https://dinastires.
org/JLPH Vol.
No.
May 2024 DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
38035/jlph.
Received: 1 May 2024.
Revised: 12 May 2024.
Publish: 14 May 2024 https://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.
The Urgency of Restorative Justice Principles in Law Enforcement Efforts against Defamation Crimes through Social Media Twitter in Indonesia Retno Hariati1.
Abdul Kholiq2 Faculty of Law.
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta.
Indonesia, retnohariati7@gmail.
Faculty of Law.
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta.
Indonesia Corresponding Author: retnohariati7@gmail.
Abstract: This study seeks to ascertain the efforts to enforce restorative justice especially through defamation crimes on social media twitter based on positive law and inhibiting and supporting factors in the enforcement of restorative justice in criminal defamation on twitter social media in Indonesia.
The method being used for this research is normative and the data collection method to be used is Library Research.
The results of this study indicate that the National Police Chief Regulation No.
8 of 2021 provides a legal basis for the integration of restorative justice in police actions against crimes related to information and electronic The Indonesian National Police responded to the growing legal needs by developing new ideas through the National Police Chief Circular Letter No.
08/2018 and SE/2/II/2021 on Ethical Cultural Awareness in Digital Space.
The obstacles mainly arise from the lack of regulations, especially in the ITE Law which has not specifically accommodated restorative justice as a solution in cases of criminal information and electronic Besides the fact it requires a mutual agreement between the victim and the perpetrator, restorative justice also cannot be applied if the perpetrator uses an anonymous account that cannot be identified.
Keyword: Restorative Justice.
Defamation.
Twitter.
INTRODUCTION
Article 1 paragraph .
of the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1.
asserts that Indonesia is a state under the rule of law.
The substance of this article is the result of the third amendment to the UUD 1945.
Article 28I paragraph .
of the UUD 1945 also asserts that to ensure the preservation and safeguarding of human rights within the framework of a democratic legal system, the execution of human rights is affirmed, governed, and codified through statutory measures.
In the past, during the period before the amendment of the UUD 1945, the Explanation of the UUD 1945 stated that Indonesia is a state based on law (Rechtsstaa.
rather than mere power (Machtsstaa.
The concept of a rule of law state is so significant that Indonesia needs to incorporate and affirm the idea of a rule of law state in 390 | P a g e https://dinastires.
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The concept of a rule of law state gives rise to various implications, including that all norms and legal products beneath it must also be in line with these fundamental norms.
This concept also requires all state apparatuses .
egislative, executive, and judicia.
to act in accordance with the prevailing legal norms (Nugroho et al.
, 2.
Since experiencing a boom in 2012, people's attachment to social media these days has increased.
Social networking platforms, originally intended for interpersonal connections with friends and family, have now expanded to facilitate communication between individuals and various institutions (Ardha, 2.
Advances in this information and electronic transactions field have placed humans in a position that will be more complete in carrying out the mission of the caliphate on earth but can also potentially derail the position of humanity at its lowest point when users of information and electronic transactions are used indirectly responsible by attacking the honor and good name of others (Budhijanto, 2.
Social media, in this instance, indirectly enables the community to express themselves freely.
However, it also poses a risk to users as the regulations within the ITE Law are perceived as potential constraints on this freedom of expression.
Presently, there has emerged a fresh legal framework recognized as cyber law.
Cyber law pertains to legal matters concerning the use of information and communication technology on an international scale.
Likewise, telematics law encompasses the integration of telecommunications law, media law, and informatics law.
Alternative terms include law of information technology, virtual world law, and mayantara law.
These terms have emerged to address activities conducted via computer networks and communication systems, both domestically and internationally, employing information technology based on computers, which operates as an electronic system with virtual visibility (Setiawan, 2.
The ITE Law, is a novel innovation from the Indonesian government that directly governs cybercrimes.
The ITE Law was created in 2008 and underwent a limited amendment in 2016.
Its "one for all" scope, it sets forth rules governing all aspects concerning the utilization of information and communication technologies.
, has left many materials ill-equipped to address the numerous difficulties associated with using internet technology in the modern world.
Because of this structure and regulatory model, each article's regulations are not defined in a comprehensive and precise manner, which affects the flexibility of interpretation and application.
Amnesty International Indonesia revealed 328 cases of physical and digital attacks directed at civil liberties throughout 2019-2022.
The misuse of various provisions within the ITE Law is identified as a significant factor contributing to the frequent violations of civil As per Amnesty International's findings spanning from January 2019 to May 2022, there have been a minimum of 316 reported cases where the ITE Law was misapplied, leading to infringements on individuals' rights to freedom of expression.
These instances have collectively affected at least 332 individuals (Aminah, 2.
Many incidents of defamation on social media platforms, particularly on Twitter, have led to legal proceedings in court.
For example, one such incident involved Comic Acho and Green Pramuka Apartments.
In 2017.
Acho complained about the Green Pramuka Apartment facilities on his personal Twitter account.
As a result.
Acho became a suspect in a defamation case after being reported by the developer of the Green Pramuka Apartment (Pratiwi, 2.
Not only that, in 2019, a Twitter account with the username @digembok shocked cyberspace in Indonesia by revealing the alleged sexual harassment of Garuda Indonesia flight attendants by officials of the state-owned company Garuda Indonesia.
In addition, the account also uncovered various criminal acts of company officials, including the unilateral dismissal of employees and corruption at the airline.
Consequently.
Roni Eka Mirsa, the Vice President of Cabin Crew at PT Garuda Indonesia, lodged a complaint against the 391 | P a g e https://dinastires.
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The next case occurred in 2022, when a senior member of the DPP Democratic Party.
Andi Arief, was reported to the Central Jakarta Metro Police.
The report was related to a tweet uploaded on his Twitter account that defamed PDIP Secretary General Hasto Kristiyanto regarding the conflict in Wadas Village.
In the tweet.
Andi Arief asked Hasto about his role in the Andesite Mine in Wadas Village.
Bener District.
Purworejo (CNN Indonesia, 2.
There are still plenty of cases of defamation crimes through the Twitter platform that cannot be mentioned one by one in detail.
The ease of making defamation reports seems to be increasing along with the regulations governing this aspect in the ITE Law.
The Indonesia Police issued Circular Letter Number: SE/2/11/2021 in response to many incidents pertaining to ITE Law.
The purpose of this letter is to promote awareness of ethical culture.
The goal is to foster in Indonesia a digital environment that is hygienic, safe, and conducive to productivity.
The National Police prioritizes restorative justice in all situations and stresses the idea that the application of criminal law in law enforcement should be a last option .
ltimatum remediu.
in this circular (Muslih et al.
, 2.
Additionally, in 2021.
The Attorney General, the Chief of the Indonesian National Police, and the Minister of Communication and Information Technology worked together, culminating in the signing of a Joint Decree (SKB) aimed at regulating the Guidelines for Implementation Criteria for Specific Articles within ITE Law.
This decree meticulously outlines the implementation guidelines, serving as a manual for law enforcement officers tasked with enforcing certain articles within the ITE Law.
It offers comprehensive elucidation on the definitions, prerequisites, and interconnections between these articles and other statutes and regulations that often capture public attention.
Furthermore, the decree encompasses an annex comprising eight crucial provisions pertaining to the articles of the ITE Law.
The SKB aims to function as a practical manual for law enforcement officers, assisting them in fulfilling their responsibilities and exercising their powers in alignment with the stipulations of the ITE Law.
It has the purpose to establish a consistent and transparent framework for addressing instances of ITE Law breaches.
Restorative justice approach is centered on fostering justice and equilibrium for both offenders and victims.
It shifts away from the punitive emphasis of traditional criminal proceedings towards a dialogue and mediation process aimed at reaching a fair and balanced resolution for all parties involved.
In this framework, "restoration" encompasses a wider scope than mere restitution or compensation typically associated with conventional justice systems (Pranata & Robekha, 2.
Recently, there's been a prevailing perception that legal issues and the pursuit of justice are primarily resolved within the confines of the courtroom.
Consequently, any hint of criminal wrongdoing, regardless of its severity, tends to be exclusively handled by law enforcement authorities.
The active involvement of the community appears to have diminished in significance, with the focus solely on court rulings prescribing punishment, often without delving into the underlying issues.
However, it's important to note that criminal trials involve various parties, including the prosecutor, judge, defendant, legal counsel, and witnesses.
While the prosecutor represents the victim and often utilizes them as a witness to bolster evidence, this approach hasn't necessarily resulted in tangible benefits or significant impact for victims of crime (Asshiddiqie, 2.
The operational performance of the criminal justice system deviates from anticipated standards as it fails to sufficiently prioritize the concerns of potential victims and Essentially, the existing traditional criminal justice system, widely employed 392 | P a g e https://dinastires.
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The advantage of Restorative Justice for victims lies in its ability to be more effective in meeting their needs and satisfaction than conventional justice processes.
For the offender, this approach provides an opportunity to restore their positive image in society, replacing the negative cycle of continued humiliation.
From a community perspective, how restorative justice is used also brings benefits by reducing the level of potential harm that may be generated by offenders, while funds previously used for law enforcement can be allocated to preventive efforts or other constructive projects.
In terms of defamation cases that happened on Twitter, the issue is that not everyone impacted by the case is malicious.
It can be the result of inadequate digital literacy.
Alternatively, as a kind of societal critique that is later misconstrued by some as insults or Thus.
Restorative justice should be taken into consideration in this gray area so that incarceration is not the only option.
It is also necessary to take into account the possibility of achieving a just peace that involves all parties.
Naturally, by first establishing rules that permit this.
Restorative justice is not explicitly regulated in the ITE Law, but it is already incorporated into the regulations such as National Police Chief Regulation Number 8 of 2021 on Handling Crimes Based on Restorative Justice and Regulation of the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia Number 15 of 2020 concerning Discontinuation of Prosecution based on Restorative Justice.
This discrepancy highlights the need for a comprehensive legal framework to support the implementation of restorative justice in cases of defamation on social media.
With the escalating incidence of defamation on Twitter, there is a burgeoning concern regarding overcriminalization.
Hence, an alternative approach is imperative beyond resorting solely to conventional legal avenues to address such cases.
In this regard, restorative justice emerges as a viable option.
Restorative justice is characterized by its emphasis on repairing the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim.
This approach not only facilitates reconciliation but also proves to be time and cost-effective compared to litigation proceedings, which would otherwise be entailed in resolving the cases through conventional legal channels.
Furthermore, researchers also reviewed the results of previous studies.
Reviewing the results of previous studies has the aim of obtaining comparison and reference materials.
addition, this review also aims to avoid the assumption of similarity with existing research.
So in the literature review the researcher lists the results of previous research based on two The study conducted by Muslih.
Ramadhani.
Riyanti.
, & Marizal.
, titled "The Application of Restorative Justice in Resolving Defamation Cases under the ITE Law," employs normative juridical methods and descriptive analysis.
Unlike prior studies which concentrated on applying restorative justice to cases involving defamation, also the negative and positive impacts on the application, this research rather highlights the significance of employing restorative justice in defamation crimes specifically on Twitter.
The findings of a study titled "The Application of Restorative Justice Police against Defamation in the Digital World" by Hartanto.
Budiarto.
, and Rhiti.
Conceptual research methodologies are employed in this study.
One notable distinction between the two studies is that The former looked into how the police applied restorative justice specifically in defamation crimes instances on the internet, whereas the latter focused on the pressing need to implement restorative justice through cases of defamation crimes on social media platforms like Twitter.
Based on this background, this paper will examine more deeply on the urgency of the principle of restorative justice in law enforcement efforts against criminal defamation through social media twitter in Indonesia.
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METHOD
In this study, the methodology employed is normative research, which involves analyzing norms within the legal framework.
This approach entails scrutinizing case studies derived from legal practices, such as examining laws and regulations.
The primary focus of this research is on the notion of law as a societal norm or rule that dictates individual Therefore, studying positive law, legal theories, doctrines, case studies, legal systematics, synchronization levels, comparative law, and legal history are all part of normative legal research.
Given that this research is normative in nature, the data collection method to be used is Library Research, which involves reference to literature and documents as well as analysis of other scientific works.
This approach aims to obtain relevant information in accordance with the framework of the previous discussion.
The data collected involves legal policies or regulations applicable in Indonesia, especially those related to the knowledge of restorative justice and law enforcement against defamation crimes on Twitter as one of the social media The legal policies or regulations consist of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 2016.
Chief of Police Circular Letter No.
8/VII/2018.
Circular Letter Number:
SE/2/II/2021.
Chief of Police Regulation Number 8 of 2021 and Joint Decree (SKB) Guidelines for Implementation Criteria of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (ITE).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Law Enforcement Efforts through Restorative Justice in The Crime of Defamation on Twitter Social Media based on Positive Law in Indonesia Users of social media platforms who are allegedly involved in violations of the law of defamation through online channels in the era of technological advancement are acts that can be categorized as cybercrime.
This phenomenon involves a conflict between the right to freedom of expression and its limits, giving rise to significant differences in perception of the scope and limits of freedom of speech.
Therefore, a criminal law policy framework is needed that can regulate and uphold public order, fulfill public interests, and create justice in the community, based on the dynamics of technological development and social media.
An alternative method for addressing criminal acts, including cybercrime, involves adopting the restorative justice concept.
Restorative Justice proposes a more straightforward approach, emphasizing a shift away from mere retribution towards the healing of harm caused by the offender's actions.
This approach prioritizes victim support and holds offenders accountable, often involving the participation of families and communities as needed.
In Indonesia, restorative justice concept refers to the method of resolving criminal offenses that involves the collaboration between the offender, victim, their families, and relevant stakeholders in the resolution process.
They work together to find solutions to the crime and its impact, with a focus on restoring the original situation.
To bring justice for victims and offenders, it is important for law enforcement to behave and act progressively.
This involves critical thinking and creativity in understanding and applying the rules, because at its core, the law is not just a text, but a means to achieve the justice that society desires.
The Restorative Justice method is generally able to be complete after there is a request and a sharing agreement within the reported individual and the reporting individual in order to repair the harm and loss of the victim to the original or at least resemble the original condition that can fulfill the victim's sense of justice.
This clause that concerns restorative justice may be found in The Police Circular Letter No.
08/2018, dated July 27, 2018, which mentions several important things that need to be considered in the application of restorative justice (Astuti & Rustandi, 2.
394 | P a g e https://dinastires.
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May 2024 The initial stage of the Indonesian criminal justice system involves investigating criminal acts to uphold justice, legal certainty, and efficiency.
Emphasizing simplicity, swiftness, and affordability, thorough investigation and analysis of offenses are pivotal in deciding if a case warrants prosecution and further legal proceedings.
The evolution of community justice, especially the restorative justice concept, is influencing the development of law regulation systems and techniques in Indonesia.
Restorative justice sees criminal behavior as disrupting the balance in human life and aims to restore this balance.
In Indonesia, the model of case settlement focuses on satisfying the victim's sense of justice by obliging the offender to acknowledge guilt, apologize, and repair any harm or loss caused to the victim, aiming to restore the situation to its previous balance or something similar.
The evolution of law enforcement concepts, particularly the adoption of restorative justice principles, influences Indonesia's legal culture, shaping attitudes towards the criminal justice system.
Concurrently.
Indonesia faces challenges in its criminal law enforcement process, including overcrowded correctional facilities, mounting case backlogs, and insufficient resources to handle the increasing caseload.
In the Republic of Indonesia, the police are authorized to serve various roles in criminal investigations, including as investigators, coordinators, and supervisors.
They recognize the importance of adapting to evolving legal demands and strive to develop innovative concepts for the criminal justice system.
This involves ensuring investigations uphold social justice standards while maintaining procedural certainty and legal clarity.
In the realm of criminal law, the restorative justice method holds the potential to mend the bond between the offender and the victim.
The guidelines for applying the restorative justice approach to cases of defamation on social media can be found in Circular Letter Number: SE/2/II/2021, which addresses Ethical Cultural Awareness aimed at fostering a wholesome and productive Indonesian digital environment.
This is expressly stated in point 3 which will be summarized as follows (Ramadhanti et al.
, 2.
The National Police prioritizes education and persuasion in law enforcement to prevent accusations of criminalization.
They also aim to maintain a hygienic, morally sound, and productive digital space in Indonesia by addressing specific issues.
Ultimately, the increased utilization of digital space persists, despite encountering several challenges along the way.
Enumerating societal issues and their digital repercussions aids in understanding the ethical culture online, highlighting the need for continual assessment and adaptation to ensure responsible digital behavior.
Setting a high priority on proactive measures like virtual police and virtual alerts that monitor, inform, notify, and stop the community and future cybercrimes.
Investigators must accurately distinguish between criminal defamation, criticism, input, and hoaxes when evaluating reports from the public in order to determine appropriate After receiving the report, investigators must contact all parties involved, especially unrepresented victims, and facilitate mediation by providing ample opportunity for disputing parties to engage in discussions.
The task involves a thorough review, possibly through a Zoom meeting, of the case, including Bareskrim or Dittipidsiber, and a collaborative decision-making process.
The investigation's foundation is based on the belief that restorative justice should be prioritized in case settlement and criminal law should be utilized as a last resort in law Restorative justice prioritizes nonviolent action by parties or victims, except in cases of division.
SARA, radicalism, or separatism.
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instead, the matter is sent to the public prosecutor for mediation before submission.
Investigators will collaborate with the Public Prosecutor to execute mediation, providing guidance on prosecution-level application.
The task involves managing each inquiry phase in a tiered manner, continuously assessing leadership, and offering rewards and penalties for performance.
In this scenario, restorative justice upholds the moral fundamental of achieving justice through the reconciliation of the perpetrator, victim, and society, encapsulated as the "Just Peace Principle.
" This principle underscores the inherent connection between justice and It emphasizes that true peace cannot exist without justice, as it would lead to oppression, and likewise, justice devoid of peace would result in a different type of injustice.
The 8th Regulation of 2021 for the Chief of Police concerning the Management of Criminal Offenses Through Restorative Justice strongly aligns with the principles of restorative justice.
Its core aim is to incorporate this method into the structure of the Indonesian police system.
The primary goal for this regulation is to enhance conflict resolution mechanisms by prioritizing the restoration of relationships among offenders, victims, and the community.
Significant articles in this regulation highlight the implementation of the restorative approach in crime management.
This involves considering the restoration of victims' losses, the rehabilitation of perpetrators, and positive contributions to society.
The following is an excerpt from Article 6 of Regulation of the Chief of Police Number 8 of 2021 Regarding the Handling of Criminal Acts Based on Restorative Justice, outlining the process for resolving cases of information and electronic transaction crimes: "Article 6 Special requirements for Information and Electronic Transaction Crimes as referred to in Article 7 letter a, at least perpetrators of Information and Electronic Transaction Crimes that disseminate illegal perpetrators willing to remove uploaded content.
perpetrators delivering an apology through a video uploaded on social media, accompanied by a request to remove the disseminated content.
perpetrators willing to cooperate with the Indonesian National Police investigators for further investigation.
Requirements as referred to in paragraph .
letter b and c, are submitted to investigators in both soft copy and hard copy forms.
" (National Police Chief Regulation Number 8 of 2021 on Handling Crimes Based on Restorative Justice, 2.
Restorative Justice is a method of case resolution outside the formal court system, bringing a new perspective and paradigm to handling crimes committed by individuals.
emphasizes more than just imposing criminal punishment, considering the broader impact on victims, perpetrators, and society.
Furthermore, historically.
Indonesia boasted numerous traditional legal customs capable of serving as Restorative Justice methods, facilitating harmonious conflict resolution beyond formal judicial proceedings or attaining mutually advantageous agreements.
Nonetheless, the practical implementation of this principle encounters hurdles due to its limited acknowledgment by governmental authorities or absence of incorporation into the country's legal framework.
The advent of Restorative Justice essentially critiques the prevailing criminal justice paradigm dependent on incarceration, which is perceived as less efficacious in addressing societal discord.
396 | P a g e https://dinastires.
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Therefore, the restorative justice approach should rightfully be a habit and a crucial part of implementing the ultimum remedium principle.
Punishment patterns aimed at retaliation against the perpetrator's actions, as found in absolute theory, should be formulated towards restoration to the original state.
The restorative justice approach can serve as an alternative to harmonize legal protection for an individual's honor and prevent the criminalization of defamation due to the principle of restoring the situation for both victims and perpetrators.
Despite numerous regulations guiding and providing options to prioritize restorative efforts, the effectiveness in addressing defamation crimes has not reached its maximum potential.
Here are elements that can support and hinder the effectiveness of enforcing restorative justice principles in defamation crimes through social media in Indonesia:
Supportive Factors:
Restorative Justice can provide a more efficient and swift solution in handling defamation crimes through social media, especially on platforms like Twitter.
This approach can expedite case resolution by emphasizing restoration and reconciliation.
The principles of Restorative Justice can deliver justice in parallel for both victims and perpetrators of defamation, creating a platform that embraces both parties to reach a mutually satisfying agreement.
Putting restorative justice into practice has the potential to reduce the workload of the judiciary, offering a faster alternative and improving efficiency in resolving defamation cases through social media.
By involving all parties, restorative justice practices can decrease the likelihood of future conflicts, specifically in cases of defamation through social media platforms like Twitter.
Those with a good understanding of the legal consequences of social media use can actively participate in preventing the spread of fake news, defamation, and false Inhibiting Factors.
The regulation of Restorative Justice remains a subject of debate regarding its alignment within The ITE Law, creating uncertainty regarding its legality and implementation in the context of criminal activities on social media.
Some people still believe that addressing accusations of defamation via social networking platforms such as Twitter should exclusively be conducted through the court process, overlooking the potential of restorative justice approach that will bring Implementing restorative justice requires mutual agreement between the suspect of the criminal act and the victim.
The necessity of this agreement indicates that if one party disagrees, the case cannot be resolved through the principles of restorative justice, posing a significant obstacle to achieving a comprehensive implementation of this approach.
The proliferation of defamation lawsuits on social media can be a challenge for the implementation of restorative justice.
Due to limited resources and the need to handle a high volume of cases, it might be difficult to respond to each case appropriately (Emaliawati, 2.
The ability of social media to allow users to hide behind fictitious or anonymous accounts can complicate the identification of perpetrators, hindering the mediation process between the suspect of the criminal act and the victim because the suspect cannot be involved in the process.
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In general, employing Restorative Justice principles to tackle defamation offenses via social media in Indonesia presents a more effective and reconciliation-driven method.
Prioritizing prompt resolution and ensuring fair treatment for both victims and offenders.
Restorative Justice emerges as a viable alternative that could bolster law enforcement efficacy in the digital age.
Though there are discussions and deliberations surrounding its regulatory framework, a thorough comprehension and engaged involvement from diverse stakeholders can establish a robust groundwork to maximize the advantages of adopting Restorative Justice.
The application of Restorative Justice in Indonesia, particularly in instances of information and electronic transaction offenses, encounters hurdles due to incomplete alignment of regulations with this approach.
Specifically, the UU ITE Law lacks provisions addressing Restorative Justice in defamation crimes on social media.
This underscores the necessity for thorough examination and enhancements within the current legal structure.
Additionally, ongoing efforts to enhance societal comprehension of Restorative Justice principles are vital for fostering broad acceptance of this method.
CONCLUSION
Regulation of the Chief of Police Number 8 of 2021 provides a legal foundation for integrating restorative justice into the framework of the Indonesian police by recognizing its application in handling information and electronic transaction crimes.
The Indonesian police have developed a new approach for criminal law enforcement in response to evolving legal needs in society, particularly related to the idea of restorative justice, through Circular Letter of the Chief of Police No.
08 of 2018 and Circular Letter Number: SE/2/II/2021 on Ethical Culture Awareness to Realize a Clean.
Healthy, and Productive Digital Space in Indonesia.
This aligns with the principles of restorative justice, which advocate for investigative and prosecutorial processes that consider societal norms related to justice.
In the age of social media, the need for restorative justice is essential when dealing with defamation instances.
This approach aims at returning the situation to its original state by involving victims, perpetrators, and relevant stakeholders in the reconciliation process.
This not only leads to a better efficiency resolution in terms of cost and time but also ensures a fair outcome.
Challenges arise when implementing restorative justice in cases involving information and electronic transactions due to the absence of specific regulations, particularly within the UU ITE, which fails to address restorative justice explicitly.
Moreover, applying restorative justice in cases of defamation on social media like twitter requires the consent of both the victim and the suspect, which can be difficult if the suspect operates under a fake or anonymous profile, making identification challenging.
However, despite these obstacles, efforts to integrate restorative justice into the Indonesian legal system are ongoing.
Law enforcement authorities are actively promoting real-world implementation through regulations and legal guidelines.
This underscores the necessity for a more comprehensive and reconciliation-focused approach to criminal justice in the digital era.
REFERENSI