SYAFUTRA ET AL.
Bio Palembanica 1.
: 1-13 .
This journal is available online at: https://ejournal.
Utilization of Animals as Traditional Medicine in Pangkalpinang City.
Bangka Island.
Sumatra RANDI SYAFUTRA1*.
SHAKILA PANITA1.
TALITHA SISY FELICIA1,
RAMADHAN ARYO NUGROHO1 & YORDI APRIANTO1
Department of Natural Resources Conservation.
Faculty of Engineering and Science.
Muhammadiyah University of Bangka Belitung.
Indonesia E-mail: shakilapanita10@gmail.
E-mail:thalitafelicia17@gmail.
E-mail:ramadhanaryanugroho02@gmail.
E-mail: yordiaprianto@gmail.
*Corresponding Author.
E-mail: randi.
syafutra@unmuhbabel.
https://orcid.
org/0000-0001-8156-0613 Received 29 April 2024iCAccepted by M.
Iqbal: 1 May 2024iCPublished online 3 June 2024.
Abstract Utilizes animals as traditional medicine have been known globally.
A study to collect, analyze and evaluate utilization of animals as traditional medicine by indegenous people was carried in September to November 2022 in Pangkal Pinang City.
Bangka Island.
Sumatra.
Data collection was done through surveys and informant selection using snowball sampling.
Three selected local people were then interviewed according to the prepared We analysis information by qualitatively .
sing descriptive statistic.
and quantitatively .
alculating RFC or Relative Frequency of Citatio.
and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF).
Our study found that the utilization of animals as traditional medicine is still practiced due to various interconnected reasons.
The animals utilized as traditional medicine by local people consist of 6 families and 6 species, including Reptilia .
species with a percentage of 50.
0%), as well as Mammalia.
Actinopterygii, and Aves .
ach with 1 species and a percentage of 16.
7%).
Herpetofauna ranks first based on the percentage of the number of animal species utilized as traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict.
There is correlation between the age of informants and the level of knowledge regarding the utilization of animals as traditional medicine indicates that informants aged over 45 have broader knowledge due to their life experiences.
Finally, wildlife conservation in traditional medicinal practices is essential to preserve cultural heritage and support ecological sustainability.
Keywords:Bangka Island, ethnozoology.
Pangkalpinang.
Sumatra, traditional medicine.
Introduction Traditional medicine refers to treatment and care provided in ways other than conventional medical and/or nursing knowledge, referring to knowledge, experiences, and skills acquired through inheritance, apprenticeship, or training, applied according to prevailing norms in society (Sarkhel 2.
Traditional medicine comprises materials or material ingredients in the form of plant materials, animal materials, mineral materials, concoctions, or mixtures of these materials traditionally used for treatment based on experience (Rizvi 2.
Animals, which have long been used as sources of medicine in dead form, have parts such as meat, horns, bones, tails, feathers, claws, fat, bile, and shells used in traditional medicine, as well as products such as urine, feces, honey, and milk (Costa-Neto 2.
Bangka Island is the second largest island in Sumatra.
Indonesia (Iqbal et al.
The Island approximately 11,330 km 2 and consists of various habitats, including secondary forests, lowlands, and shallow valleys interspersed with hilly paths, and has a highest elevation of 699 m above sea level (Whitten et al.
Additionally.
Bangka Island has a hot and humid climate, with an average annual rainfall of about 3,000 mm (Syafutra et al.
The settlers of Bangka Island generally rely on natural resources to meet their livelihood needs.
This is evident from the Utilization of Animals a Traditional livelihoods of the Bangka Island population, which mainly consists of farmers, fishermen, and miners (Ibrahim 2.
The utilization of natural resources by the inhabitants of Bangka Island is aimed at various needs, including traditional medicine.
Research on the utilization of animals as traditional medicine in Bangka Island has been conducted in Bangka Regency (Afriyansyah et al.
Nukraheni et al.
Saputra et al.
Further study has also been conducted in South Bangka Regency and Central Bangka Regency (Priyansah et al.
Syafutra et al.
2021, 2022.
Fitriana et However, many areas in Bangka Island have not documented their community's knowledge of utilizing animals as traditional medicine, such as the Ketapang Subdistrict in Pangkalpinang City.
The various term of animals utilization can promote the formation of interaction systems between communities and the surrounding natural environment over time (Sunaryo et al.
Therefore, our study is very important to be conducted, to support the conservation of local knowledge in Bangka Island related to ethnomedicine from animals .
This study is basic information on the utilization of animals as traditional medicine by the community of Pangkalpinang City.
Methods A study to collect information on the utilization of animals as traditional medicine was conducted in September and November 2022 in Ketapang Subdistrict.
Pangkalanbaru District.
Pangkalpinang City (Fig.
This research collected data through surveys and informant selection using snowball sampling and grouped based on age, namely <31 years, 31-45 years, and >45 years.
Snowball sampling is a nonprobability data collection technique/method that obtains subsequent informants based on recommendations from previous informants until saturation is reached (Sugiyono 2.
This research collected data through surveys and informant selection usoing snowball sampling and grouped based on age, namely <31 years, 31-45 years, and >45 years.
Snowball sampling is a nonprobability data collection technique/method that obtains subsequent informants based on recommendations from previous informants until saturation is reached (Sugiyono 2.
Selected informants (Table .
were then interviewed using prepared questionnaires.
The classification of selected informants includes the community members who have knowledge related to the utilization of animals as traditional medicine.
Figure 1.
Map of Pangkalpinang City.
Bangka Island.
Bangka Belitung Province.
Black arrow indicate study site.
SYAFUTRA ET AL.
Table 1.
Selected interviewee.
No.
Initial Age oC/oA Ethnicity/Religion oC Malay/Islam oC oA Malay/Islam Malay/Islam Occupation Retired Civil Servant /Descendant of Traditional Healers Merchant/Descendant of Traditional Healers Housewife/Descendant of Traditional Healers Data analysis was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively.
Qualitative analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, while quantitative analysis was conducted by calculating RFC and ICF, namely:
Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) RFCwas first initiated by Tardio & Pardo-de-Santayana .
to determine the local importance of each species.
RFC value is calculated using the equation:
RFC =
where: Fc is the number of informants mentioning the utilization of the species, and N is the total number of informants.
RFC has a range of values from 0 to 1 (Pujinisa et al.
Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) ICF was first initiated by Trotter & Logan .
to determine the homogeneity of local ICF value is calculated using the equation:
ICF =
[Nur Oe N.
[Nur Oe .
where: Nur is the number of reports of utilization for each category, and Ns is the number of species used for a particular category by all informants.
ICF has a range of values from 0 to 1 (Pujinisa et al.
, 2.
The conservation status of each species is assessed based on international and national categories, namely the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN Red Lis.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), and Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number P.
106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.
1/12/2018.
Results and Discussion Indigenous People Knowledge The results of interviews with three informants indicate that the community of Ketapang Subdistrict still utilizes animals as traditional medicine due to several interrelated reasons.
Firstly, limited access to modern healthcare services forces them to rely on traditional knowledge that has become an integral part of their culture.
The utilization of animals as traditional medicine has been passed down from generation to generation, instilling belief in its effectiveness in curing various ailments.
Additionally, the availability and accessibility of animals or their body parts in nature are easier compared to modern medicines that are difficult to access.
The practicality and affordability make the use of traditional medicine more appealing to communities with economic limitations.
The cultural and spiritual values associated with certain animal species also influence the selection of traditional medicine, as their use often correlates with cultural and spiritual beliefs within the community.
Finally, when modern medical solutions are inadequate, communities often resort to traditional medicine that has proven effective in their daily experiences.
Local people divided into the age group >45 years .
informants with a percentage of 100%) (Fig.
These results indicate that knowledge related to the utilization of animals as traditional Utilization of Animals a Traditional medicine tends to increase with the age of the informants.
This increase is attributed to the accumulation of more life experiences in older informants compared to younger informants.
Generally, younger informants have limitations in experiences related to the types and functions of Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a good relationship between age and the level of informants' knowledge regarding the utilization of animals as traditional medicine.
This finding is consistent with previous study (Kendie et al.
Mussarat et al.
Faiz et al.
who also found that knowledge about the utilization of plants and animals correlates positiv ely with the age of informants.
<31 Years 31-45 Years >45 Years Percentage of Informants Age Group Figure 2.
Percentage of informants based on age group.
Animals Utilized as Traditional Medicine The animals utilized as traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict consist of 6 families and 6 species categorized into 4 classes (Fig.
, including Reptilia .
species with a percentage of 50.
0%), as well as Mammalia.
Actinopterygii, and Aves .
ach with 1 species and a percentage of 16.
7%) (Table 2.
Fig.
Reptilia ranks first based on the percentage of the number of animal species utilized as traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict.
Based on the calculation of Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) (Table .
, the Reticulated Python Malayopython reticulatus becomes the species most frequently used by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict in treating illnesses, evidenced by the highest RFC value of 1.
Additionally, this species is also utilized as traditional medicine in other areas of Bangka Island (Fitriana et al.
Syafutra et al.
2022, 2.
Previous study also suggest that M.
reticulatus is most frequent herpetofauna used by local communities in Indonesia (Mardiastuti et al.
2021a, 2021.
Furthermore, the Monitor Lizard Varanus salvator and Gecko Hemidactylus frenatus are two species with the lowest RFC values of 0.
This indicates that these three animal species are the least utilized by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict in treating illnesses.
SYAFUTRA ET AL.
Percentage of the Number of Animal Species Utilized as Traditional Medicine Reptilia Mammalia Actinopterygii Aves Class Figure 3.
Percentage of the number of animal species per class utilized as traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict.
Table 2.
Utilized animalsas traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict.
Utilized Animal No.
Family/Species Local/National/ International Name Subphylum/Class: Vertebrata/Actinopterygii Channidae/ Snakehead Fish Channa striata Subfilum/Kelas: Vertebrata/Reptilia Part/Product of Utilized Animal Method and Form of Processing Part/Product of Utilized Animal Category of Animal Utilization Meat Fried meat, then Internal Wounds Whole Body Gekkonidae/ Hemidactylus Gecko Whole Body Varanidae/ Monitor Lizard Varanus salvator Pythonidae/ Malayopython Reticulated Python Subphylum/Class: Vertebrata/Aves Apodidae/ Aerodramus Swiftlet Subphylum/Class: Vertebrata/Mammalia Bovidae/ Goat Capra hircus Meat Bile The dried put into hot water, soaked and The gecko is burned and pounded into The powder is put the wound.
The meat is grilled and then consumed.
The bile is consumed raw without Medicine for Typhoid Fever Medicine for Burn Wounds Medicine for Itchy Skin Medicine for Skin Diseases Nest The dried nest and frankincense stone put in hot water.
The soaked water is Medicine for Fever Meat The meat is grilled and then consumed.
Medicine for Fatigue Utilization of Animals a Traditional Table 3.
RFC calculation for animals utilized as traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict.
Family/Species of Animal Utilized Pythonidae/Malayopython reticulatus
Channidae/Channa striata
Bovidae/Capra hircus
Apodidae/Aerodramus fuciphagus
Varanidae/Varanus salvator Gekkonidae/Hemidactylus frenatus
RFC
Note: Fc = Number of informants mentioning the utilization of the species.
N = Total number of informants.
RFC = Relative Frequency of Citation.
Animal Parts Utilized as Traditional Medicine Meat is the animal part/product most commonly utilized as traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict (Fig.
The meat from Snakehead fish Channa striata.
Monitor Lizard Varanus salvator and Goat Capra hircus are utilized by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict as traditional medicine for internal wounds, itching, and fatigue.
Meat is also known to be the most commonly utilized animal part/product as traditional medicine in various countries (Kendie et al.
Husain & Wahidah 2.
Meat Whole Body Bile Nest Percentage Animal Parts/Products Utilized as Traditional Medicine Figure 4.
Percentage of animal parts/products utilized as traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict.
Adhikari et al.
found that the community of Chitwan-Annapurna, central Nepal utilizes meat from various animals as medicine for paralysis, asthma, rheumatism, arthritis, poor eyesight, and This according with a previous study from Pakistan that utilizes meat from goats Capra hircus.
Rhesus Monkeys Macaca mulatta.
Indian Hedgehogs Paraechinus micropus.
European Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus.
Indian Palm Squirrels Funambulus palmarum.
Mallard Ducks Anas platyrhynchos and Jungle Fowl Gallus gallus as medicine for hepatitis, cough, cancer, asthma, epilepsy, anemia, weakness, and kidney problems (Mussarat et al.
Additionally.
Faiz et al.
stated that the community of Azad Kashmir.
Pakistan utilizes meat from various animals as medicine for various diseases, both minor .
uch as fever, cough, stomach ailments, etc.
) and major .
uch as diabetes, lung diseases, heart diseases, liver diseases, kidney diseases, respiratory tract problems, etc.
Meat is defined as the flesh of an animal consumed as food, whether fresh, minced, or frozen (Giromini & Givens 2.
Meat consists of two types, namely red meat and white meat.
In nutritional SYAFUTRA ET AL.
studies, white meat includes poultry and fish but excludes all mammalian meats considered as red meat (Lupoli et al.
Processed meat is defined as meat preserved by methods other than freezing, such as smoking, heating, and salting, or with the addition of chemical preservatives (IARC 2.
During meat processing, additional meat and animal fats can be added along with various non-meat substances and additives resulting in more complex products (Giromini & Givens 2.
Meat provides a highquality protein source and a variety of essential nutrients crucial for optimal health.
The nutrients in meat can contribute beneficially to key nutrient intake that is typically lacking in the diet of some population groups (Wyness 2.
Processing Methods of Animal Parts Utilized as Traditional Medicine Regarding the processing methods of animal parts/products utilized as traditional medicine, the community of Ketapang Subdistrict is more dominant in using burnt and boiled methods rather than fried and uncooked methods (Fig.
These results are similar to the findings of Adhikari et al.
which showed that cooking by frying and boiling is the most commonly used method by local community in Chitwan-Annapurna, central Nepal.
In Ethiopia, the local people mostly uses unprocessed or uncooked or eaten raw methods in utilizing animal parts as traditional medicine (Kendie et al.
Burnt Boiled Fried Unprocessed/Uncooked Percentage Processing Methods of Animal Parts/Products Utilized as Traditional Medicine Figure 6.
Percentage of processing methods of animal parts/products utilized as traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict.
Consuming uncooked raw food has certain impacts on human health, which can be either beneficial or detrimental.
Currently, some people prefer raw food diets because they believe that raw food diets have positive impacts on health.
Additionally, raw foods are known to have fewer processing steps and fewer additives, which is advantageous for those who choose raw foods as their Furthermore, another benefit of consuming raw food is the preservation of enzymes contained within them.
The cooking process is believed to destroy these enzymes.
Many people believe that consuming foods with preserved enzymes provides health benefits, such as helping to reduce the risk of certain types of cancers including mouth, throat, and breast cancer.
However, some people believe that raw foods can have negative impacts on their health.
They prefer cooking these foods rather than consuming them raw.
A previous study in 2009 found that cooking raw foods can kill harmful bacteria within them, making them safe to consume (MasAoad & Hisham 2.
Presentation Forms of Animal Parts Utilized as Traditional Medicine The local community of Ketapang Subdistrict predominantly utilizes animal parts/products as traditional medicine in the form of food and drinkrather than inother forms (Fig.
Consistent with Utilization of Animals a Traditional these findings, the communities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Pakistanand Metema Woreda.
NorthWesternEthiopia, are also known to predominantly utilize animal parts/products as traditional medicine in the form of drinks and foodrather than in the form of massage media, amulets, etc.
(Mussarat et al.
Kendie et al.
, 2.
Food Drink Other Forms Percentage Presentation Forms of Animal Parts/Products Utilized as Traditional Medicine Figure 6.
Percentage of presentation forms of animal parts/products utilized as traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict.
Healthy food and drinks play a crucial role in shaping health and well-being.
Nutrient-rich foods provide energy to the body, support the functions of vital organs, and aid in tissue growth and repair.
balanced diet strengthens the immune system, reduces the risk of chronic diseases, and enhances energy and stamina.
Additionally, adequate hydration supports bodily functions, aids in detoxification, and maintains overall health.
The combination of both not only influences physical health but also mental health, improving mood, focus, and sleep quality.
The quality of food and drinks affects overall quality of life, thus serving as a vital foundation in maintaining optimal health and well-being [Ratmawati, comm, 2.
Utilization Categories of Animals as Traditional Medicine Calculation of the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) reveals a diverse range of values (Table .
The varied ICF values provide insights into the level of consensus or variation in the utilization of animals as traditional medicine.
This variation highlights the importance of further understanding how the information and beliefs of local communities influence the practice of utilizing animals as traditional Table 4.
Calculation of ICF for the categories of animal utilization as traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict.
Utilization Category of Animals as Traditional Medicine Medicine for Skin Diseases Medicine for Internal Wounds Medicine for Fever Medicine for Fatigue Medicine for Typhoid Fever Medicine for Burn Wounds Medicine for Itchy Skin Number of Utilization Reports Utilized Animal Total Species Malayopython reticulatus Channa striata Aerodramus fuciphagus Capra hircus Hemidactylus frenatus Hemidactylus frenatus Varanus salvator ICF Few categories of animal utilization as traditional medicine show a high level of agreement among the informants, as indicated by the maximum ICF value (ICF value of .
An ICF value of 1 indicates that the informants strongly and consistently recognize and agree that skin diseases, internal wounds.
SYAFUTRA ET AL.
fever, and fatigue can be treated by utilizing the parts/products of Malayopython reticulatus.
Channa striata.
Aerodramus fuciphagus, and Capra hircus.
On the other hand, typhoid fever, burn wounds, and itch medicine are three categories of animal utilization as traditional medicine with low agreement among the informants, with a minimum ICF value (ICF value of .
An ICF value of 0 indicates that the informants tend not to recognize and agree that typhoid fever, burn wounds, and itch can be treated by utilizing the parts/products of Hemidactylus frenatus and Varanus salvator.
Previous study suggest the highest yielded ICF value (ICF value of 0.
, indicating that the informants strongly recognize and agree that cardiovascular diseases can be treated by utilizing the parts/products of various animals.
toothache can be treated by utilizing the parts/products of Vanellus indicus.
Pavo cristatus, and Bubulcus ibis (Adhikari et al.
Conservation Status of Animals Utilized in Traditional Medicine In the context of the Ketapang Subdistrict community, limited access to modern healthcare services and a strong belief in traditional knowledge drive them to continue utilizing animals as traditional medicine.
This phenomenon, although rich in cultural value, poses serious consequences for the survival of both protected and unprotected wildlife.
This situation emphasizes the urgency of evaluating the conservation status of each species of animals utilized in traditional medicine, both from an international perspective and within Indonesian national regulations.
Table 5.
Conservation status of animals utilized in traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict.
No.
Family/Species of Animals Utilized in Traditional Medicine Subfilum/Kelas: Vertebrata/Actinopterygii Channidae/Channa striata
Subfilum/Kelas: Vertebrata/Reptilia Gekkonidae/Hemidactylus frenatus
Varanidae/Varanus salvator Pythonidae/Malayopython reticulatus
Subfilum/Kelas: Vertebrata/Aves Apodidae/Aerodramus fuciphagus
Subfilum/Kelas: Vertebrata/Mammalia Bovidae/Capra hircus
Conservation Status of Animals Utilized in Traditional Medicine IUCN Red
Permen LHK
CITES
List RI P.
Non-App.
Non-App.
App.
App.
Non-App.
Non-App.
Note:
A [IUCN Red Lis.
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species: Not Applicable (NA) = Species not listed on the IUCN Red List.
Data Deficient (DD) = Species with insufficient data.
Least Concern (LC) = Species with low risk of extinction.
Near Threatened (NT) = Species close to being vulnerable to extinction.
Vulnerable (VU) = Species vulnerable to extinction.
Endangered (EN) = Species endangered with extinction.
Critically Endangered (CR) = Species critically endangered with extinction.
A [CITES] Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora: Non-Appendix (Non-App.
) = Species currently not threatened with extinction and its trade is not controlled/free.
Appendix i (App.
= Species protected in certain countries within its habitat range, and its status may be elevated to Appendix II or I in the future.
Appendix II (App.
II) = Species currently not threatened with extinction but may become so if its trade is not strictly controlled.
Appendix I (App.
I) = Species currently threatened with extinction, thus prohibited from all forms of trade.
A Ministerial Regulations (Peraturan Menteri or PERMEN LHK RI P.
Regulation of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia No.
106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.
1/12/2018:
Not Protected (TD).
Protected (D).
Utilization of Animals a Traditional Percentage Conservation Status of Animals Utilized in Traditional Medicine by the Community of Ketapang Subdistrict (Based on the IUCN Red Lis.
Figure 7.
Percentage of the conservation status of animals utilized in traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict .
ased on the IUCN Red Lis.
The conservation status of each species of animal is evaluated through three references: the IUCN Red List.
CITES, and Permen LHK RI P.
106 (Table 5.
Fig.
Data generated from these three references provide a comprehensive overview of the threat level faced by each species toward extinction and how them threatened by human activities, including their utilization in traditional medicine.
Non-Appendix Appendix i Appendix II Appendix I Percentage Conservation Status of Animals Utilized in Traditional Medicine by the Community of Ketapang Subdistrict (Based on CITES) Figure 8.
Percentage of the conservation status of animals utilized in traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict .
ased on CITES).
SYAFUTRA ET AL.
Protected (P) Not Protected (NP) Percentage Conservation Status of Animals Utilized in Traditional Medicine by the Community of Ketapang Subdistrict (Based on Permen LHK RI P.
Figure 9.
Percentage of the conservation status of animals utilized in traditional medicine by the community of Ketapang Subdistrict .
ased on Permen LHK RI P.
Most species of animals us by local community for traditional medicine are considered as unthreatened by IUCN Red List and listed as Non-Appendix status by CITES.
This suggest a low risk of extinction and no trade restrictions.
Additionally, species such as Varanus salvator and Malayopython reticulatus are listed under Appendix II on CITES, indicating their potential vulnerability to extinction if their trade is not strictly regulated.
Furthermore, all species of animals are categorized as Not Protected according to Permen LHK RI P.
These threatened species require more intensive protection, including monitoring of trade and habitat restoration efforts.
Collaboration between the government, conservation agencies, and local communities is key to addressing these conservation challenges, involving various efforts such as public education and law enforcement.
Strong cooperation and collaborative actions will play a crucial role in protecting the survival of species threatened by traditional Acknowledgments We thank anonymous reviewers who provided many valuable suggestions for this paper.
We are very grateful to Head of Ketapang Subdistrict of Pangkalpinang City for providing permission to collect data, and to the local people who provide valuable information.
References