International Journal of Eco-Innovation in Science and Engineering (IJEISE) Vol.
, 2025 .
https://ijeise.
id/ E-ISSN: 2721-8775 Article Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Analysis Operational Vehicles Telecommunication Industry at PT.
X in East Java Using OpenLCA Software and the ReCipe Midpoint H Method Agges Brian Darmawan,a.
Muhammad Abdus Salam Jawwad ,b* bDepartment of Environmental Engineering.
Faculty of Engineering and Science.
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur.
Surabaya, 60294.
Indonesia E-mail: a22034010057@student.
id, bmuhammad.
tl@upnjatim.
*Corresponding author: muhammad.
tl@upnjatim.
id |Phone number: 6285132456434 Received: 06th May 2025.
Revised: 19th May 2025.
Accepted: 28th May 2025.
Available online: 30th May 2025.
Published regularly: May and November Abstract The telecommunications industry heavily relies on operational vehicles to support network maintenance and customer service activities.
This study aims to analyze the environmental impact resulting from the emissions of operational vehicles at PT.
X, focusing on the East Java operational region.
A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted in accordance with ISO 14040, emphasizing the vehicle use phase.
Primary data includes gasoline consumption and a total distance during the 2024 operational year.
The analysis was performed using OpenLCA software with the Ecoinvent 3.
3 database and the ReCipe Midpoint (H) method to quantify emissions and their associated environmental impacts.
Results indicate that carbon dioxide (COCC), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOC.
, sulfur dioxide (SOCC), and particulate matter (PM.
are the primary contributors to environmental impact categories such as climate change, marine eutrophication, particulate matter formation, photochemical oxidant formation, and terrestrial acidification.
The findings provide a quantitative basis for evaluating the environmental burden of operational fleets and highlight the importance of implementing efficient fleet management, eco-driving practices, and integrated emission reduction policies as part of corporate sustainability strategies.
Keywords: analyze environmental impact.
LCA.
OpenLCA.
ReCipe Midpoint (H), vehicle emissions.
Introduction Transportation serves as a fundamental component in supporting various socio-economic Operational vehicles, which are utilized for tasks such as network maintenance, equipment distribution, and on-site customer services, play a strategic role in ensuring service continuity and performance .
The reliability and availability of these vehicles significantly influence the operational efficiency and quality of services delivered by the company.
Despite their functional importance, the use of fossil fuel-powered vehicles contributes to various environmental issues.
Combustion of gasoline emits pollutants such as carbon dioxide (COCC), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOC.
, sulfur dioxide (SOCC), and particulate matter (PM.
, all of which are recognized as contributors to environmental degradation .
These pollutants are associated with adverse effects including global warming, acid deposition, declining air quality, and increased human health risks.
According to national emissions inventories, the transportation sector is DOI:10.
International Journal of Eco-Innovation in Science and Engineering (IJEISE) Vol.
, 2025
among the largest sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Indonesia, with a consistent upward trend.
In light of these concerns, a comprehensive scientific approach is required to quantify and evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the operation of company vehicles.
One of the most widely adopted methodologies for such assessments is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a standardized approach for quantifying environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a product or activity, from raw material extraction and production to distribution, use, and final disposal .
LCA facilitates the identification of critical emission hotspots and supports the development of data-driven strategies for emission reduction .
The utilization of transportation systems to support the operational activities of the telecommunications industry, particularly in a geographically vast and heterogeneous region such as East Java, has the potential to significantly increase the ecological footprint of corporate The high frequency of vehicle mobilization and the presence of suboptimal routing patterns contribute to excessive fuel consumption, which in turn leads to elevated emission levels .
Prior research has indicated that fleet activities in service-based sectors are among the primary contributors to emissions, making them a critical focus for sustainability In this context, telecommunications companies are increasingly expected to implement operational strategies that align with national climate commitments and corporate sustainability goals encompassing Environmental.
Social, and Governance (ESG) .
Recent technological innovations and evolving policy frameworks offer promising avenues for emission reduction .
The adoption of low-emission vehicles, the utilization of digital systems for route optimization, and the implementation of behavioral efficiency programs such as eco-driving training have proven effective in lowering energy consumption and minimizing environmental impacts .
Furthermore, the incorporation of Life Cycle Thinking into strategic decision-making enables organizations to assess environmental impacts not only from direct operations but also from upstream and This comprehensive approach supports the transition toward more sustainable fleet management while creating opportunities for economically feasible and environmentally beneficial decarbonization initiatives .
This study aims to analyze the environmental impacts resulting from the operation of gasolinefueled vehicles used by a telecommunications company in East Java.
The assessment is carried out using OpenLCA software with the Ecoinvent 3 database and the ReCiPe Midpoint (H) impact assessment method.
The study emphasizes the use phase of the vehicle life cycle, identified as the most emission-intensive stage .
The results are expected to provide quantitative data on environmental burdens and support the development of sustainable fleet management policies, such as vehicle optimization, implementation of eco-driving practices, and integration into corporate sustainability strategies .
Material and Method Goal and Scope Definition This stage involves defining the functional unit and creating a conceptual map of the transportation process .
perational vehicle.
, followed by the collection of data on fuel consumption, distance traveled, and emissions of carbon dioxide (COCC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOC.
, sulfur dioxide (SOCC), and particulate matter (PM.
in East Java for the year Inventory Analysis The collected data from both primary and secondary sources are then entered into Microsoft Excel to calculate the input and output data used in the transportation process .
perational vehicle.
at PT.
X throughout the year 2024 in the East Java region.
Impact Assessment Input data based on gasoline fuel consumption in the East Java region for 2024 is used to calculate the emissions generated using emission factors derived from .
concerning Air Pollution Control in the Region.
Emissions from the transportation process .
perational vehicle.
are then entered as outputs in the OpenLCA software, due to limitations in the database for including the inputs used.
Subsequently, an automatic calculation of the environmental DOI:10.
International Journal of Eco-Innovation in Science and Engineering (IJEISE) Vol.
, 2025
impacts is performed using the characterization factors from the ReCiPe Midpoint (H) method in OpenLCA software.
Table 1.
Emissions Factor
Polluter NOx
PM10
CO2
SO2
/k.
/k.
/k.
/k.
/kg .
/k.
BBM) such as vehicle type, fuel type, and actual fuel consumption or distance traveled.
This approach enables more accurate emission estimates, as it incorporates emission factors specific to each vehicle and fuel category .
This method employs national emission factors as stipulated in .
concerning Regional Air Pollution Control.
The emission load (E) is calculated using the following formula:
Motorcycle Gasoline ya = ycAycycoycayceyc ycuyce ycOyceEaycnycaycoyceyc y ya y yaya y 10 Oe3 E = Emission load .
L = Total distance travelled .
FE = National Emission Factor .
/km/vehicl.
10-3 = Conversion factor from grams to kilograms Car Diesel Car Source: Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No.
12/2010
Table 2.
Characterization ReCipe Midpoint H Dampak Emissions Factor Kontribusi Emisi Lingkungan Faktor Karbon Dioksida (CO.
000 kg CO2-Eq/kg Marine Nitrogen Oksida (NO.
389 kg N-Eq/kg Eutrophicatiom
NOx
PM10
CO2
SO2
/k.
/k.
/k.
/k.
/kg .
/k.
BBM) Gasoline Car Nitrogen Oksida (NO.
Formation 220 kg PM10Eq/kg Sulfur Dioksida (SO.
200 kg PM10Eq/kg Photochemical Polluter Karakterisasi Climate Change Particulate Matter Table 3.
Emissions Factor Petrol Car Nitrogen Oksida (NO.
Oxidant 000 kg NMVOC/kg Formation Terrestrial Nitrogen Oksida (NO.
560 kg SO2-Eq/kg Acidification Sulfur Dioksida (SO.
000 kg SO2-Eq/kg Source: Characterization Factor Impact Analysis OpenLCA method ReCipe Midpoint H Tier 2 Method For accurate estimation of emissions in the transportation sector, methodologies must consider variations in vehicle characteristics and usage patterns.
The Tier 2 method, as recommended in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, utilizes more specific input data than Tier 1, such as vehicle type, fuel type, and actual fuel consumption or travel distance .
This enables more accurate GHG emission estimates and aligns with the requirements of LCA studies focusing on operational transportation systems .
Tier 2 method relies on more specific data compared to Tier 1 by taking into account factors Source: Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No.
12/2010
Interpretation After obtaining the environmental impact values from the transportation .
perational vehicle.
in East Java for the year 2024, further analysis was conducted to identify the emission types that contributed most Additionally, the analysis determined which cities exhibited the highest environmental impacts for each impact indicator.
Based on these findings, improvement recommendations were proposed to help minimize the environmental burden and reduce the contribution of major emission Results and Discussion PT.
X is a telecommunications company analyzed in this study to assess the environmental impacts arising from the operation of its fleet vehicles, with a case study focused on the East Java region.
The analysis covers seven areas, including Area 3 (Head Offic.
Branch Surabaya.
Branch Sidoarjo.
Branch Malang.
Branch Lamongan.
Branch Madiun, and Branch Jember.
Each of these locations provided applicationbased data for individual vehicles, presenting DOI:10.
International Journal of Eco-Innovation in Science and Engineering (IJEISE) Vol.
, 2025
monthly records of travel distance and gasoline fuel consumption.
Table 4.
Distance and Fuel Consumption Data by Region Table 7.
Emission Load Calculation Tier-2
Method in Branch Sidoarjo
Polluter NOx
PM10
CO2
SO2
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/kg .
g/k BBM) Gasoline 8,977.
59,136.
Car Branch Lamongan ya = 11 y 221,607 y yaya y 10Oe3 Table 8.
Emission Load Calculation Tier-2
Method in Branch Lamongan Polluter NOx
PM10
CO2
SO2
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/kg .
g/k BBM) Gasoline 9,750.
94,000.
Car Source: Operational Vehicle Data of the Telecommunications Industry at PT.
X in 2024 The data above presents the monthly travel distance and fuel consumption for each region within the East Java area throughout 2024 (JanuaryAeNovembe.
The data were aggregated monthly for each region, covering fuel consumption .
ith a gasoline density of 0.
and travel distance, based on a total of 86 operational vehicles in the East Java area in 2024.
Tier 2 Method Formula Emissions Load .
ya = ycAycycoycayceyc ycuyce ycOyceEaycnycaycoyceyc y ya y yaya y 10Oe3 Area 3 (Head Offic.
ya = 14 y 347,833 y yaya y 10Oe3 Table 5.
Emission Load Calculation Tier-2 Method in Area 3 (Head Offic.
Branch Madiun ya = 15 y 312,028 y yaya y 10Oe3 Table 9.
Emission Load Calculation Tier-2
Method in Branch Madiun
Polluter NOx
PM10
CO2
SO2
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/kg .
g/k BBM) Gasoline 18,72 1,872.
148,788.
Car Branch Jember ya = 14 y 238,761 y yaya y 10Oe3 Table 10.
Emission Load Calculation Tier-2
Method in Branch Jember
NOx
PM10
CO2
SO2
NOx
PM10
CO2
SO2
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/kg .
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/kg .
g/k BBM) BBM) Gasoline 13,37 1,337.
83,418.
Gasoline 19,47 1,947.
123,813.
Car Car Polluter Branch Surabaya ya = 11 y 194,887 y yaya y 10Oe3 Table 6.
Emission Load Calculation Tier-2 Method in Branch Surabaya Polluter Polluter Branch Malang ya = 12 y 98,637 y yaya y 10Oe3 Table 11.
Emission Load Calculation Tier-2
Method in Branch Malang
Polluter NOx
PM10
CO2
SO2
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/kg .
g/k NOx
PM10
CO2
SO2
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/k .
g/kg .
g/k BBM) BBM) Gasoline 4,734.
38,800.
Gasoline 8,575.
68,267.
Car Car Branch Sidoarjo ya = 9 y 249,388 y yaya y 10Oe3 Life Cycle Assessment Analysis Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an environmental assessment tool that serves as a DOI:10.
International Journal of Eco-Innovation in Science and Engineering (IJEISE) Vol.
, 2025
basis for informed decision-making regarding a production system.
According to ISO 14040, the LCA consists of four key phases: goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact The environmental impact assessment of the transportation process .
perational vehicle.
in the telecommunications industry at PT.
X follows these stages:
Goal and Scope Definition The goals of this study are:
To identify the environmental emission contributions from gasoline - fuelled operational vehicles over one year of To provide a foundation for decision-making related to carbon emission reduction and operational efficiency.
The scope of the study includes:
Product function: Operational transportation for PT.
X in conducting technical and logistical activities.
System boundaries: Gate-to-Gate, including distribution .
processes and fuel consumption in vehicles.
Impact assessment method: ReCiPe Midpoint (H), using the Eco invent 3.
3 database.
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) The inventory data input into OpenLCA for the East Java area includes:
Vehicle type: Gasoline-powered cars Total fuel consumption: 206,613 litters Total distance: 1,663,140 km Emission data calculated using the Tier-2 characterization factors for each impact Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) The impact assessment was conducted using the ReCiPe Midpoint (H) method, which produces 18 impact categories.
The five categories that were analyzed due to their significant impact Fig 1: Result Environmental Impact Jawa Timur 2024 Climate Change:
Impact value: 616,224.
888 kg CO2-Eq Marine Eutrophication:
Impact value: 1,626.
19795 kg N-Eq Particulate Matter Formation:
Impact value: 930.
569 kg PM10-Eq Photochemical Oxidant Formation:
Impact value: 4,180.
458 kg NMVOC Terrestrial Acidification:
Impact value: 2,395.
4 kg SO2-Eq Climate Change Vehicle activities emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (COCC).
The accumulation of these gases in the atmosphere leads to global climate change, characterized by rising average global temperatures, sea level rise, and increased frequency of extreme weather events such as droughts and floods.
These impacts pose serious risks to natural ecosystems, food security, and human livelihoods .
Marine Eutrophication Nitrogen oxide (NOC.
emissions from vehicles can be deposited into water bodies via wet This leads to excessive nutrient enrichment in marine environments, triggering algal blooms.
When the algae die and decompose, dissolved oxygen levels decline sharply, resulting in the formation of "dead zones" that threaten the survival of fish and other marine organisms.
This phenomenon also disrupts marine food chains and degrades water quality for human use .
Particulate Matter Formation Vehicles emit both primary particulates and precursor gases such as NOCe and SOCC, which contribute to the formation of secondary particulates (PM2.
5 and PM.
in the atmosphere.
These fine particles can be inhaled deep into the human respiratory system, leading to severe health issues including asthma, chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular diseases, and even lung cancer.
Moreover, particulate matter reduces air quality and visibility, particularly in urban areas .
Photochemical Oxidant Formation Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC.
and NOCe from motor vehicles can react under sunlight to produce tropospheric ozone .
round-level ozon.
This process leads to the formation of photochemical smog, which poses respiratory health risks and damages agricultural Elevated ozone concentrations in urban areas further degrade the quality of life .
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International Journal of Eco-Innovation in Science and Engineering (IJEISE) Vol.
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Terrestrial Acidification Emissions of NOCe and SOCC also contribute to soil acidification through the formation of acid This lowers soil pH, damages soil structure, reduces agricultural productivity, and impairs forest growth.
Moreover, acidified soils can release toxic heavy metals into groundwater, thereby threatening the quality of drinking water .
Interpretation Climate Change contribution, which depend on the concentration of nitrogen oxides (NO.
and sulfur dioxide (SO .
emissions associated with fuel consumption and distance by operational vehicles.
The emission nitrogen oxides (NO.
values recorded are as follows: Area 3 with 214.
265 kg N-Eq.
Branch Surabaya with 94.
325 kg N-Eq.
Branch Sidoarjo 758 kg N-Eq.
Branch Malang with 52.
kg N-Eq.
Branch Lamongan with 107.
258 kg NEq.
Branch Madiun with 205.
938 kg N-Eq, and Branch Jember with 147.
077 kg N-Eq.
The emission sulfur dioxide (SO.
values recorded are as follows: Area 3 with 2.
532 kg SOCC-Eq.
Branch Surabaya with 1.
115 kg SOCC-Eq.
Branch Sidoarjo 167 kg SOCC-Eq.
Branch Malang with 0.
kg SOCC-Eq.
Branch Lamongan with 1.
267 kg SOCCEq.
Branch Madiun with 2.
434 kg SOCC-Eq, and Branch Jember with 1.
738 kg SOCC-Eq.
Fig 2: Result Chart Climate Change In the Climate Change impact category, each region exhibits varying levels of contribution, which depend on the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO.
emissions associated with fuel consumption and distance by operational vehicles.
The emission values recorded are as follows: Area 3 with 123,813.
45 kg COCC-Eq.
Branch Surabaya with 68,268.
717 kg COCC-Eq.
Branch Sidoarjo with 59,136.
075 kg COCC-Eq.
Branch Malang with 38,800.
134 kg COCC-Eq.
Branch Lamongan with 94,000.
05 kg COCC-Eq.
Branch Madiun with 148,788.
225 kg COCC-Eq, and Branch Jember with 83,418.
237 kg COCC-Eq.
Particulate Matter Formation Marine Eutrophication In the Marine Eutrophication impact category, each region exhibits varying levels of contribution, which depend on the concentration of nitrogen oxides (NO.
emissions associated with fuel consumption and distance by operational vehicles.
The emission values recorded are as follows:
Fig 4: Result Chart Marine Eutrophication Area 3 with 378.
85955 kg N-Eq.
Branch Surabaya 7841 kg N-Eq.
Branch Sidoarjo with 6213 kg N-Eq.
Branch Malang with 92.
087 kg N-Eq.
Branch Lamongan with 189.
6511 kg N-Eq.
Branch Madiun with 364.
1367 kg N-Eq, and Branch Jember with 260.
0582 kg N-Eq Fig 3: Result Chart Particulate Matter Formation In the Particulate Matter Formation impact category, each region exhibits varying levels of Photochemical Oxidant Formation In the Photochemical Oxidant Formation impact category, each region exhibits varying levels of contribution, which depend on the concentration of nitrogen oxides (NO.
emissions associated with fuel consumption and distance by DOI:10.
International Journal of Eco-Innovation in Science and Engineering (IJEISE) Vol.
, 2025
operational vehicles.
The recorded are as follows:
Eq.
Branch Madiun with 12.
169 kg SOCC-Eq, and Branch Jember with 8.
69 kg SOCC-Eq.
Fig 5: Result Chart Photochemical Oxidant Area 3 with 973.
932 kg N-Eq.
Branch Surabaya 751 kg N-Eq.
Branch Sidoarjo with 898 kg N-Eq.
Branch Malang with 236.
728 kg N-Eq.
Branch Lamongan with 487.
535 kg N-Eq.
Branch Madiun with 936.
084 kg N-Eq, and Branch Jember with 668.
530 kg N-Eq Terrestrial Acidification Conclusions Based on the results of the LCA study analyzing the transportation process .
perational vehicle.
of PT.
X in 2024 in the East Java area.
The total fuel .
consumption was 206,613 liters, with a travel distance of 1,663,140 km and a fleet of 86 vehicles.
From this data, the environmental impact values obtained using OpenLCA with the ReCiPe Midpoint (H) method were: 616,224.
888 kg COCC-Eq Climate Change, 1,626.
19795 kg N-Eq Marine Eutrophication, 569 kg PMCACA-Eq Particulate Matter Formation, 4,180.
458 kg NMVOC Photochemical Oxidant Formation, and 2,395.
4 kg SOCC-Eq Terrestrial Acidification.
These transportation solutions, such as transitioning to low-emission or electric vehicles and optimizing travel routes.
The adoption of environmental policies and effective fleet management practices can help reduce the environmental impacts telecommunications sector.
References