@h{ A.
The closing of the gate of ijtibad means the practice of taqlid.
This is a term which "had originally denoted the kind of reference to Companions of the Prophet that had been customary in the ancient schools of law, and which now came to mean the unquestioning acceptance of the doctrines of estab2r lished schools and authorittes.
" It rneans that "the doctrine must not be derivccl indepenclently fiont the Qur'an, sunrta and ijmd', br.
rtit must be acceptccl as it is lring taught by one of the recognizecl schools, which are 'escoverecl by consensus.
" T'he era of the tnqlld by this cleflnition neccls tct bc- re-exar.
ninecl,sincc stxgnation of original thor-rght ttrnong thcl s c 6 o l a r s f i o l t r t h e - n r i c l c l l eo f t h e t l r i r d c e n t u n , c .
r f t l t e I l i j r a c l n w a r ' ( l sr t c v c r ' .
r t n o n gc l i f l c r e n t reallv canrc rnto existencc: tlre scholars fronr q,ithin anci one another antl ccler:ti<-tsr.
sch()olscontpctecilncl inflr-rerncl "'l'l'rc activitv of thc sch.
ls betu'cen rr'ithin the sclrolars i a t e r s c h o l a r s .
a f l e r t h e c l < t s i n go f t l t c c l o o r o f r i t i h t l d .
' \ \ ' e s n o l c .
s sc ' r c l t t t v c , \\'rthin the lin-utsset to it by the ntrturc ol rhe shari a, tirlln th:tt of thcir preclealso shov,stltat one schol.
rr easili'clisagrecclrvith "r.
Sonrc e,u'iclcnce the master of his school.
even though hc colnmittecl hirnsclf'tc-rbc botrnd hv that school, ancl at rhe sarne tirnc he had no cliflicult.
vin agreeing rvitlt othcr ptlsters fr<trn differcnt schools.
Therefbrc.
tlte bouncltrry of thc Conccpt ()f matlbbab shorriclalso tre rc-exanrinccl C.
\X/aelII:rllac.
u'rites:
I slull tn.
to shor', tf'rrt the getc of iitiheciq'e:.
not closeti in tht:on' n<,r tn prrctrcr' .
Ilv chronologicrl' anelyzrngthe relevant liter.
iturcon rhe sullject frorn tlrc fourth.
rtenth centtrry onq'arcls.
it '*'ill becore clclr th.
lt { 1 ) juristsuh6 were cepable of iitihaclexistcclat nearly all tirncs,.
rjtrhiclwxs uscclin dr:r'elopingpositive krq.
'efterthe fbnrtationof tltc st'hcxrls:.
up ttr 'insicleclh:tl> of tllt' phr:r:.
c:r 500 A ll therc \\'.
ls no nlcntion r,r'hatsocver rl-iytihlcl' or ol anl expression thlt rnay l-raveallurlt' to the notron of thc about .
reclosure of rhc gate lnci the cxtinctlon ({) thc contro',cr.
to thltt ei'fet't'r' pr,:ntecl jurists frorn rc:rclrrng:r('()l'lsrrtsus of ntr.
I I a l l u r l a l .
s r tu ' r i ! c s , " l t h a s a l s o b e e n s h o u , n t i r a t t h e c ( ) l l t l - ( ) \ ' e r s \ ' : t l > o u t ijtihld ancl the existcnr'c'of multahids started.
in its prirnitive forn.
i, only in tl-rc of the sixthl'rwelfth century.
" It means that Itallaq puts the date of rhe clcrsurc of rhr: gate of iitibad in this century ancl he lxrlievcs that "T'hror'rghout the follon-ing centuries, diff'erences among iurists, encouraged by ambiguities in legal ternrinology, made any consensus on the nonexistence of rnultahiclsand on the closure of the gate of iitihad impossible to reach.
"25
Theorizing the tradition of Mukbta.
at in his dissertation.
Mohammad Fadel criticizes Schacht on iudging Mukbta.
ars, saying, "Schacht's observa- AlJmlab.
TbeCo&qr ollrtadbdb and tbe Qudnofl of B bunfury tion .
hat Muhbtapars 'are not in the nature of cocies'] is problernatic for it fails to explain why, in thc case of the Maliki school for examplc, nc new Mukbtasar.
of any importance were produced after Khalil,"26 Furtherrnore.
Fadel argues that "ln order to make taqltd rnore ef-fective,the genre of Mukbtaeealwaspopularized beginning in tlie seventh,/thirteenthcentury n'itl'r thc q,as tbilwccl the eight,'f<-rurtcenth -Jc7mi'al-rtmntahat of lbn al-H:ljib, q,hich century by ,\Iuhhta,sar Khalil.
" Faciel convinces Ll.
sto lrclieve tltat " Tiie basic oi schor>lns *'ell rs reprc:aim of thesc tq.
'o n,orks wlrs t.
) present thc- rr.
I I e h i n r s e l l b e l i e r " c st h a t sentativecases illustrating ,VuklstctsarKhaljl "'r ls able tct c()nstructa tcxt \\'hich in nltn1, u'avs reserttltlecl a legai cocle " Irttr-thcrtore.
hc cxplains.
Kbaliil cliclnot bintj ell jurists.
hon'ei cr.
Beceuschis q'ork r t t, ,lIrtLti.
tla,sur :r full-fledgcclccxlt' Neverthelcss.
rt vi'oulrl be accucJnnot bc consrcierecl rate ro clescribeIsl:rmrcleu.
il the Miliki sch<xrls txkC'nrs representatrve.
es having unclergonc'a long-temr evolr.
rtionfrotn one rcscrnbling a casegreat cliscretion:r.
'p()\f,'ers, lf,q'system in q,hictr legal officiels possessecl one rcselnblingcivil lau' in v,'hichthe vast n-rajori6'ol'legal ofTici:rlsbecanrl bound to a pre-existrngnrle, rxith the quelification that '-rpperlevcl ir.
always succeedeclin retainrng rher ryqbt to override rules of the school in sttuationsthat clcmandeclrt.
"2'
Fadel's theory of Mukbtcsarcann()t since the Mukbta,Sar be applied fully' to the Shafi'I school, of al-Muzani was written in a very eady time ancl ijtibad was also practiced by the Shafi'r jurrsts after al-Muzani.
On the introduction his Mukbta.
he writes, "l composed this book as an extract from the doc- trine of al-Shxfil and from the implication of his opinions for the benefit of those who may desire it, even though al-Shafi'i himself prohibited anybody to fbllow him or anybody else.
"2eThe true is that the exercise of ijtibad stl practiced by the jurists after al-Muzanr wrote his Mukbta.
Conclusion 'I'hat is not The boundery of madbbab has in fact, rnany ambiguities.
also because they keep practicing diffbrences arlorlg themselves within a single madbhab by'exercising their independent thinking.
TIrcse iurist also often developed the u.
fil al-frqb and sometiines even contradicted 'We sometimes find that a fe*' of them proclairned themselves iheir masters.
as mujtahid.
horl'ever, they were still consiclered as the followers of a certaitl For example, in his ar.
rtobiography, al-Suytli .
911/1.
pro- ilpd'e,rc.
Qdrl A.
Azrzy claimed himself ^s a mujtahid mu.
r In understanding the concept of madbbab or "following a certain school of Islamic law," we may compare to the concept of school in philosophical tradition.
Vhen Varner Vick discusses Aristotelianisrn, he s'rites that "doctrinal fbrmulas may be preserved wl"rile their funclamental concepts are altered by reinterpretation in thc light of nerv circumstances or l:rv use in the service of ner','interests or lrethods.
Vick also seys rhar "Aristotelianism is not the philosophy of Aristotle himself " I' 'l'lre clevelopnteni oi tire c()ncept of mctclhbab- if we conlnlit t() accept sltoulcl tte brought i() t.
c n'rtrsters'ideas, theortes, .
tncl luethocls w'htch are ltv tht:
acssrltie r() thc clc'"clopnrent ancl change: instead of berng i-rc,runcl resr:lts ctf ijtibitd of the tntsters rr,'hich arc usual' c<tnsiderecls religious End Notes:
Schacht.
"Fikh.
trrclrlopacdiaof Islant.
rctt'ed L ll 8R-lr -Toscph (()xf<n<] (.
-foseph Schacht.
TItt' Origrtts of Mtrbarnnadart -/unspratlotcc thet tfrc first c>ccasion Scl'recht I)ress.
,5.
thre(,gcncnttons afrer the ckrethof the Prophet ere "in rneny respcctthe lnost inllronant,' ' r n e n .
" ' d i s t r n c t i vfee l t u r c s o f I s l a r r tc a r n e I n t o l t e r n g : r n c lt h c t n e s ( c n t l s l l n r t t rn q.
hi<'h 'Prc-lslantlcL3eckgrourttl :rntl Errit s6cien crerteri its ou'n lcgrl institutrons.
'Schacht, trr ll.
Lrtu Flerl.
et-rcl N.
jicl Khecldurr r-rnspruclence,' .
evgi<rpnrenr ,f lliartlc la.
st (Vrshington.
D C: the Micklle East Institutc.
,1:33
'Schecht.
Atr httrodttcttortto Islanic Larr,(Oxforcl:ClarendonPress.
I9[J'.
,]-l J'hcse seeln ro conrradicthis other slatcrnenthat "lslarniclarr' reprcscnlsan cxtre.
(' sLrte.
e'nt.
'jr.
it *'as created anci clevelopedby privatc specralists.
lcg:rl science hevc tll.
'oi enrl nst the state pJal'srhe pr of a legislator.
enclscholarlyhancllx>c,ks Ibid .
JosephSchacht,"Pre-lslernic,"l: zl0.
Schachtalso n,ritesthat clringthc u'hole ot the first cenrury of lslant.
rrlnrinistrativeancllegisl:rtiveactivitiesol thc'lslenri<'8()\'cr.
r n c n i c : r n n ( ) rb c s e p a r a t e d .
s c h a c h t ," F i k h " , 8 B B a .
T h i s n r o s t l l ' c l i f f e r sf i o n l ' * h a t I a n r singlt is true thrt there \':rs no sep:rrationbetu'cen the govcrtrntentall.
Islstnl!' .
xcti\,rries,inclrlingIshntic la'*'.
at thc tinre'of the rightly guitleclcaliphs hou,cver, inclependentijtibddol the Companions hacl nc'"'er been tiistourgt-ci ()11,vrettersrerluiring general public attention were taken over cornpletell' by the ca iipitt Nloreovcr, alter the first lour caliphs there *'ls separxtlon lrt:twc'enSovernlnenr rcinrinrstration and the clevelopment <>fIslamic law by pious scholrrs.
This *'as why dre 1nai1 propaganclaof rhe Abbasids to replace the Umalyad caliphate was to revive lslarnrc lan, although, as Schachr acknowleclgcs, the result of the Abbasid caliphate was "that q'rites,'' Islantic lau'btcame rnr-rreand morc rernoved from the practice," whilc he also lost in but in the long ntn .
slamic lawl Power Introdttction,S6.
Schacht.
Muslims.
conrrol over development of lslamic law is basically separated frm the Practice of the govemment.
' Noel j.
Coulson.
A history of Islamic Iaw (Edinburgh: Edinburgh Universiry Press.
Irv'' AQarnt'&.
No.
lbe Concq, of Madbab and tbe gu8tton EIa tuund^ry 1%.
,6M5.
" Noel J.
coulson,"The state and Individual in lslamic Iaw ," Intertational and Comparatirc La4t Quarterl.
y, 60957 ) : 75 Many Muslim scholars also believe that lslamic laq' "*'as nor sysrematise.
the tinte of the Prophet ancl the companions.
Since the successors'rinle it began to take its formal shape and to <levelop into a bocly anci an intlependenr subjecr of srtrc.
Alrn"raclFlasan.
7hc Earl_t'Davlopnent of Islanic .
/ttrispnult'tu-e .
slamabacl, lslanric Resc-archinstrtutt:,19BB).
29 l-he porni irerc is rrt.
nutr,tc activiq of Isiamrc.
,\,lyc()n(.
( to shoq the conttnltionof rnrlcpcn.
enttltihadbaseclon alnrosf cvery' rnclivir.
schol:rrsince the cieathof the Prophct.
" In the Qtrr'rn.
r,''ef incj x.
ciutele\('n tirnes tlre r,'orcls clcrive<lfrom f-t,tt', us it()tc.
lir' trlultettrtnaclIrtr'hclAlxi el .
:r<1iin his al-.
llrt lut al-,llrtfabrastu4lfaz al,Qtrr'ari ai A r .
r u n.
[ J e i n r t :I ) e r : r l - l ] l k r ,n c l ) , 1 1 2 I n h i s s r r r r i t ' .
/ c / r r vV l s, .
: t e lI l .
r l l l a <fir n a l i v* .
r i t c s .
Srtnt.
ottr inqLliri'suggeststit:tt thc.
r<1rc:rl genrc of the faturt q'as chit-fly resp6nsiblcf6r rile grov"th encl changt of lcgri <loctrint'rn thr'sc'hrxris.
ancl that ()ur current pt.
r'cepriln <rflslentrclan'as a iurists l:tu lnust n()rr l>efurthcr rlefrnc.
r rtJitsierl.
An'".
rnt1r-rrn inro the historic'alc'r'olutiot"r rncl l:rter rk'r't'loprcntol sul>srentivc rlrlocrnne nrust takc rccount <.
>tthe nt/il and his .
fatuvt w'a-alltll.
tn lam.
\xh.
R Hallaq, "I:ron't l.
attujs to Frrni: Crowth and Change in lslanricSubstentrveltw'.
lslantic Lau, and Soctctl',I (April .
:65 Ahnracl L.
I'tsan,Eart.
19 f,n.
2() t" Ibid
,19
' S c h a c h t ,' l k h r i l x f E .
l ( n c u ' c d ) .
l | t o 6 t b Early,3l .
'' Al-Shaybini.
al-Siyar al-Kabir ((-airo:
Shirka l\tusahanre,1.
I:230 Al-Shjfi i.
tort, itt bis al-Ihrt often ntentrons cliffcrent school blsecl on a region.
r1 Al-shafi'i, al-untm.
eclircclby Mahrnlcl Marrap (Beirut D.
-rrel-'lln.
,!11:
't Al-Jahewl menrions al-nndani1,yul only once in the chapter .
'll-eada' vr,a ,lshahadat " Al-Tahewt.
Ikbtildf al-Fuqaba , edirecl by Muhammad saghir Ilasan Ma'sDmr .
slamabad: Islamic Research Instirure, 1.
, 218.
"' Schacht,Introduction.
8 and 17.
'Al-Shafi'r.
al-ttmnt.
Ml: 69-71 '^ Ibid \41: 470.
In 'lraq, rhere were srill some scholars who accepted al-shaf i's and later, some of them, such as Ahmad b Hanbal and D.
wud b.
Khalaf.
extreme traditionists.
'e Schacht.
Intrductiotr, i0.
/' Ibid.
, 70-77.
,t lbid.
,77.
D IUtl.
,73.
2aV/ael Hallaq, "r*hs the Gate of lltibarl Closetll Intet'national Journal oI].
East Stdies 16.
, 4 , .
u d .
, 3 3 .
2" Mohammad Fadel,"Adiudicarion in the Maliki \ladhhah A Study of l.
egal Process in Medieval Islamic kv.
," (Ph.
, the Universityof Chicago, 1.
,1:265.
" lbid.
, l: 283.
a lbkl.
,l: 2M.
I) AJ-Muzani.
Mukbtasr, in al-Shef i, al-Umm.
AI-J@nt'ab,ib.
fYI9IX A.
Wtl Azl4 'I.
Al-suyuli.
Husn al-Muhalarafi Ta'rikhMisl wa'I-@bira (Kairo: 'Isa 'l-Babi Halabi,1.
,l: 335-44.
rr 'WarnerrVick, "Aristotelianism.
"Encyclopaediaof Pbilosopb.
l-Il: 1'48 AlJamt'ob.
Ik.