JUATIKA
JURNAL AGRONOMI TANAMAN TROPIKA
VOL.
6 NO.
1 January 2024 DOI :https://doi.
org/10.
36378/juatika.
eissn 2656-1727 pissn 2684-785X Hal : 100 Ae 109 Test of the Effectiveness of Senduduk Leaf Extract Concentration (Melastoma Malabrhaticum L.
) Against Anthracnose Disease in Red Chili Commodities (Capsicum annuum L.
Wahid Hardianto*.
Al Muzafri.
Yuliana Susanti Program studi Agroteknologi.
Fakultas Pertanian.
Universitas Pasirpengaraian.
Jl.
Tuanku Tambusai Jl.
Raya Kumu.
Rambah.
Kec.
Rambah Hilir.
Kabupaten Rokan Hulu.
Riau 28558 *Email : wahidhardianto021@gmail.
ABSTRACT
The disease that causes low chili productivity in Indonesia is anthracnose, anthracnose disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum spp.
Efforts to control anthracnose disease are currently still being made using many synthetic pesticides.
The use of synthetic pesticides can have a negative impact on the environment.
Vegetable functions can be used as another effort to control anthracnose.
Plant extracts can be used in anthracnose disease control are Senduduk leaf extracts.
This study aims to obtain the concentration of Senduduk plant leaf extract (Melastoma malabathricum L) in inhibiting the growth of Colletotrichum spp.
Research is carried out in the field and laboratory.
The design used in this research was a complete randomized design (RAL) with 5 treatments of Senduduk leaf extract, namely K0 = 0%.
K1 = 3%.
K2 = 6%.
K3 = 9%, and K4 = 12%.
With 3 repetitions.
The results showed that Senduduk leaf extract treatment with a concentration of 12% effective could inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum capsici fungus.
Keywords: anthracnose.
Melastoma.
Malabrhaticum L.
Capsicum annuum.
Colletotrichum Copyright A 2024.
The authors.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license .
ttps://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.
Hardianto et.
INTRODUCTION
Red chilies (Capsicum annuum L.
hold significant importance in Indonesia, ranking second to legumes.
According to BPS data from January to June 2021.
Indonesia imported 27,851.
98 tons of chilies due to the high demand and insufficient local production.
Various factors, such as pest infestations, diseases, and weed growth hinder efforts to boost red chile productivity.
Diseases caused by fungi have a high attack level in the field, during transit, and One of the important diseases that attack and are feared in chili plantations is anthracnose.
This disease is caused by Colletotrichum spp.
, which can significantly reduce yields (Gusmarini et al.
Anthracnose disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum spp.
is the main disease in chili plants.
Attack of the fungus Colletotrichum spp.
in chili plants causes damage to the shoots, stems, leaves, and chili fruit both in the field and after harvest and storage.
In Indonesia, anthracnose can cause a reduction in yield of up to 90%, especially in the rainy season (Wakhidah et al.
, 2.
Apart from reducing the quantity of chili fruit, anthracnose disease also reduces the quality of chilies because it causes a decrease in phenol levels by 16-69%, capsaicin levels by 20-60%, and oleoresin levels by 17-55%.
(Kirana et al.
Efforts to manage and prevent anthracnose currently rely on the use of synthetic pesticides.
The utilization of synthetic fungicides may have adverse impacts on the environment.
Hence, it is imperative to exercise caution when applying synthetic pesticides to mitigate environmental contamination.
In order to address this issue, it is essential to explore alternative methods that are both sustainable (Imansyah et al.
, 2.
The leaf extract derived from the Senduduk plant has been identified as a viable botanical pesticide, as evidenced Juatika Vol.
6 No.
by the research conducted by Chatri et al.
The application of Senduduk leaf extract at varying concentrations has anti-fungal properties capable of inhibiting the growth of the Fusarium oxysporum fungus.
Furthermore, the findings from the study conducted by Laeshita et al.
suggest that concentrated extracts of betel leaves and noni leaves can effectively suppress Colletotrichum spp.
causative agent.
According to Hayati .
, the leaves of the Senduduk plant contain a variety of chemical compounds, such as saponins, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, which play a crucial role in eradicating or impeding the growth of MATERIALS AND METHOD Place and time of research Isolation and identification of the fungus Colletotrichum spp.
Macroscopic and microscopic examinations were Integrated Agrotechnology Laboratory.
Faculty of Agriculture.
Pasir Pengaraian University.
The research period was carried out from October to December 2023.
Materials and Tools The research utilized Senduduk leaves.
Colletotrichum capsici isolate.
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), ethyl acetate, distilled water, dextrose, tissue.
NaOCl, methylene blue, magnesium, amyl alcohol, alcohol.
FeCl, hot water, 2 N HCl, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, mayer, aluminum foil, plastic, and filter paper as the materials.
Additionally, the tools employed in the study included an autoclave, petri dish, test tube, element tube, microscope, tube needle, cork borer, oven, blender, vacuum rotary evaporator, laminar airflow, micro pipette, busen lamp, dropper pipette, knife, opaque bottle, digital scales, cameras, and stationery.
Hardianto et.
Juatika Vol.
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Provision of Pathogen Isolates Isolation of Pathogenic Fungi Identification of Pathogenic Fungi Senduduk Leaf Extraction Phytochemical Test of Senduduk Plant Leaf Extract Flavonoid Test Tannin & Phenolic Test Steroid Test Alkaloid Test Test of the Inhibitory Power of Senduduk Extract Against Pathogenic Fungi Figure 1.
Flow diagram of research implementation Provision of Pathogen Isolates stage, the chili pieces were planted on Anthracnose-symptomatic red chili fruits were obtained from chili plantations in Rambah Baru Village.
Rambah Samo Subdistrict.
Rokan Hulu Regency.
The anthracnose-infected chili fruit was collected using the roaming method and the direct sampling technique.
Isolation of Pathogenic Fungi Chili fruits are washed with running The infected or symptomatic parts were then cut into 1x1 cm size.
The part taken is between the symptomatic part of the fruit and the healthy part of the fruit.
Then, surface sterilization was carried out with 1% NaOCl for approximately 15 seconds, and the mixture was rinsed 3 times with distilled water.
In the next PDA media and incubated for 7 days.
After the mycelium grows, it is incubated again for pure culture (Laeshita et al.
Identification of Pathogenic Fungi Fungal macroscopic and microscopic characters (Watanabe.
Macroscopic characteristics were obtained by making pure cultures in PDA media.
Microscopic characteristics are obtained by making Next, covered with a covered glass, the colonies were observed under a microscope with a magnification of 400 times.
Hardianto et.
Senduduk Leaf Extraction Senduduk leaves were washed, and dried in the oven at 80AC.
The dried sample is crushed using a blender until it is crushed and becomes powder and then ready for extraction.
The simplicia powder is put into a container and soaked .
at room temperature with ethyl acetate solvent.
After 5 days of maceration, it is filtered, the filtrate is separated, and the dregs are soaked again in a new solution.
Maceration was carried out 2 times.
The filtrate obtained was then separated from the solvent and extract using a vacuum rotary evaporator at a temperature of 40oC and evaporated so that the solvent was separated from the Senduduk leaf extract (Muzafri et al.
Phytochemical Test of Senduduk Plant Leaf Extract Flavonoid Test 10 mg of self-extract, 0.
1 mg of magnesium powder, and a 1:1 amyl alcohol solution were put into a test tube.
Next, add 4 ml of 96% alcohol.
The test is said to be positive if the solution changes color to yellow, orange, or red (Elisa et , 2.
Tannin & Phenolic Test The tannin test was carried out by adding 10 mg of Senduduk extract into a test tube and 3 drops of 5% FeCl3.
The test is said to be positive if the solution changes color to blackish green.
In the phenolic test, 10 mg of extract was put into a test tube, then 3 drops of 1% FeCl3 were added.
The test is said to be positive if the solution changes color from green to red (Elisa et al.
, 2.
Saponin Test A total of 10 ml of hot water and 5 g of Senduduk extract were put into an elemeyer tube, then cooled and homogenized for 10 seconds.
If foam Juatika Vol.
6 No.
forms for no less than 10 minutes, 1 cm to 10 cm high, and if 1 drop of 2 N HCl is The foam does not disappear, and the extract contains saponin (Depkes RI.
Steroid Test Ekstrak senduduk sebanyak 50100 mg diletakkan pada plat tetes dan ditambahkan asam asetat sampai semua sampel terendam, dibiarkan 15 menit kemudian 6 tetes larutan dipindahkan ke dalam tabung reaksi dan ditambahkan 23 tetes asam sulfat pekat.
Perubahan warna yang terjadi diamati dan digunakan sebagai ukuran relatif kandungan steroid dalam sampel.
Adanya warna biru.
(Sangi et al.
Alkanoid Test 10 mg of self-extract was put into a test tube, and 1 mL of Mayer's reagent was added.
After that, wait a few The test is positive if an orange and yellow precipitate forms.
(Elisa et al.
Test of the Inhibitory Power of Senduduk Extract Against Pathogenic Fungi The test used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions so that 15 experimental units were obtained.
The experimental design consisted of 5 concentrations of Senduduk leaf extract, .
K0 = 0 %.
K1 = 3 %.
K2= 6 %.
K3: 9 %.
K4= 12 %.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Symptoms of Anthracnose Disease in Red Chilies The results of observations carried out on chili plantations showed that there was an anthracnose attack.
Symptoms of anthracnose on red chilies can be seen in Figure 1.
Hardianto et.
Juatika Vol.
6 No.
Figure 1.
Symptoms of Anthracnose Disease on Chili Fruit Chili plants indicated to be infected with anthracnose disease have several characteristics, namely, oval-shaped and black spots on the skin, which gradually enlarge, become slightly watery, then form concave lesions.
On the surface of the fruit, it looks like necrosis, as seen in Figure 1.
This follows the statement of Harahap et al.
that parts of the fruit or pods show symptoms of anthracnose, namely the presence of black spots on the skin, which will enlarge, merge, and become concave over time, causing the fruit to rot.
Identification of Anthracnose Disease on Red Chili Fruit The anthracnose obtained from red chilies Colletotrichum capsici.
Macroscopic and microscopic characterization of the pathogenic fungal isolate C.
capsici can be seen in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Macroscopic and Microscopic of Colletotrichum and capsici fungi (A) Macroscopic view of the fungus Colletotrichum capsici top view, (B) Macroscopic view of the fungus Colletotrichum capsici bottom view (C).
Microscopic, .
Conidia, .
Microconidia, .
Conidiophores, .
Insulated hyphae Based Colletotrichum characteristics of white colonies, a cottonlike texture, a lateral growth direction, and slow growth.
Meanwhile, microscopically, the shape of the conidia is like a crescent it does not have a septa and has a The book Barnet and Hunter .
says that the fungus Colletotrichum capsici has macroconidia shaped like a crescent moon.
This is also supported by the statement of Sudirga et al.
that the fungus Colletotrichum capsici has white, pink, orange, and gray colonies.
Meanwhile, microscopically, the fungus Colletotrichum capsici has a septate and Hardianto et.
branched fungal mycelium.
The shape of the spores resembles a sickle, and the spores are clear in color and have no Phytochemical Content of Senduduk Plant Leaf Extract Juatika Vol.
6 No.
The results of the phytochemical testing of the Senduduk leaf extract can be seen in Table 1.
The phytochemical screening test on the Senduduk leaf extract aims to determine the class of contained in the extract (Muzafri, 2.
Table 1.
Results of Phytochemical Content Analysis of Senduduk Plant Leaf Extract Compound Type Result Flavonoids Tannin Phenolic Saponins Steroids Alkaloids Note: ( ) = Contain compound type ( - ) = Not contain a compound type cytoplasmic membrane, leading to leaks The Senduduk extract in the cell wall (Ansari et al.
underwent an analysis to determine its According to the Indonesian flavonoid content, and the findings revealed a noticeable shift in color Ministry of Health .
, saponin towards orange.
Elisa et al.
compounds are deemed positive if foam corroborated this observation by stating persists for at least 10 minutes.
Saponin that a positive flavonoid test involves a itself functions as an anti-fungal agent by color change to yellow, orange, or red.
disrupting the lipid layer of the cell Furthermore.
Komala et al.
membrane, explained that flavonoid compounds breakdown in the permeability of the cell exhibit anti-fungal properties by impeding membrane.
This disruption hinders the mitochondrial electron transport, leading diffusion process of necessary materials to a decline in mitochondrial membrane This inhibition can be attributed or substances for the fungus, resulting in to the hindrance of protons in the cell swelling and eventual bursting.
Steroid respiratory chain, subsequently causing a (Sugianitri, 2.
reduction in ATP production and showing positive result.
The presence of ultimately resulting in the demise of fungal steroid compounds can be determined by observing a color change, specifically a Tannin is said to be positive if the green color, in the Senduduk leaf extract.
solution changes color to blackish green This observation aligns with the findings (Elisa et al.
The tannin compound of Koleangan et al.
, who stated functions as an inhibitor of chitin synthesis, which formsm cell walls in that a change in red or green indicates fungi and damages cell membranes so steroid compounds' presence.
Mandduluri that fungal growth is hampered.
Apart .
further explains that steroid from that, tannins are also lipophilic, so compounds exhibit anti-fungal properties they easily bind to cell walls and cause due to their lipophilic nature, which allows damage to fungal cell walls (Watson and them to disrupt lipid cell membranes.
Preedy, 2.
leading to cell lysis and wilting.
Phenolics exhibit a On the other hand, the alkaloid test reaction when the color of the solution yielded negative results, as evidenced by transitions from green to red (Elisa et al.
, the absence of orange and yellow These phenolic compounds act as deposits.
This suggests that the formation anti-fungal by interfering with the of the potassium alkaloid complex may Hardianto et.
not have reached its saturation limit, preventing the formation of a precipitate.
Salim et al.
highlight that both internal and external factors influence the phytochemical content of plants.
Internal factors include genes, while external factors encompass light, temperature, pH, humidity, nutrients, and altitude.
Juatika Vol.
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Growth Rate of Colletotrichum Capsici Observation of the growth rate of the fungus Colletotrichum capsici began 1 day after incubation (HSI) until the fungus filled the petri dish.
The results of observations of the growth rate of C.
capsici until it filled the petri dish, occurred over 10 days.
The growth rate of capsici can be seen in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Growth of the Mushroom Colletotrichum capsici The C.
capsici fungus experienced its highest growth rate on day 2 of HSI, 3 cm.
Conversely, the lowest growth was observed on day 1 of HSI, attributed to the lag phase in the fungus.
Riadi .
explains that the lag phase is when fungi acclimate to a new The duration of the lag phase in fungi varies significantly, depending on factors such as media composition, pH, temperature, aeration, initial inoculum cell count, and the physiological characteristics of the microorganisms in the previous media.
Subsequently, the log/exponential phase ensues, characterized by rapid growth.
Genetic traits largely influence the extent of fungal growth during the exponential This phase occurs from day 2 to day 5 of HSI.
The stationary phase takes place from days 6 to 10, during which fungal growth stabilizes, balancing with the number of dead cells.
Although carbon, an essential energy and nutrient source, may be depleted in the stationary phase, growth continues due to the lysis of dying cells, which serve as a nutritional source (Maier, 2.
Inhibitory Power of Senduduk Plant Leaf Extract Against the Fungus Colletotrichum capsici The results of observations of the inhibitory power of Senduduk leaf extract on the Colletotrichum capsici fungus with various concentrations had a real effect, as seen in Table 2.
Hardianto et.
Juatika Vol.
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Table 2.
Inhibitory Power Rate of Senduduk Plant Leaf Extract Against Colletotrichum Capsici Fungus Percentage of Inhibitory Power Per Day K0 0.
85de 88de Note: Numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different based on the BNJ test at the 5% level.
P: Treatment.
K0 .
% concentratio.
K1 .
% concentratio.
K2 .
% concentratio.
K3 .
% concentratio.
K4 .
% concentratio.
According to the results of the variance analysis, it is evident that each treatment exhibits distinct differences from the others.
Notably, the K4 treatment displayed the highest inhibitory power, with a remarkable 94.
222% inhibitory power on day 10.
Consequently, the K4 treatment, which utilized a 12% concentration of Senduduk plant leaves, proved the most effective.
The inhibitory power against fungi indicates an active anti-fungal compound in the extract of Senduduk plant leaves against the Colletotrichum The concentration of the treatment plays a significant role in its effectiveness, as higher concentrations result in larger fungus-free areas.
This aligns with the findings of Cahyani et al.
, who emphasized the close relationship between concentration and the amount of active ingredients in a formulation.
The greater the concentration, the higher the number of active ingredients, leading to a more optimal ability to suppress The number of compounds in each concentration directly influences the inhibitory power against fungal growth.
Higher concentrations contain more active compounds, resulting in stronger inhibitory power.
Conversely, lower compounds, weakening inhibitory power (Durairaj, 2.
CONCLUSION
The cause of anthracnose disease in chili plantations in Rambah Baru Village is Colletotrichum capsici.
Senduduk plant leaf extract phenolics, and steroids.
Senduduk plant leaf extract can inhibit the fungus Colletotrichum capsici's growth, which causes anthracnose disease.
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