Evangelikal: Jurnal Teologi Injili dan Pembinaan Warga Jemaat
p-ISSN 2548-7868, e-ISSN 2548-7558
https://journal.sttsimpson.ac.id/index.php/EJTI/

Volume 9, Number 2, September 2025 (209-226)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46445/ejti.v9i2.954

Esther’s Stand Against Injustice: Theology for
Women’s Political Participation in Indonesia
Iman Kristina Halawa1, Daniel Pesah Purwonugroho2, Didit Yuliantono Adi3
1

Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Arastamar, Bengkulu, Indonesia
Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Berita Hidup, Karanganyar, Indonesia
3
Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Rajawali Arastamar Indonesia, Batam, Indonesia
2

ABSTRACT
This article is designed with the aim of tracing Esther's example in suing for justice in the face of
power. Queen Esther's courage in the Book of Esther, especially her action against King
Ahasuerus without an invitation, is a representation of courage against potential injustice. Queen
Esther's courage was not blind courage but courage with wise strategy. This study looks at how
Esther's actions have affected modern leadership and how courage and wisdom can serve as
examples for Christian communities and leaders today. This study can inspire modern leadership
to dare to declare an injustice lawsuit against the rulers. The research uses the method of religious
research to respond to the injustice in the face of power that threatened the Jewish nation under
the rule of King Ahasuerus. The results of this study show that fighting injustice must be
accompanied by a wise strategy and trust in God's providence for the Jewish nation by returning
to moral principles and values. This research contributes in the form of a theological reflection
for Christian women to emulate Esther in facing injustice in Indonesia.
Keywords: dare to contest, Esther, exemplary, injustice, theology politics.

Article history
Submitted: Dec. 03, 2024

Revised: August 15, 2025

Accepted: September 11, 2025

Corresponding author: Iman Kristina Halawa (imankristinahalawasttab@gmail.com)
How to cite this article:
Halawa, I.K., Purwonugroho, D.P., & Adi, D.Y. (2025). Esther’s Stand Against Injustice: Theology for Women’s
Political Participation in Indonesia. Evangelikal: Jurnal Teologi Injili dan Pembinaan Warga Jemaat. 9(2): 209-226.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46445/ejti.v9i2.954
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permission directly from the copyright holder.

INTRODUCTION
The oppression of the Jewish people in the story of Esther occurred amidst the
dominance of the Persian Empire ruled by King Ahasuerus (Xerxes I), a discussion that
proclaimed the maintenance of God, the patriarchal community, and the involvement of
women in voicing their rights in government life (Yanti, 2023). At that time, the Jewish
people were a minority group scattered throughout the provinces of the empire after the
Babylonian exile (Clines, 1984). They were often subjected to prejudice, stereotypes, and
discriminatory policies. This culminated in the plans of Haman, a high-ranking Persian
official, who utilised his power to propose the extermination of all Jews by royal decree
(Esther 3:8-11). This oppression reflects the socio-political reality in ancient Persia and
provides deep insights into the dynamics of power and injustice throughout history.
Esther's courage was highlighted in overcoming this situation, as there was a great
risk to her life. Esther chose to appear before King Xerxes I without an invitation,
violating court law (Esther 4:11) (Lerrick, 2015). Power is often a tool of oppression when
wielded by individuals who lack a commitment to justice and moral righteousness. Esther
used her position as queen to speak for her people, demonstrating a model of moral
courage, faith, and wisdom in the face of injustice. To facilitate governance, the king of
Ancient Persia then divided his territory into provinces, which were led by satraps or
governors appointed directly by the king.
Some previous studies have examined Esther's role model from the angle of
theological interpretation and reflection on the ethics of courage (Brueggemann, 2014;
Newman, 2021), as well as feminist criticism of patriarchal dynamics in the narrative of
the book of Esther (Brenner-Idan, 1995). Meanwhile, research on the political
participation of Christian women in Indonesia has highlighted the role of spirituality in
shaping women's political awareness (Budiatmaja et al., 2025). However, there have not
been many studies that explicitly integrate Esther's narrative of strategic courage with the
prophetic leadership model of Indonesian Christian women. Therefore, this article offers
a contextual theological reflection that highlights Esther's model of moral courage as a
paradigm for the fight for justice in a patriarchal political space.
Esther's actions can relate to situations where groups or individuals face forms of
oppression, whether political, economic, or social. Modern governments often face
pressure to ensure justice and equality, but structural injustices and biased decisions are
still common (Whittington, 2015). The story of Esther teaches us that a wise strategy and
a belief in moral values must accompany the courage to speak out against injustice. A just
and proportional liberation is one in which criticism of injustice must be expressed
(Kriswanto, 2020). In Esther's narrative, just and fair deliverance is exemplified when she
wisely articulates her condemnation of Haman's injustice before King Ahasuerus. Esther's
courage in stating the truth of her claim exemplifies divine justice and fosters an
environment conducive to transformation, ultimately securing the liberation of her
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community. The denunciation of injustice in this framework emerges as a fundamental
component of faith's imperative to confront falsehood with wisdom and courage in
accordance with divine intention.
Confronting falsehood with wisdom and courage by divine intent. Esther set an
example of resisting injustice. This can be reflected in the life of believers. Every believer
has the right to speak out against injustice wisely. The condemnation of injustice in this
modern society must be based on the necessity of faith and sincerity. The researcher
considers this issue in previous research on social injustice (Schofield, 2024) and the
courage to challenge (Mulvey et al., 2023). There are still gaps that can be researched in
Esther's perspective to draw a reflection on modern life today. The researcher argues that
injustice must be resisted with wisdom and faith in God, as Esther did for her community.
Based on this background, the research questions raised in the article are: How is
Esther's courage and strategy in the face of injustice presented as a theological model for
women's leadership in the context of power, and to what extent can Esther's actions be
contextually reflected upon to strengthen Christian women's participation in
contemporary Indonesian politics? The article examines the story of Esther in Scripture
as a form of prophetic courage that inspires ethical and strategic actions in the face of
injustice. Using a theological-reflective approach highlights the relevance of Esther's
narrative in building an Indonesian Christian women's leadership paradigm rooted in
faith, wisdom, and moral courage in the face of patriarchal power structures.
METHOD
This research uses a theological qualitative approach with a literature study
design. Data were collected through text analysis of the Book of Esther as the primary
source and secondary literature in the form of relevant journals, books, and political
theology articles. The analysis was conducted in a contextual hermeneutic manner to
explore the meaning of Esther's actions in facing authoritarian power, then reflected on
political injustice and gender inequality in Indonesia today. This paper explains that
religious research and its various topics are open to various approaches because of its
nature as a science. Formulating the right paradigm and research background will help
researchers design the research design and determine the methods used. Quantitative,
qualitative, and mixed approaches can be used in this case. This paper presents that
religious research and various topics are open to various approaches because of their
nature as a science (Zaluchu, 2020). The researcher will use desk research to collect
qualitative data. Desk research is crucial for data aggregation. It investigates their
ontological significance and function within the broader library ecosystem while
explaining their attributes within a theoretical paradigm that accentuates the purpose and
understanding of non-numerical information (Sokolov, 2023). The researcher used the
Bible as a primary source. The researcher also used academic literature as a secondary
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source from Google Scholar. The researcher will explore the social sundries of Esther's
era. It will also visualise Esther's courage in the face of injustice. It will also synthesize
and reflect on all the qualitative findings of the modern era.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the Book of Esther context, there is a fundamental question of how a person,
especially from an oppressed minority group, can challenge injustice in an authoritarian
system of power. Esther, a Jewish woman who became queen in the Persian empire, faced
a crucial situation in which a royal decree, at the proposal of Haman, approved a plan to
exterminate her people. Esther's action to go to King Ahasuerus without an invitation
involved significant risk as court law forbade anyone from seeing the king without being
summoned. However, Esther's courage to step up, speak up, and devise a strategy showed
a relevant example today. That God acted by Esther's faith, which removed doubts and
worries. Fasting prayer became a means for Esther to strengthen her faith in facing various
problems (Ernawaty et al., 2023). Esther, a young Jewish woman who had experienced
the loss of her parents, was cared for by her cousin Mordecai. Esther's ancestors were
members of the Jewish community who were forcibly removed from Jerusalem. The
guidance Mordecai and his colleagues provided in the royal court eventually resulted in
Esther being chosen as the newly appointed queen.
Esther's actions reflected moral courage and wisdom by going to the king in the
face of potentially oppressive power. However, it is not separated from the circumstances
of her people, who provide mental support by working together through fasting prayers
(Singgih, 2021). On the side of the socio-political conflict of King Ahasuerus' plan to
expand power and Mordhekai and Esther's tactics amidst racial discrimination for
freedom for the Jews, God is present in the story of human life, albeit in an invisible form
(Tansul, 2023). The Book of Esther is not simply a historical romance but God's workings
in human lives to save, and His intervention in shaping the history of His people. It
powerfully echoes the messianic hope through the rescue and preservation of the Jewish
people in the Persian and Median domains (Zaluchu et al., 2020).
Persian greatness between 550 and 252 BC can be traced back to the tumultuous
Assyrian legacy. In contrast to Assyria, Persia exhibited a more calm, composed, and
organised disposition; despite their military conquests, Persia largely refrained from
significantly disrupting the Indigenous governmental structures in the territories they
annexed. The Persian military was also very respectful and honoured the diverse religious
practices prevalent in the territories it conquered. The empire also emerged as a dynamic
centre for religious and scientific advancement, avoiding any tendency towards rebellion
or internal conflict. The Zoroastrian faith experienced significant growth and
development in the 6th century BCE within the Persian Empire, primarily attributed to
the teachings of Zoroastrianism. After a profound revelation from Ahura Mazda,
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Zarathustra made great efforts to spread this faith and to replace traditional religious
practices within the Persian Empire, eventually establishing Zoroastrianism as the state
religion of Persia. Besides Zarathustra, another influential figure named Mani also spread
his interpretation of divinity. In contrast to Zoroastrianism, Manicheism - the religious
framework articulated by Mani - holds that God has no absolute control over the cosmos,
drawn from a synthesis of various religious traditions that Mani carefully studied
(Toynbee, 2014).
Esther's example of confronting unjust power is an important paradigm for
women's political participation in Indonesia. As a figure of faith, Esther demonstrated
that courage in the face of injustice is not only a political act but also a spiritual one. She
acted with wisdom, prayer, and faith in God, thus becoming a prophetic model for
Christian women today. In the context of Indonesia, which still faces gender inequality
in the political sphere, this example inspires women to be present as agents of change not
just for the sake of representation but as a form of faith calling to fight for justice. This
reflection is reinforced by the findings that Indonesian Christian women have begun to
build faith-based political awareness (Budiatmaja et al., 2025) and continue to fight
against marginalisation in the structure of political representation (Kadriyah, 2023).
Therefore, Christian women in Indonesia need to see political participation as a prophetic
act based on faith to present the values of justice, truth and love in the nation's life.
Leadership Principles
The Persian kings mentioned above, including Cyrus, Darius, Ahasuerus, and
Artaxerxes, are recognised as divinely employed rulers and significantly contributed to
the repatriation of the Jewish population from Babylon to Jerusalem, particularly in the
reconstruction efforts of the Temple and the fortification of the city walls of Jerusalem.
Mordecai, who held a prominent position during the reign of King Ahasuerus, is also
referred to in the texts of Ezra and Nehemiah as an individual who returned from
Babylonian exile and was actively involved in the restoration of the Temple in Jerusalem.
Given His unwavering faithfulness, it is no surprise that the book of Esther subtly portrays
God's omnipresence in all circumstances. Consequently, this narrative provides us with
at least three important insights. In Esther 1:12, it is documented, "But Vashti the queen
refused to appear according to the king's commandment, which the eunuch had given her;
and the king was furious, and his anger was kindled.
Esther 1:19 articulates, ‘If it is deemed favourable in the eyes of the sovereign, let
an official decree be promulgated from his presence and written in the laws of Persia and
Media, in such a way that it remains irrevocable, thus prohibiting Vashti from appearing
before King Ahasuerus, and stipulating that the king will confer her position as queen on
another individual of commendable character.’ This scenario presented a dilemma that
could significantly affect the fate of an entire population, as it pertained to the judgment
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of a highly influential king. If the decision was wrong, it could cause significant
repercussions or result in many deaths. King Ahasuerus appointed wise men to serve as
his closest advisors.
Leadership Values
In the face of risky situations, such as moral courage, responsibility, wisdom, and
faith. Doing the right thing is, at times, a tough choice, especially if one does not know
what is right for a particular context, which is more difficult. It means choosing to do the
right thing for one person or another, but not for both (McDonald, 2019). Esther's actions
can be seen as exemplary for individuals under authoritarian rule, showing that courage
and moral integrity can bring about positive change despite difficult circumstances. The
Book of Esther not only tells the story of the rescue of the Jewish people but also provides
insights into courage, resilience, and the role of women in history.
In the ancient Persian Empire, the laws and customs governing court etiquette
were strict and hierarchical. One of the most striking rules was the prohibition of
approaching the king without an official invitation, as described in the Book of Esther
(Esther 4:11). This rule applied not only to commoners but also to high-ranking officials
and even members of the royal family, including the queen. Violation of this rule often
resulted in the death penalty unless the king showed mercy by extending a golden sceptre
as a sign of forgiveness (Esther 4:11). This rule reflected the absolutist culture of the
Persian monarchy.
Esther's identity inspires many people in the modern world to stay true to their
principles despite adversity. She showed that having the courage to fight for truth and
justice can bring significant change to society as a whole.
In the ancient Persian Empire, the power structure was absolute and highly
hierarchical, reflected in rigid court rules, one of which was the prohibition of
approaching the king without an official invitation (Esther 4:11). This law applied to
anyone, including high-ranking officials and members of the royal family like Esther. It
symbolised a totalitarian system of power, where access to power was limited and risky
(Berlin, 2001). In this context, Esther's act of entering the king's presence without being
summoned was very radical and courageous. She realised that the injustice that threatened
her people could not be dealt with passively. Her courage to speak out in the face of
repressive power shows that faith-based action and commitment to truth can challenge an
unjust system.
From a theological perspective, Esther's actions were a form of prophetic courage
born out of ethical responsibility towards her community, not just political action
(Brueggemann, 2014). She acted in confidence in God's provision, showing that faith and
wisdom can come together in the face of oppressive power structures. This attitude
inspires many women in the modern world, including in Indonesia, to not remain silent
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in the face of political and social injustice. Esther's example is an important reflection for
Indonesian Christian women who want to actively participate in politics that courage
based on faith can bring social transformation (Budiatmaja et al., 2025). In Indonesia,
which still faces gender inequality in the public sphere, Esther is an important symbol
that women's actions in the space of power are not just individual achievements but part
of a theological struggle for social justice. Esther proves that women's voices, when
fuelled by integrity, faith, and moral responsibility, can challenge unjust systems of power
and bring about profound changes in society.
Esther's courage in the face of oppressive power was, without a doubt, a
manifestation of deep faith and tremendous moral responsibility. In the context of the
Book of Esther story, Esther's act of approaching King Ahasuerus without an invitation
was a risky move, given the strict Persian court law which stated that anyone who
approached the king without a summons was liable to death (Esther 4:11). However, in
this situation, Esther showed that courage is not just a decision without calculation, but
also an action based on a higher moral calling and a belief that God has a plan for His
people, even though she may have felt fear and doubt at first (Esther 4:14).
Esther's actions reflect what contemporary theologians refer to as civic courage
that stems from prophetic spirituality, namely the courage to take risks for the collective
good in the light of faith (Brueggemann, 2014). In the modern context, Esther's courage
echoes the role of women in the public sphere, which is not only determined by structural
power but also by moral calling and spiritual courage (Budiatmaja et al., 2025). Nugroho
(2024) asserts that women's participation in politics based on theological values presents
a leadership dimension that is not only functional but also transformative and justiceoriented.
The value of Esther's leadership lies in her ability to bring together personal
courage, strategic wisdom, and spiritual awareness. She not only made big decisions with
high risks but also did so for the safety of her people and with the belief that her life was
part of God's plan. This kind of leadership is an important model for women today,
especially in the political context, that authentic leadership is born from the courage to
act justly, listen to the voice of conscience, and believe that the struggle for righteousness
is never in vain before God.
Esther's Courage
Esther's courage was a manifestation of faith in the sense that she believed that
God would not let her act alone in this struggle. Esther relied on God in prayer and fasting
(Esther 4:15-17) for wisdom and protection as she moved forward. Esther's faith was not
just a passive faith but a faith that encouraged bold action for change, a living example
that faith must drive action in the face of injustice and threats to the lives of God's people.

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Esther's courage also reflected a great moral responsibility towards her people.
Although her position as queen gave her power and influence, Esther chose not to allow
herself to enjoy the comfort of a secure position but instead took a risky step to save the
lives of the Jewish people (Newman, 2021). Esther's actions were driven not only by a
sense of personal responsibility but also by a call to protect the larger group, a moral value
often referred to in the Biblical tradition as tzedakah (justice) and chesed (steadfast love).
Esther's courage teaches that true faith must motivate action. A leader's moral
responsibility must be directed towards the well-being and strategy of Esther in using the
banquet as part of a diplomatic ploy to influence King Ahasuerus and Haman, who were
planning the extermination of the Jewish people, is one of the most interesting aspects of
the Book of Esther. At a crisis point in the narrative, Esther decides to invite the king and
Haman to a banquet that she organizes at the palace instead of directly revealing the big
problem at hand (Esther 5:4-8). This approach reflects not only Esther's wisdom but also
a deep understanding of power and the Persian court protocol governing interactions with
the king.
Esther's courage was a manifestation of an active faith that believed God would
not let her walk alone in the struggle against injustice. When faced with a significant
threat to her people, Esther did not just act impulsively but first relied on God through
prayer and fasting (Esther 4:15-17). Esther's faith was not a passive faith that just hoped
for a miracle, but a faith that encouraged concrete action to bring about change. This
shows that in both Jewish and Christian faith traditions, true faith should drive action
(Brueggemann, 2014). Esther's courage also reflects a great moral responsibility towards
her people. Although her position as queen could have provided her with personal comfort
and security, Esther chose to act and take risks to save her people. As Newman (2021)
points out, Esther's actions were based on the concepts of tzedakah (social justice) and
chesed (loyal love), two key moral values in Hebrew ethics that emphasize active
involvement in protecting the lives of others.
Esther's approach to confronting power is not frontal or confrontational. The
antithesis of this narrative of heroic courage lies in Esther's very subtle diplomatic
strategy: She chooses to use the banquet as a means of building trust and opening a space
for negotiation with King Ahasuerus before objecting to Haman's plan to exterminate the
Jews (Esther 5-7). Some interpreters have argued that Esther's seemingly 'gentle' strategy
reveals a manipulative political aspect, showing that heroic action does not always come
in the form of direct opposition but also through clever and planned hidden diplomacy.
Even some feminist critiques of the Bible highlight that Esther's success depends on her
beauty and proximity to patriarchal power rather than on the equality or structural strength
of women themselves (Brenner-Idan, 1995).
Esther's leadership was a blend of active faith and strategic ingenuity. She showed
that courage does not have to come in the form of open resistance but can be manifested
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in tactical wisdom and precise timing. Esther's leadership taught us that unwavering faith
and emotional-political intelligence can work together to create significant change. This
is an important lesson for women's leadership today: confronting injustice requires a
courageous heart, strong faith, and a wise strategy- a model of leadership that is both
theological and effective in the real world.
Theological Meanings
The theological meanings in the Book of Esther are complicated to understand by
ordinary people because God's name and power are invisible. Hence, they become the
characteristics and characters of the Book of Esther. The controversy of the book of Esther
is when this book maintains its spiritual existence so that it is tested whether the book of
Esther is a holy book or not with various considerations related to the controversy of
God's word. "The controversy surrounding the Book of Esther arises because of its
questionable existence as part of the canon of Scripture, mainly due to the absence of any
direct mention of God's name in the text, giving rise to the debate as to whether the book
truly contains the word of God and is worthy of being considered a writing with spiritual
authority." The purpose of this article is to explain and analyze the meaning of God's help
based on God's absence throughout the storyline in the book of Esther so that God's
invisible presence can be theologically interpreted. Another finding is that although the
book of Esther does not contain the word LORD, God's help is also invisible or hidden.
It can be felt by the figure of Esther in real terms through the event of Esther being chosen
by the king as queen; God's help through Esther turned things around for the Jews
(Nendissa et al., 2024).
In Esther 8:10-12, it reads,
Moreover, a message was written in the name of King Ahasuerus and sealed with the
king's signet ring, ... and letters were sent out, saying, The king permits the Jews in
every city to assemble, and to defend their lives, and to destroy, and to slay, and to
annihilate, all the soldiers, and the children, and the women, of every nation and
province that would attack them, and to take away their possessions, on the same day
in all the provinces of king Ahasuerus, on the thirteenth day of the twelfth month,
which is the month Adar.
This verse has been the subject of debate in biblical ethics studies as it seems to depict
the legitimization of violence as a response to injustice. Some interpreters see this as a
reversal of power as the previously powerless Jews are now given the right to defend
themselves within the Persian legal structure. In this context, the act was not a form of
revenge but a collective rescue strategy against the threat of systematic extermination
(Berlin, 2001). This shows that in extreme situations, the use of power by the victim can
be legally and morally legitimate as long as it is used as a form of self-defense, not
aggression.

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Esther and Mordecai, who previously appeared as symbols of faith and wisdom,
are tested in the ethical dimension of power. Their leadership must now not only be seen
from the perspective of courage to challenge oppressive power but also from how they
manage power after obtaining it. When related to the context of women in politics in
Indonesia, this verse provides an important space for reflection: the success of women in
entering the political arena is not the end of the struggle but the beginning of a new
challenge, namely, how to use the authority they have to protect the community without
falling into a pattern of repressive power. A leader like Esther is not only measured by
her courage against injustice but also by how she organises justice when she has power.
This verse is, therefore, not only important as a historical event or symbol of victory but
also as an ethical critique of the use of power and a reminder that the desire for revenge
should not obscure the restoration of justice. Esther 8:10-12 teaches us that in a world of
inequality, sometimes the fight for justice requires decisive and systemic action.
However, it must be done in the light of the values of faith, wisdom, and justice, which
do not repay evil for evil. Women's leadership, as exemplified by Esther, must be able to
combine compassion and courage, power and ethical judgment, to truly be God's
instrument in the struggle for human life and dignity. In Indonesia, where women's
representation in politics still faces various structural and cultural barriers, reflection on
Esther's actions provides a spiritual and ethical basis for Christian women to become
agents of change. Faith-based leadership, as demonstrated by Esther, encourages
Christian women to understand political participation not merely as quota representation
but as a prophetic calling to fight for social justice and favor the oppressed (Setiawan &
Abraham, 2024).
Theological and Historical Analysis
The Book of Esther is one of the books of the Bible that tells the story of a Jewish
woman who took risks to save her people from annihilation. In the context of Persian rule,
Esther's actions illustrate exemplary defiance of authority and show how individuals can
influence social and political change. This review will explore the theological and
historical analyses of Esther's actions and their relevance in the context of power. Esther
not only serves as a saviour but also as a symbol of female courage in the face of the
dominant patriarchal system. Her courage to go to the king without an invitation reflects
a challenge to social norms and demonstrates that women can have a voice in political
decision-making.
From a theological perspective, the Book of Esther shows how God works through
individuals and everyday events to protect His people. Although God's name is not
explicitly mentioned in the book, His actions are evident through Esther's election as
queen and her success in thwarting Haman's evil plans. Esther prayed and asked for
support from Mordecai before taking the bold step to go to the king. This shows the
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importance of faith and dependence on God in the face of significant challenges. Esther's
actions also illustrate the theme of deliverance, where God used Esther to give honour
and strength to the Jews in Persia.
Esther's actions can be seen as a role model for individuals under authoritarian
rule, showing that courage and moral integrity can bring about positive change despite
difficult circumstances. In the context of today's government, this story inspires
individuals to speak out against injustice and fight for their rights in a peaceful yet
assertive manner. The Book of Esther not only tells the story of the rescue of the Jewish
people but also provides insights into courage, resilience, and the role of women in
history. With in-depth theological and historical analyses, we can understand the
significance of Esther's actions in the context of Persian rule and its relevance to modern
society today.
The Book of Esther features a Jewish female character who not only acts as a
savior of her people from the threat of annihilation but also as a symbol of courage in the
face of an authoritarian and patriarchal system of power. In the context of the Persian
empire, Esther's act of going to King Ahasuerus without an invitation was an offense
against court law that could lead to the death penalty (Esther 4:11). However, her courage
was not impulsive; Esther prepared herself through fasting and prayer, showing that her
actions were based on active faith and spiritual awareness (Esther 4:15-17)
(Brueggemann, 2014). calls such actions a form of 'prophetic imagination' that refuses to
submit to the reality of oppression and presents new possibilities through ethical courage.
Although often seen as a heroic figure, some critics highlight that Esther's success
was achieved through a role that remained subservient to the patriarchal system. Esther's
position as queen was obtained through a sexist and exploitative beauty selection, where
young women were gathered to be chosen by the king based on physical attractiveness
(Esther 2). Brenner-Idan (1995) states that 'the book reflects more a female survival
strategy in a male-dominated world than a rebellion against the system itself.' In fact,
Esther's success depends on her proximity to male power, not because she is able to
change the patriarchal structure directly. Moreover, the king's authorization of the Jews
to 'destroy, kill and annihilate' their enemies, including women and children (Esther 8:11),
raises serious ethical issues regarding the use of power and violence in the book (Clines,
1984).
Despite the structural limitations in the narrative of the Book of Esther, Esther's
courage and wisdom can still be seen as a model of strategic and faith-based female
leadership. Esther did not fight the system head-on but used loopholes in the power
structure to protect her community. This shows a form of leadership that is not only
ethical and spiritual but also politically savvy. As Berlin (2001) explains, Esther's actions
show that women's leadership can be transformational, not because they control the
system, but because they are able to intervene with strong moral strategies. In this context,
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Esther's leadership cannot be seen only from a historical dimension but as a spiritual
paradigm that represents a synergy between courage, faith, and diplomatic tactics.
Esther's example remains relevant for women in Indonesia who struggle for
political participation in a system that is still often discriminatory. Indonesian Christian
women can draw inspiration from Esther's courage and wisdom in actively and faithfully
fighting for justice and voicing the interests of the community. In the modern world of
politics, bold yet strategic action is needed, especially when the existing system has not
fully opened up fair access to women's leadership. The involvement of Christian women
in politics is part of a 'public spirituality' that aims to bring justice to the social order
(Budiatmaja et al., 2025). Thus, the story of Esther is not just a historical legacy but a
contemporary call for women to speak up and act in the light of faith and moral
responsibility.
Relevance in Contemporary Theology
The story of Esther has long been an inspiration in Christian theology to
understand how faith, courage, and wisdom can be used in resisting injustice. In the
context of contemporary theology, the story serves as a foundation to support courageous
actions taken by Christian individuals or groups in the face of unjust situations. In
contemporary theology, Christian leadership is seen as a call to serve with justice, love,
and humility. This is in line with Esther's actions, which demonstrated moral courage
under tremendous pressure to protect her people.
Esther, a central figure in the Book of Esther, is a powerful image of identity and
courage. Known as Hadasa, a name that means "myrtle tree," she was a Jewish woman
who was adopted by her uncle Mordecai after being orphaned (Esther 2:7). In the context
of Persian rule, Esther's identity as a Jew was critical; especially when she was chosen as
queen by King Ahasuerus. However, she had to keep her identity a secret to protect herself
and her people from threats.
Mordecai played a crucial role in shaping Esther's sense of identity. He reminded
Esther that her presence in the palace was no accident but a divine calling to save her
people from the annihilation planned by Haman, a high-ranking royal official (Micah
6:8). In the precarious situation when Esther felt trapped between loyalty to her people
and her safety, Mordecai asserted: 'Who knows, perhaps it is precisely for such a time as
this that you have gained the position of queen' (Esther 4:14). This sentence underlines
that Esther's identity as a Jew and a queen gives her a unique opportunity to fight for
justice.
When Esther finally revealed her identity to the king and accused Haman of his
evil plans, she showed great courage. At the banquet held for the king, she not only
revealed who she was but also acted as a voice for the marginalized (Esther 7:1-6). These
actions reflected the moral responsibility that Esther carried as a leader with power.
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Perhaps the Holocaust can be attributed to Haman's unintended evil plan, which
King Ahasuerus later authorized to love the Jews of that time, Esther 3:13. It was the
death of Jews by Nazi Germany under Hitler's orders during the Second World War,
which brought down at least 6 million Jews, an unbelievable horror that still leaves
traumatized and scarred those who experienced it and those who heard about it. The
terrible plan almost worked. However, we realize that God is in control of all
circumstances and does not allow evil to flourish unchecked. God's process is highly
organized and unpredictable. The chapters of the book of Esther sequentially tell of
Esther's enabling and Mordecai's helping the king, Haman carrying out the evil plan,
Esther denouncing Haman to the king, Haman being hanged, Mordecai being made
second in command and then controlling the kingdom with queen Esther.
Esther's Actions Before the King
Esther was also a symbol of hope for the Jews living in exile. Through her
intelligence and courage, she turned the tide and saved her people from threat. Her story
teaches that one's identity can be a source of strength in the face of injustice and
challenges.
Esther, a Jewish woman living in the Persian court, faced tremendous challenges
and risks in her fight to save her people. Raised by her uncle Mordecai after the loss of
her parents, Esther was chosen to be the queen of Ahasuerus, king of Persia. However,
despite her high status, she had to hide her Jewish identity due to the looming threat of
Haman, a high-ranking royal official whose ambition was to annihilate the entire Jewish
nation.
As Haman plotted the extermination of the Jews, Mordecai urged Esther to speak
to the king for the safety of her people. However, Esther faced a significant dilemma:
going to the king without an invitation could be fatal. In Persian culture at that time,
anyone who entered the palace without being summoned could be put to death (Esther
4:11). Despite feeling trapped between loyalty to her people and her safety, Esther finally
made the courageous decision to go to the king after fasting for three days together with
all the Jews in Shushan (Esther 4:16).
When Esther entered the palace, and the king extended his scepter as a sign of
acceptance, she knew that her courage had paid off. In the presence of the king and
Haman, Esther revealed her identity and accused Haman of his evil plan to kill the Jews
(Esther 7:3-6). This act not only showed Esther's courage but also her intelligence in the
face of a hazardous situation.
This story teaches us that even in difficult and frightening situations, the courage
to stand up for truth and justice can bring about significant change. Esther's identity as a
Jew was not a barrier but rather a force that drove her to act for the common good. Asking

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her to go to the king and plead for the safety of the Jews, Esther felt caught between a
moral obligation and the risk to her life (Esther 4:13-14)
Esther's courage to break this law reflected the gravity of the situation. She
realized that if she did not act, her entire nation would face annihilation. Under these
circumstances, she decided to fast and seek prayer support from other Jews before going
to the king (Esther 4:16). This decision shows that despite the significant risk, Esther
chose to take action for the common good.
Uncertainty about the king's reaction to her presence added to the psychological
pressure Esther faced, but her courage and faith in God gave her the strength to move
forward. This illustrates how cultural norms can create significant challenges for
individuals trying to do the right thing in a difficult situation. Even though she had to face
the possibility of death, Esther's actions symbolized courage and resilience in fighting for
justice in the midst of uncertainty and risk.
In Isaiah 54:17, it is articulated that 'Every weapon formed against you will not
prevail, and every individual who brings an accusation against you in a court setting will
be proven wrong.' Furthermore, the king respected their advice so much that it
significantly contributed to avoiding misguided decisions amidst the turbulent waves of
intense emotions.
The king was regarded as the embodiment of divine power, a figure of absolute
reverence, and approached with highly formalized rituals. As described in ancient
inscriptions and the writings of historians such as Herodotus, the Persian king was
surrounded by an aura of majesty that made him almost unattainable to the ordinary
people. This concept was known as proskynesis, an act of prostration that showed
reverence to the king as a representation of the gods on earth. The prohibition of meeting
without invitation was a way of maintaining this hierarchy, ensuring that only those who
were summoned could approach the supreme ruler.
In the context of Persian culture, this rule also aimed to protect the king from
threats, whether in the form of physical threats or political intrigue. A strict system of
palace bureaucracy and protocol was designed to screen interactions with the king and
prevent coup attempts or resistance. This prohibition, though harsh, reflected the political
realities of the Persian Empire, which was often faced with internal and external upheaval.
The story of Esther has long been a source of inspiration in Christian theology as
a narrative that shows how faith, courage, and wisdom can play a role in resisting
injustice. From the perspective of contemporary theology, Esther's actions are understood
as a manifestation of prophetic leadership, which is born out of an understanding of divine
calling in a stressful socio-political context. Esther showed that authentic leadership is
not about formal position but about moral responsibility towards the community.
Brueggemann (2020) calls this kind of action a 'prophetic obligation,' the courage to act
in the light of truth amidst uncertainty and risk. Her courage to go to King Ahasuerus
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without a formal invitation (Esther 4:11) reflects a spirituality that is not passive but active
and transformational.
Although Esther is seen as a heroic female leader, there is no shortage of criticism
questioning the extent to which this story truly liberates or reinforces the patriarchal
system. Feminist interpretations, as put forward by Brenner, highlight that Esther's
position as queen was obtained through a sexist selection process and the objectification
of women (Esther 2), which reinforces women's dependence on male power. Ester does
not challenge the system structurally but works 'within the system,' and her success
remains rooted in her closeness to the king (Brenner-Idan, 1995). Furthermore, the act of
revenge permitted by Mordecai's decree (Esther 8:11), which authorized the Jews to kill
and destroy their enemies, including women and children, raises serious ethical questions
regarding violence legitimized in the name of justice (Clines, 1984).
From the narrative struggle between courageous faith and dependence on
patriarchal structures, we gain an understanding that Esther's leadership represents a
complex model of leadership. She did not carry out a structural revolution against the
Persian patriarchy, but she successfully intervened in the system from within for a greater
purpose—the salvation of her community. Her courage serves as a sign that in an
imperfect world, moral and spiritual actions can still be carried out strategically. Berlin
(2001) emphasizes that 'Ester's actions show how the ethics of faith can work intelligently
within a corrupt system.' Female leadership, as exemplified by Ester, combines identity,
faith, and courage within the complex dynamics of power, and this is an important
example of building public spirituality in contemporary theology.
The story of Esther is also relevant when compared to historical tragedies such as
the Holocaust. In Esther 3:13, there is a systematic plan to exterminate the Jews, which
is ideologically similar to the Nazi policy of genocide against 6 million Jews in World
War II. Both events demonstrate how plans for extermination can be formalized within
state power but also how divine intervention works in hidden ways throughout human
history. Mulvey (1997) argues that the Book of Esther offers a 'providential theology
without explicit miracles,' yet remains convincing that God acts through individuals
willing to take risks for the sake of many. In the context of contemporary Indonesia, this
narrative is relevant for inspiring women's involvement in political leadership—not to
seize power but to assume ethical responsibility and fight for justice for oppressed groups.
Ester's Strategic Approach
In the early stages, when Ester decided to speak to King Ahasuerus about the fate
of her people, she realized the importance of establishing a personal relationship and
avoiding risky confrontation. In the context of Persian politics, where the king was
considered a nearly divine figure, a direct request for action could be seen as a breach of
protocol that could lead to the death penalty. Instead, Esther chose to approach the king
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more subtly and diplomatically: through a dinner that appeared to be more social and
indirect.
Esther invited the king and Haman to attend a banquet she had prepared, and
although she intended to reveal a serious matter, she chose not to discuss it directly at the
first meeting (Esther 5:4-5). Instead, she invited them back for a second banquet (Esther
5:8). This approach demonstrates Esther's depth of wisdom and ability to use time and
context to achieve her goals, giving the king space to feel comfortable and ready to listen
to her demands. In Persian culture, banquets were opportunities for individuals to gain
the king's attention in a more personal and intimate way, allowing them to build
relationships and gain influence. Therefore, Esther's decision to use a banquet as a
medium to initiate conversation with the king also indicates her understanding of political
and court culture. A banquet gave Esther the opportunity to speak with the king in a more
relaxed atmosphere and reduced the tension that might have arisen if she had immediately
made her request. This strategy also implies that Esther knew how to use time and
opportunity to her advantage. By inviting the king and Haman twice, Esther not only gave
herself and the situation time to develop but also created increasingly tense moments that
would pique the king's curiosity. This, in turn, prepared the king to accept Esther's request
more openly.
Esther's decision not to present her request directly to King Ahasuerus but rather
through two banquets (Esther 5:4–8) is an example of a diplomatic strategy full of caution
and emotional intelligence. In Persian culture, a king was positioned as almost divine and
could not be approached casually, even by his queen (Esther 4:11). Therefore, Esther
designed an approach that was in line with the social and political norms of the palace.
She created a friendly and relaxed atmosphere to ease the tension before revealing her
true intentions. As Berlin (2001) argues, 'Esther not only understood the political
situation, but also exploited the social and symbolic power available to her within a
limited system.' Thus, Esther's approach reflects an adaptive and strategic model of
leadership within an oppressive power structure. However, Esther's indirect approach also
raises serious ethical and feminist questions.
From a feminist critical perspective, Brenner-Idan (1995) argues that the dinner
party tactic employed by Esther reinforces women's dependence on charm and informal
access to male power rather than on argumentative or structural strength. This strategy,
in this view, is not an expression of women's autonomy but rather a reflection of
internalized limitations. Clines (1984) even states that 'Ester's deliberate delay in
revealing her identity can be understood as a form of political manipulation disguised as
humility.' This critique reveals that Ester's success is not entirely free from ethical and
structural issues but rather highlights the complexity of women within a patriarchal power
system. From the dialectic between wise strategy and structural limitations, a synthesis
emerges that Esther's actions constitute a form of contextual and subversive prophetic
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leadership. She does not confront the system head-on but undermines it from within
through her keen reading of the situation, timing, and cultural understanding. Levenson
(1997) refers to Esther's actions as 'faithful subversion,' an effort to maintain the integrity
of faith within a repressive system. Its relevance is particularly evident in the context of
contemporary female leadership, especially in the Indonesian political arena, where
diplomacy, cultural sensitivity, and moral courage are crucial components in advocating
for justice within spaces still dominated by patriarchal norms.
CONCLUSION
Wisdom and diplomacy are crucial in addressing injustice, particularly in complex
social and political contexts. Wisdom, which is typically defined as the ability to make
sound decisions in difficult situations, enables individuals to recognize critical moments
when action is required. Diplomacy, on the other hand, involves communicating and
negotiating with those in power to achieve outcomes that are fair and beneficial for all
parties involved.
The story of Esther in the Bible is not only a narrative of the salvation of the
Jewish people under threat of extermination but also a rich theological reflection on the
values of faith, moral courage, and contextual leadership strategies. Esther emerges as a
female figure who is not only willing to take risks but also demonstrates an ability to read
political and social situations with great care. She combines faith and wisdom in facing
absolute power, demonstrating that authentic leadership is born from the courage to act
for the common good, not for personal gain.
Between the courage of faith and structural limitations, Esther displays an
adaptive prophetic model of leadership: She does not directly overthrow the Persian
patriarchal system but successfully intervenes from within through wise and integrityfilled strategies. Although she must operate within the boundaries of male power, she
maintains her moral responsibility as the voice of her people. This shows that women can
be significant agents of change even in systems that are not yet committed to equality.
Theologically, the Book of Esther also affirms that God works through ordinary events
and people to fulfill His will. Although God's name is not explicitly mentioned in this
book, His presence is evident in every important decision made by Esther and Mordecai.
This teaches us that faith does not always work through spectacular miracles but
through daily courage that relies on wisdom and trust in God's plan. In the context of
Indonesia today, the story of Esther is a prophetic inspiration for Christian women to
become actively involved in politics and the public sphere. Esther's example teaches that
women's leadership does not have to imitate patriarchal patterns of power but can be
developed through an ethical, contextual, and faith-based approach. Amidst challenges of
social injustice and marginalization, women are called to be prophetic voices fighting for
justice, love, and a more dignified life for all. The methods or strategies employed by
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Esther demonstrate her wisdom and ability to use time and situations to achieve her goals,
making the king comfortable and ready to listen to her demands, as the bureaucratic
system and customs in the palace were very strict, which were used to prevent
communication with the king and prevent resistance or coups.
Competing Interest
The Authors has an interest in Old Testament Theology

Author Contribution
I.K.H. is the first writer of this research article, designs the research title, determines the research topic and
develops the theoretical concept.
D.P.P. is the second writer of this research article, continuing the work of the first author, developing
research methods, supplementing the discussion and doing the translation.
D.Y.A. is the third writer of this research article, continuing the work of the first and second authors,
completing the discussion and undertaking the translation.

Ethical Considerations
This Article follows all ethical standards for research.

Funding Information
The funding is done by both writers.

Data Availability
This data is used for research only

Disclaimer
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and are the product of professional
research. It does not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any affiliated institution, funder,
agency, or that of the publisher. The authors are responsible for this article’s results, findings and content.

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