Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management 13.
:432Ae443.
http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
432Ae443
E-ISSN: 2460-5824
http://journal.
id/index.
php/jpsl Study on green concrete .
orous concret.
sustainability to support sustainable construction in Indonesia Laeli Fadlolia.
Hadi Susilo Arifinb.
Wonny Ahmad Ridwanc a Graduate Student of Natural Resources and Environmental Management Study Program.
Graduate School.
IPB University.
IPB Darmaga Campus.
Bogor, 16680.
Indonesia b Landscape Architect Study Program.
Graduate School.
IPB University.
IPB Darmaga Campus.
Bogor, 16680.
Indonesia c Environmental Engineering and Management Study Program.
Vocational School.
IPB University.
IPB Darmaga Campus.
Bogor, 16680.
Indonesia Article Info:
Received: 14 - 09 - 2022 Accepted: 09 - 03 - 2023 Keywords:
Green concrete, multidimensional scaling, porous concrete, sustainable Corresponding Author:
Laeli Fadloli Natural Resources and Environmental Management Study Program.
Graduate School.
IPB University.
Phone: 6281317531144 Email:
elfadloli@apps.
Abstract.
Currently, the implementation progress of green concrete .
orous concret.
is still very slow.
The sustainable construction launched by the government has also not received a positive response from the construction Green Open Spaces (RTH) and urban spatial planning in Indonesia have not accommodated the type of water-friendly pavement .
orous Buildings that must meet the 30% of Green Base Cooeficient (KDH) also have not included the criteria for water-friendly concrete From the results of the Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis using Rapfish-R, it is known that the sustainability status of porous concrete is at a score of 71.
ufficiently sustainabl.
There are no leveraging factors from the ecological dimension because this pavement is proven to positively impact the environment, especially for groundwater reserves.
Leverage from economic dimensions, i.
, added value for customer, durability, and installation costs.
Institutional dimensions, i.
, application of eco-labels, product standards, and criteria for RTH and KDH.
Socio-technical dimension, i.
, public understanding and perception, certification scheme, the role of media, design, and maintenance.
From these leveraging factors, the strategy and roadmap for supporting sustainable construction related to green concrete applications can be formalized.
How to cite (CSE Style 8th Editio.
Fadloli L.
Ridwan WA.
Arifin HS.
Study on green concrete .
orous concret.
sustainability to support sustainable construction in Indonesia.
JPSL 13.
:432Ae443.
http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
432Ae443.
INTRODUCTION
Environmentally friendly concrete can be viewed from two aspects: the concrete production process and This research is focused on its application.
Several types of concrete are categorized as green concrete, including porous concrete.
This type of concrete can help accelerate the infiltration of rainwater into the ground so that it can increase groundwater reserves and reduce the risk of flooding.
It also can be used in city parks to support the function of city parks as a hydrological function (Harbowoputri 2.
Other uses such as for pavements, open fields, parking areas, low-load roads, waterways, slope reinforcement, and erosion control (Kevern 2.
Porous concrete pavement is the best solution to reduce the problem of waterlogging, reduce environmental temperature, reduce noise, and improve water quality.
Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 432Ae443 However, its use is still very low due to a lack of understanding of the benefits obtained.
Even the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has determined porous concrete pavements as the best water runoff management standard that can be used for parking areas, low-load roads, and sidewalks (Elizondo-Martynez et al.
The concept of urban concrete pavements in Indonesia is not yet environmentally friendly or in favor of water absorption.
For example, pedestrians in city parks, shopping centers, sidewalks, parking areas, and roads still use paving block pavement, asphalt, or solid concrete.
With high rainfall, of course, this can cause puddles or flooding problems because the drainage load is not able to accommodate rainwater runoff (Harbowoputri 2.
The application of porous concrete needs to be supported by policies and regulations from the central and local governments.
Regulations related to the use of concrete materials and water absorption functions include Law number 26/2007 concerning spatial planning.
Government Regulation number 16/2021 concerning buildings.
Government Regulation number 21/2021 concerning spatial planning.
Ministry of Public Works Regulation (PUPR) number 02/2015 concerning green buildings.
Presidential Regulation number 12/2021 concerning procurement of government goods and services.
Ministry of Public Works Regulation (PUPR) number 5/2008 concerning guidelines for the provision and use of green open space in urban areas (PUPR 2.
DKI Governor Regulation number 135/2019 concerning building planning guidelines.
Depok City Regulation number 3/2018 concerning the Depok Regional Spatial Plans (RTRW).
Procurement criteria in the construction sector also do not include criteria related to environmentally friendly building materials (Hardiani The use of green concrete .
orous concret.
in the construction sector is still experiencing various It is necessary to analyze the sustainability of the use of porous concrete in Indonesia in terms of the ecological, economic, socio-cultural, and institutional dimensions.
The sustainability analysis in question is the Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) method using the Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries (RAPFISH) application through the R-Gui program.
The use of the MDS method is quite effective for assessing the sustainability status in a multidimensional manner, namely related to ecological, economic, social, and institutional aspects (Fauzi and Anna 2.
METHOD
Location and Research Time This research was conducted from July 2021AeJune 2022 with the focus of research being carried out in three green open spaces that have used concrete pavement with porous concrete, i.
GBK Senayan Jakarta.
Army Headquarters Field and Depok Town Square (Figure .
Figure 1 DKI and Depok administration map Fadloli L.
Ridwan WA.
Arifin HS Collection Data Method The data collection process obtained from the results of interviews with construction experts or practitioners and related parties, including Dinas PUPR.
Indonesian Cement Association (ASI).
Eco-label Verification Institute (LVE), producers and users of porous concrete to determine sustainability aspects that became the focus of discussion and field survey at the research site.
Other supporting data is obtained through literature studies from relevant agencies or from various other sources, such as the publication of statistical data by the Central Statistics Agency and Bappeda.
Regional/National Regulations, and data obtained from concrete producers and related agencies/agencies.
Data Analysis Method Policy Analysis in the Implementation of Green Concrete Desktop analysis by reviewing all regulations and strategies related to environmentally friendly building materials national and regional development strategies.
Policy analysis related to environmentally friendly buildings or green buildings, green open space (RTH) policy, and green base coefficient (KDH), which is focused on the implementation of porous concrete.
The analysis starts from policies at the national level, government regulations, ministerial regulations to regional/governor regulations, and interviews with practitioners and concrete producers.
Runoff Analysis of Concrete Pavement Discharge and volume of runoff water from several types of concrete pavement and without pavement using the formula:
yaEa 24 24Eaycuycycyc Where: Ch = daily rainfall .
Q=CxIxA Where:
Q = runoff discharge .
3/hou.
C = runoff coefficient I = rainfall Intensity .
/hou.
A = catchment area .
Runoff volume is depended on runoff discharge and the duration of water discharge (Narajan 2.
V=Qxt Where:
V = runoff volume .
Q = runoff discharge .
3/hou.
t = time discharge .
Sustainability Analysis of Porous Concrete Sustainability analysis by using MDS RAPFISH through the R software application version 4.
The stages of the RAPFISH sustainability analysis on the porous concrete are as follows: .
identification of sustainability issues to be analyzed based on an ecological, economic, social, and institutional dimension.
determination of the unit of analysis and attributes.
scoring each attribute based on the sustainability criteria of each dimension through literature review or interviews or field observations.
data entry with MS excelCSV format.
run RAPFISH-R.
leverage analysis to determine the attributes of levers that affect to Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 432Ae443 and .
analysis of radar diagrams to find out the sustainability index of each dimension.
The sustainability index on MDS-RAPFISH is defined by four groups to show the level of sustainability in each dimension (Abdullah et al.
The sustainability index, as follows: .
0Ae25: bad .
26Ae 50: less .
ess sustainabl.
51Ae75: sufficient .
ufficiently sustainabl.
76Ae10: good .
ery sustainabl.
Strategy Analysis of Porous Concrete The results of the previous analysis to be used as reference of the study using descriptive analysis methods so that the right direction and strategy will be obtained for supporting the sustainability of the use of porous concrete at various construction project.
Each attribute (Table .
from each dimension .
cology, economy, institutional and technica.
to be scored with the defined method and the attribute which has sensitive impact to sustainability will be chosen for focused strategy.
The sensitive attribute is defined based on RMS value > 5 (Abdullah et al.
Table 1 Sustainability attributes of porous concrete Ecology dimension Economy dimension Institutional dimension Technical dimension Infiltration rate Water quality Reduce run-off Flood control Surface Increase Supporting green open space (RTH) and sustainable Support green basic coefficient (KDH) Total cost ownership/Life cycle cost (LCC) Maintenance cost Installation fee/initial Product Durability The added value of the economic aspect for Reduce construction costs .
o need to build drainage syste.
Local regulation alignment with RTH and RTRW Procurement system Rules/policy for the use of porous Spatial planning and development of urban areas in support of water security The role of associations in the application of green Budget support Availability of green concrete standard Cleanliness of the surrounding environment Pavement function/strength Void condition of porous Supports aesthetics Maintenance .
Design of porous concrete according to field conditions Quality of porous Manufacturer support for Public perception/understanding RESULT AND DISCUSSION Scoring each attribute is based on an expert judgment which refer to literature review, survey, or field The scoring uses the range number from 0 .
to 10 .
Each atributes should have the clear scoring criteria so that the assessor has clear guidance when put the score 1 to 10.
For example for five scoring groups: none impact .
core 0Ae.
, less impact .
core 3Ae.
, neutral .
core 5Ae.
, moderate impact .
Ae.
, big impact .
Ae.
Ecology Dimension Analysis Scoring of all attributes in the ecology dimension is based on expert judgment, which refers to surveys, interviews with practitioners, literature review, and calculation.
The final scoring can be shown in Table 2.
Criteria of each atribute on ecology dimension are defined based on five scoring groups.
Fadloli L.
Ridwan WA.
Arifin HS Table 2 Scoring of ecology dimension GBK Depok Mabes AD Remark Survey and literature (Cheng et al.
Survey and literature (Cheng et al.
Calculation Survey and literature (Cheng et al.
(Kevern 2.
Attribute Infiltration rate Water quality control Reduce runoff Flood control Surface temperature Increase groundwater Support green open space Support green basic Cheng et al.
Survey and interview Survey and interview Run Off Calculation The type of porous concrete pavement surface can reduce the runoff about 95% when compared to conventional concrete or asphalt pavements (Table .
GBK project is one of the biggest pavement projects in Indonesia which use the green concrete.
Concrete or asphalt pavement has the biggest runoff coefficient (C = .
, meanwhile the porous concrete is only 0.
Unfortunately, this pavement type is very commonly used in various city in Indonesia or other country.
The calculation of runoff uses the highest rainfall data in the latest 5 years from BMKG .
7Ae2.
Table 3 Run off calculation based on pavement type Unit Gbk m/day .
ighest rainfall in latest 5 year.
42,347 lt/minute/m2 .
est resul.
m /minute 13,466 Porous concrete (C = 0.
Concrete/asphalt (C = 0.
15,167
Grass (C = 0.
3,512
Different runoff .
onventional concrete vs porous concret.
14,368 Water infiltration Rainfall Pavement area (A) Percolation rate
Drainage capacity Volume Runoff (V) - m3
Depok
Army field
2,673
3,550
1,129
Economy Dimension Analysis Scoring of all attributes in the economic dimension is based on expert judgment, which refers to a survey, interview with a practitioner, literature review, and calculation.
Criteria of each atribute on economy dimension are defined based on five scoring groups (Table .
Attribute Total cost ownership
(TCO)
Maintenance cost Installation cost Product availability Durability Table 4 Scoring of economy dimension GBK Depok Army field Calculation* Remark lower maintenance (Moretti et al.
higher installation cost (Moretti et al.
Site survey and interview Site survey and interview Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 432Ae443 Attribute The added value for a Reduce construction GBK Depok Army field Remark higher installation cost (Moretti et al.
Calculation* Installation Cost and TCO Calculation Initial installation cost of porous concrete is the highest one if compared with the other pavement type.
However, if the cost calculation also inluded the facilities for cathing up the runoff volume like the installation with infiltration wells where per unit cost of infiltration wells which have the diameter 98 cm, lenght 300 cm and volume 2.
26 m3 is IDR 6,600,000 or IDR 2,920,400 per m3, then the total installation cost of porous concrete and the supporting facilities is not much different from the conventional pavement .
sphalt or concret.
(Table 5, 6, 7 and .
Table 5 Data comparison of pavement installation cost per unit measure Cost per unit measure Cost (IDR/m.
installed Cost (IDR/m.
installed Coefficient run-off (C) Infiltration well Asphalt/ concrete Paving block Porous concrete 2,920,400 105,000 175,000 700,000 Tabel 6 Calculation of total cost ownership of porous concrete (GBK Senaya.
Simulation CostBenefit (GBK Infiltration well Asphalt/concrete Paving block Porous concrete Senaya.
Pavement area GBK Ae
42,347
m2 (A) Rainfall- Ch .
whereas V = Ch*Ca*C 8,046 5,929 .
Ie run off
Cost for infiltration well
23,497,333,972
17,313,825,032
1,236,701,788
(IDR)
4,446,435,000
7,410,725,000
29,642,900,000
Installation cost (IDR) Total Cost Ownership
27,943,768,972
24,724,550,032
30,879,601,788
(TCO), excluding maintenance cost (IDR) Fadloli L.
Ridwan WA.
Arifin HS Table 7 Calculation of total cost ownership of porous concrete (Mabes TNI) Simulation CostBenefit (Army Infiltration well Asphalt/concrete Paving block Porous concrete Field/Mabes TNI) Pavement area Army Field (A) 2,673 Rainfall- Ch .
whereas V = Ch*Ca*C .
Ie run off
Cost for infiltration well
1,483,183,548
1,092,872,088
78,062,292
(IDR)
Installation cost (IDR) 280,665,000 467,775,000 1,871,100,000 Total Cost Ownership
1,763,848,548
1,560,647,088
1,949,162,292
(TCO), excluding maintenance cost (IDR) Table 8 Calculation of total cost ownership of porous concrete (Depo.
Simulation CostBenefit (Army Infiltration well Asphalt/concrete Paving block
Porous concrete Field/Mabes TNI) Pavement area at Depok
(A)
3,550
Rainfall- Ch .
whereas V = Ch*Ca*C .
Ie run off
Cost for infiltration well
1,969,809,800
1,451,438,800
103,674,200
(IDR)
Installation cost (IDR) 372,750,000 621,250,000 2,485,000,000 Total Cost Ownership
2,342,559,800
2,072,688,800
2,588,674,200
(TCO), excluding maintenance cost (IDR) Institutional Dimension Analysis Scoring of all attributes in the institutional dimension is based on the expert judgment referred to an interview with practitioners, literature, and regulation review.
Criteria of each atribute on institutional dimension are defined based on five scoring groups.
The final scoring can be shown in Table 9.
Table 9 Scoring of the institutional dimension Attribute GBK Depok Army field Local regulation's alignment with RTH and RTRW Procurement system support Rules/ policy for the use of porous concrete Spatial planning and development of urban areas in support of water security The role of associations in the application of green concrete Remark Regulation analysis* Regulation analysis* Regulation analysis* Regulation analysis* Interview Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 432Ae443 Budget support Availability of green concrete standard Regulation analysis* Regulation analysis* Regulation Analysis The results of the analysis of several regulations related to spatial and building planning are only DKI Regional Regulation number 1/2014 and DKI Governor Regulation number 135/2019 concerning building planning guidelines which have included provisions on pavement that function as a water absorption function in the Green Basic Coefficient (KDH) criteria.
Of course, this is very positive in supporting the use of porous concrete in urban areas that have runoff problems, such as in DKI Jakarta.
More details can be seen in Table Table 10 Regulation analysis Applicable regulations Law Number 26 year 2007 concerning spatial planning Government Regulation number 16 year 2021 regarding buildings Current status Support to porous Not supported yet A Provision and use of green open space/RTH (RTH 30%) Ie RTH for public .
%) Not supported yet A Use of environmentally friendly materials eco-label certified A Green supply chain .
reen procuremen.
A BGH certification: eco-friendly material A site management: providing pedestrian paths .
ot yet mentioning pavement with water catchment function.
Government Regulation Not supported yet A RTRW includes: urban green open space number 21 year 2021 A Provision and use of public green space regarding the implementation .
%) and private .
%) of spatial planning PUPR Ministerial Regulation A Use of green materials with eco-label Not supported yet number 02 year 2015 concerning green buildings A Site management: providing pedestrian paths (BGH) for parking lots .
ut not yet mentioning pavement with water catchment function.
Presidential Regulation Not supported yet A There are no statements regarding green number 12 year 2021 materials or pavements with water concerning the procurement absorption functions.
of government goods and Regulation of the Minister of A RTH as a water catchment area, rainwater Not supported yet Public Works number 5 year absorber, and aesthetic function 2008 concerning guidelines A Non-pavement area: KDH 70-80% .
ut not for the provision and yet mentioning pavement with water utilization of green open catchment function.
space in urban areas DKI Governor Regulation Yes, supported A Pavement that functions as a water number 135 year 2019 absorption function has been calculated as concerning building planning KDH criteria Ae including: running track, poolside pavement, pedestrian path, bicycle Fadloli L.
Ridwan WA.
Arifin HS
Applicable regulations Depok City Perda number 3
year 2018, and Regional Regulation number 1 year
2015 concerning the Depok
RTRW
Support to porous Current status path, and parking infrastructure.
A There is no provision on pavement that functions as water absorption into the KDH Not supported yet Technical Dimension Analysis Scoring of all attributes in the technical dimension is based on expert judgment, which refers to survey, interview with practitioner, and site observation.
Criteria of each atribute on technical dimension are defined based on five scoring groups.
The final scoring can be shown in Table 11.
Table 11 Scoring of technical dimension Attribute GBK Depok Cleanliness of the surrounding environment Pavement function/strength Void condition of porous concrete Supports aesthetics Maintenance .
ost-constructio.
Design of porous concrete Quality of porous concrete Manufacturer support for maintenance Public perception/understanding Army field Remark Site observation Site observation Site observation Site observation Site observation Site observation Site observation Site observation Site observation Sustainability Analysis of Porous Concrete Based on the scoring of all attributes in each dimension, then run the Rapfish R for MDS analysis.
The results of the sustainability analysis using MDS obtained that the sustainability status of porous concrete is in the range of 71.
uite sustainabl.
, with the lowest value on the institutional dimension .
(Figure 2 and Table .
Its align with the regulation analysis (Table .
that all existing regulation, both national and local, have not supported the implementation of porous concrete except for DKI Governor Regulation number 135 Year 2019 concerning building planning guidelines, where pavement that functions as a water absorption function has been calculated as KDH criteria.
Ecology GBK Alun_Depok Ecology Mabes_AD SocialTechnical Economy Social- 69,1 Technical Economy Institutional Institutional Figure 2 Sustainability status of porous concrete Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 432Ae443 Table 12 Sustainability status of porous concrete Sustainability status Ecology Economy Institutional Project location GBK Depok Army Field Social-technical The sensitive attribute is defined based on RMS value > 2.
5, which means the attribute can leverage sustainability or need policy intervention to ensure sustainability.
Leverages that affect the sustainability of porous concrete and need policy intervention (Figure .
, including:
Ecological dimension: no dominant lever due to all attributes having RMS value < 2.
It means no need for policy intervention for the sustainability of porous concrete in the ecology dimension.
Economic dimensions: identified three sensitive attributes, i.
, consumer added value, durability, installation costs Institutional dimensions: identified five sensitive attributes, i.
, standard application of porous concrete, the role of associations, planning that supports water resistance, policies on the use of environmentally friendly materials, local regulation of RTH/RTRW Socio-technical dimensions: identified six sensitive attributes, i.
, community understanding, manufacturer support, poor concrete design, maintenance, aesthetic function, and pavement function.
Leverage of Porous Concrete - Ecology Leverage of Porous Concrete - Economy Support green basic coefficient (KDH) Reduce construction cost Support green open space (RTH) Added value to customers Increase ground water reserves Durability Ground surface temperature Product availability Flood control Installation cost Reduce runoff Ground water quality control Maintenance cost Infiltration rate Total cost ownership Leverage of Porous Concrete - Institutional Leverage of Porous Concrete - Social & Technical Standard of porous concrete Market perception Support from producer Product quality Design of field application Maintenance .
ost constructio.
Supports aesthetics Void condition .
ree from blockag.
Pavement strength Cleanliness/Housekeeping Budget support Support from association Spatial planning support Policy support Part of procurement criteria Support from local regulation Figure 3 Leverage of porous concrete Fadloli L.
Ridwan WA.
Arifin HS Sustainability Strategy of Porous Concrete Intervention policy is defined based on leverage analysis for ensuring the sustainability of porous concrete The alternative strategies are defined based on expert judgment, which refers to experience, literature study, survey, interview with practitioner, and site observation the recommendation of an alternative strategy for each sensitive leverage can be shown in Table 13.
Leverage Customer added Durability Installation costs Standard application of porous concrete The role of Planning that supports water Policies on the use of environmentally friendly materials Local regulation of RTH/RTRW Community Manufacturer Support Porous concrete design and Table 13 Alternative of sustainability strategy Alternative strategy for sustainability Incorporating porous concrete as a KDH criterion and the ease of obtaining building approvals n Develop the standard product for the manufacture and maintenance of porous concrete n Supervision of implementation in the field n Total cost ownership (TCO) calculation n Technology sharing n Develop standards for the manufacture, installation and maintenance of pore concrete n Supervision of implementation in the field n Outreach to manufacturers, contractors and consultants to encourage the application of porous n Incorporating porous concrete as a standard pavement for green open spaces/city parks, pedestrians/sidewalks, parking lots, office buildings and shopping centers, parks in school/campus environments, housing complexes, and other open public spaces Dissemination to related parties: academics, contractors, and consultants to encourage the application of porous concrete n Proper construction design n Consulting services and post-installation maintenance services so that the water catchment function continues to function properly n Reducing the price of products and services n Develop standards for the installation and maintenance of porous concrete n Supervision of applications in the site project Stakeholders Local goverment (PUPR).
Verifikation Body of BGH Concrete Asociation.
PUPR.
BSN Bappeda.
Local goverment (PUPR), concrete producer.
Asociation Academic.
Concrete Asociation.
PUPR.
BSN Concrete Asociation, producer, contractor and PUPR.
Bappeda.
Local goverment (PUPR) Academics, contractors, consultants.
Architect Association Concrete producer Concrete producer, contractor, and consultant CONCLUSION Generally, the sustainability status of green concrete or porous concrete application is 71.
9, which is categorized as quite sustainable.
Based on the analysis of leverage, several things need to be the focus of policy-making, such as: .
higher installation price is still an obstacle to implementation of porous concrete.
lack of design affects the sustainability of the water absorption function of porous concrete.
Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 13.
: 432Ae443 misunderstanding and wrong perception of customer is still an obstacle.
porous concrete pavement is more effective in reducing rainwater runoff so that if used widely it can be a flood control solution in urban cities.
local regulations (RTH/KDH) still do not support the implementation of porous concrete.
REFERENCES