https://dinastires.org/JLPH

Vol. 4, No. 1, November 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v4i1
Received: 24 October 2023, Revised: 16 November 2023, Publish: 17 December 2023
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Legal Aspects in Business Alliances and Strategic Partnerships
Between Airlines
Ryan Firdiansyah Suryawan1*, Juliater Simarmata2
1

Sekolah Tinggi Penerbangan Aviasi, Jakarta, Indonesia
Institut Transportasi dan Logistik Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia

2

*

Corresponding Author: ryan.firdiansyah.1979@gmail.com

Abstract: The research explores the role of law in governing business alliances and strategic
partnerships in the aviation industry, analyses its legal framework, its business implications,
and provides policy recommendations. Qualitative methods are used by summarizing
findings from several international scientific journals. The findings highlight legal aspects
such as antitrust regulation, consumer protection, and liability towards employees. The
importance of regulatory compliance for safe and fair operations is highlighted, as well as
periodic reviews of legal responses. By strengthening understanding and implementation of
legal aspects, the aviation industry can better address future challenges and safeguard the
interests of stakeholders.
Keyword: Legal Aspects, Business Alliances, Strategic Partnerships, Airlines
INTRODUCTION
The aviation industry is one of the dynamic and fast-growing sectors around the world.
Amid growing competition and changing market demands, airlines often look for strategies to
improve their competitiveness. One of the commonly used strategies in this industry is
through the establishment of business alliances and strategic partnerships between airlines.
Such alliances not only allow airlines to expand their network reach, but can also provide
significant economic and operational benefits (Burghouwt et al., 2016). Business alliances
and strategic partnerships between airlines have become a common sight in this industry
landscape. By combining resources, flight networks, and services, airlines can create added
value for their customers, improve operational efficiency, and reduce costs. In addition, such
alliances can also help airlines to deal with external challenges such as fluctuations in fuel
prices, changes in government policies, and competition from other airlines (Riwo-Abudho,
Njanja and Ochieng, 2013; Shehawy and Abouzied, 2019).
While business alliances and strategic partnerships can provide many benefits to
airlines, they also involve a number of complex legal aspects. Issues related to treaties,
competition policy, international regulation, and property rights are in focus (Maria, 2020).
Proper legal arrangements and good compliance are essential to ensure that the alliance does
not violate antitrust regulations, avoids conflicts of interest, and meets aviation security
requirements and safety standards (Omweno, 2021). The phenomenon that emerges in this

36 | P a g e

https://dinastires.org/JLPH

Vol. 4, No. 1, November 2023

context is the rapid growth of various forms of business alliances and strategic partnerships
among airlines around the world (van der Veer, 2017). From code-sharing and cross-border
aviation partnerships to global alliances involving several major airlines, this phenomenon
demonstrates the importance of collaboration in addressing complex challenges in the
aviation industry (Yin et al., 2017). However, in implementing such alliances, airlines are
faced with a variety of legal questions that require a deep understanding of related regulations
and practices.
However, while business alliances and strategic partnerships offer significant benefits,
they also face a number of legal complexities. For example, the existence of these business
alliances can raise concerns about market dominance, price discrimination, and disadvantages
to fair competition. Therefore, governments and regulatory agencies often need to play a role
in monitoring and regulating such alliances to ensure that they do not violate competition
laws and do not harm consumers. It is important to further investigate the role of law in
regulating business alliances and strategic partnerships between airlines (Shehawy and
Abouzied, 2019). A deep understanding of the legal framework governing such alliances is
not only important for airlines, but also for governments, regulatory bodies, and other
stakeholders in the aviation industry. Thus, an in-depth study of this legal aspect will help us
understand how business alliances can contribute to the growth and development of the
aviation industry as a whole (Ag, 2012). The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of
law in regulating business alliances and strategic partnerships in the aviation industry. In
addition, to analyze the legal framework governing the alliance, review its business
implications, provide policy recommendations, and provide a deep understanding of the legal
complexities in the industry.
Legal Aspects
Legal aspect refers to all matters related to relevant laws or regulations in a given
situation. In the business realm, the legal aspect includes all legal provisions, policies, and
principles governing the company's operations and interactions with the various parties
involved. This includes various matters such as antitrust regulation, consumer protection
regulations, contract law, tax compliance, and other legal elements relevant to business
activities (Reuvid, 2010). In the aviation sector, legal aspects also include aviation safety
regulations, ownership rights, international agreements, as well as regulations governing the
relationship between airlines and customers and other business partners (Burghouwt, 2016)
By understanding and complying with relevant legal aspects, companies can manage risk,
ensure compliance, and run their operations efficiently and in accordance with applicable
legal standards (Dempsey, 2021).
The legal aspects of the aviation business in Indonesia include various laws,
government regulations, and contractual provisions governing airline operations. References
that can be used include Law Number 1 of 2009 concerning Aviation (Perhubungan, 2009),
Ministerial Regulations, Directorate General of Civil Aviation Regulations.
Business
Business refers to economic activity in which individuals or entities produce, buy, or
sell goods or services with the aim of making a profit. It includes various activities such as
production, distribution, marketing, and sales of products or services (Ebert and Griffin,
2018). Business not only involves economic activities, but also covers various aspects of
management such as strategic planning, human resource management, marketing, finance,
and operations. In addition, businesses can also operate at various scales, ranging from small
and medium-sized enterprises to multinational corporations (Ferrell et al., 2023).

37 | P a g e

https://dinastires.org/JLPH

Vol. 4, No. 1, November 2023

A business alliance is a partnership between two or more business entities working
together to achieve a common goal, often by sharing resources and risks. In the aviation
industry, business alliances often occur between airlines to increase network coverage,
improve service to customers, and improve operational efficiency (Belobaba, Odoni and
Barnhart, 2015) Business in aviation refers to economic activities related to air transport,
including the production, operation, and provision of aviation services. This includes
everything from ticket booking, flight network management, ground services at airports, to
air cargo services. Business in aviation involves various aspects such as aviation safety,
aviation regulations, airline marketing, operations management, and customer service
(Grimm, 2015)
Strategic Partnership
A strategic partnership refers to a long-term business relationship between two or more
entities working together to achieve common goals that are important to each party. Such
partnerships involve close collaboration, sharing of resources, technology, expertise, and risk.
Typically, strategic partnerships are built to face common challenges, take advantage of new
market opportunities, or increase competitiveness in existing markets (Kale, Dyer and Singh,
2002). Strategic partnerships involve integrating resources, knowledge, and competencies
between the parties involved. This can include many forms of partnerships, ranging from
strategic alliances between parallel companies to partnerships between companies and
governments or non-profits (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2012).
Strategic partnerships are often an important strategy for airlines to expand market
reach, improve operational efficiency, and strengthen competitive advantage. Such
partnerships can take many forms, ranging from global alliances between several major
airlines to code-sharing partnerships between different airlines. Some examples of strategic
partnerships in the aviation industry include Star Alliance, SkyTeam, Oneworld, and alliances
between airlines and land or sea transportation companies. Strategic partnerships in the
aviation industry aim to create synergies between airlines, enhance network connections,
optimize asset utilization, and enhance customer experience. Through partnerships, airlines
can mutually strengthen their competitive advantage, access new markets, and expand their
global network coverage (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart, 2015);(Susanto et al., 2023).
Airline
An airline is a company that provides air transportation services for passengers and/or
cargo. They operate aircraft and run flight routes to connect various destinations both
domestically and internationally. Airlines can operate in a variety of business models,
including full-service airlines, low-cost airlines (LCCs), and cargo airlines (Doganis,
2013);(Setyawati, Susanto and Hartono, 2020).
METHOD
This article uses qualitative methods, by providing an overview of findings related to
the topics in this article, providing findings from articles from several scientific journals that
exist internationally in recent years. After this to get the results of the findings in this article,
a perception or view of the researcher is given, as a contribution as a result.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Implementation of Legal Aspects in Aviation Business Alliance
The study results on the legal aspects that have been implemented from the results of
proprietary research (Nugraha, 2018) states that alliances and code-sharing agreements have
become common in the aviation industry, but they have legal consequences related to

38 | P a g e

https://dinastires.org/JLPH

Vol. 4, No. 1, November 2023

responsibility, consumer protection, and competition. For example, the Warsaw-Montreal
regime handles the responsibility of protecting airline passengers. The study of proprietary
results (Taufik, 2023) which states that the aviation industry is subject to antitrust
regulations, which aim to prevent monopolies and ensure fair competition. For example, in
the case of PT. Garuda Indonesia's strategic business partner appointments are analyzed for
potential violations of competition laws.
Another study states that the airline industry has a responsibility to protect consumers,
which includes accountability for commercial aviation businesses. This is especially
important in the context of airline alliances, which can affect consumer rights and protections
(Lumaing and Wereh, 2020). In many countries, including Russia, there are ongoing efforts
to balance the need for transport security with air transport efficiency. This involves the
development and implementation of regulations that ensure safety, security, and fair
competition (Minnikes and Esitashvili, 2021).
The results of another study related to legal aspects and business alliances in aviation
related to technological developments stated in the results of his research In the face of new
technological developments such as the Metaverse, the aviation industry needs to consider
legal implications related to data security and privacy, as well as potential problems related to
unfair competition (Alshamsi and Sipos, 2024). In addition, there are studies from the
research results that state that the current development of the general aviation industry is
lacking, and finally present a high-quality development path of the general aviation industry
based on the dual-cycle theory (Zhang, 2023). The application of business planning aspects in
the formation of aviation pools or aviation alliances shows that, despite the need and demand
for practice, these aspects in theoretical, methodological and scientific directions do not
receive enough attention. Literature analysis shows that aspects of using business plans as an
element in determining the effectiveness of civil aviation company mergers in the context of
European integration are not carried out (Kovalenko and Stoliarchuk, 2020).
Implementation of Legal Aspects in Strategic Partnerships in the Aviation Business
The results study states that the airline industry has historically not been subject to
antitrust regulations, but there is increasing recognition of the need for competition within the
industry. The Department of Transportation (DOT) has the legal authority to handle antitrust
issues among airlines through section 411 of the Federal Aviation Act (Edelman, 2021).
Another study states that airline alliances and profit-sharing code agreements have legal
consequences related to responsibility, consumer protection, and competition (Nugraha,
2018) Another study in the results states that the airline industry has a responsibility to
protect consumers, which includes liability from commercial aviation businesses. It is
becomes especially important in the context of airline alliances, which can impact consumer
rights and protection (Nienno and Hrinchenko, 2020).
In various countries, including Russia, efforts are being made constantly to balance the
need for transport safety with aviation efficiency. This involves the development and
implementation of regulations that ensure safety, security, and fair competition (Bidulský and
Seman, 2020) As the aviation industry embraces new technologies such as the Metaverse,
there are legal implications related to data security and privacy, as well as potential issues
related to unfair competition (Vovk et al., 2021). Another results study states the company's
innovative activities also include the development of artificial intelligence and robotics, and
that in the current state when creating and using artificial intelligence technology, the issue of
ensuring national security in the digital environment becomes very important. In this regard,
the strategic objective of ensuring information security is to protect the vital interests of
individuals and society against internal and external threats associated with the application of
information technology for various purposes contrary to civil law (Markova et al., 2021).

39 | P a g e

https://dinastires.org/JLPH

Vol. 4, No. 1, November 2023

Implementation of Legal Aspects with Airlines
Some of the existing results studies relate to aspects of relations with airlines where
the first study results state airlines have a responsibility to protect consumers and ensure their
rights are respected. This includes addressing the issue of discrimination, as demonstrated by
the Supreme Court's ruling in the case of Bostock v. Clayton County that preserves employee
protection from discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity (González,
2023) Another study states also that the airline industry is subject to antitrust regulation,
which aims to prevent monopolies and ensure fair competition. This becomes especially
important in the context of airline alliances and revenue sharing code agreements, which can
affect consumer rights and protections (Lee, 2023). Another study found that there is a need
for a regular review of legal and regulatory responses to address terrorism in Kenya to
improve their effectiveness and responsiveness to the dynamics of international terrorism. In
addition, training strategies should be strengthened through increased funding to strengthen
the implementation of various legal and regulatory responses in various aviation security
agencies in Kenya. The KCAA should also increase the frequency of aviation security audits,
inspections, system tests, investigations, and surveys at airports, airlines, cargo agencies, and
other aircraft food supply operators in response to the increasing complexity of international
terrorism (Omweno, 2021).
A related outcome study states that the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected
the health, safety, and security of flight attendants. Members of this group work in congested,
enclosed spaces where social distancing is nearly impossible, adherence to mask rules is
uneven, incidents of aggressive passengers are at all-time highs, and the vaccination status of
passengers on domestic flights is unknown (Anderson, 2022). The study with related results
also established the legal position of pioneer cargo carriers not only as carriers in cargo
transport agreements but also in legal relations with governments on a contractual basis as
part of the implementation of public services. Pioneer airlines are jointly responsible with
local governments, airport authorities, and other relevant parties to ensure flight safety as an
accident prevention measure. In the event of an accident that destroys the cargo, the airline is
responsible for meeting the compensation suffered by the shipper in nominal form based on
the provisions of the applicable air transport regulations (Ayuningtyas, 2023).
Another results study states in its findings that in various countries, efforts continue to
be made to balance the need for transportation security with air transport efficiency. This
involves the development and implementation of regulations that ensure safety, security, and
fair competition (Xiao, Henderson and Newall, 2021). Another study states passenger
protection regimes in Korea and the EU are among the most developed in the world. Korean
models are more detailed and specific compared to European models; however, passenger
rights are more rigorously enforced by courts and other bodies in EU countries. In addition,
we analyze the conformity between decisions made by the Court of Justice of the European
Union (CJEU) and global regulations relating to airline liability (de Leon and Choi, 2023).
Event professionals within the aviation industry must understand their legal obligations and
ensure compliance, as issues related to legal compliance are one of the most significant risk
areas for practitioners (Wrathall and Steriopoulos, 2022).
Discussion
First of all, we will discuss the article with findings where the implementation of legal
principles with aviation business alliances where some results are summarized and
perspectives expressed in this scientific article where studies conducted by several
researchers have revealed various aspects related to the implementation of legal aspects in
aviation business alliances. Code-sharing alliances and agreements have become common in
the airline industry, but they carry legal consequences regarding liability, consumer

40 | P a g e

https://dinastires.org/JLPH

Vol. 4, No. 1, November 2023

protection, and competition. For example, there are regulations such as the Warsaw-Montreal
regime that deal with passenger protection responsibilities. The aviation industry is also
subject to antitrust regulation, with the aim of preventing monopolies and ensuring fair
competition. For example, the case of PT. Garuda Indonesia has been analyzed in relation to
the appointment of strategic business partners for potential violations of business competition
laws. In addition, the responsibility of the aviation industry towards consumer protection is
also emphasized, especially in the context of airline alliances.
The results of this study highlight the importance of understanding and complying with
legal regulations in the aviation industry, especially in the context of business alliances. By
understanding the associated legal implications, the industry can manage risk more
effectively and ensure compliance with applicable legal standards. In addition, studies also
point to the need for updates and improvements in the development of regulations governing
consumer protection, safety, and competition in the aviation industry. Thus, this research
makes an important contribution in increasing understanding of the importance of legal
aspects in the management of business alliances in the aviation sector.
Second, Implementation of Legal Aspects in Strategic Partnerships in the Aviation
Business with the discussion and perspective of this scientific article are Studies that have
been conducted on the implementation of legal aspects in strategic partnerships in the
aviation business reveal several important findings. The aviation industry has historically not
been subject to antitrust regulations, but is increasingly recognized the need for competition
in the industry. The Department of Transportation (DOT) has the authority to handle antitrust
issues among airlines in the United States. Airline alliances and revenue sharing code
agreements have legal implications regarding liability, consumer protection, and competition.
In addition, the responsibility to protect consumers is also very important in the context of
airline alliances.
This research highlights the complexity of the relationship between legal aspects and
strategic partnerships in the aviation industry. There are challenges in balancing the need for
operational efficiency with legal obligations and social responsibility, particularly related to
consumer protection and information security. The study also points to the need for relevant
regulatory updates to address technological changes and new challenges in the digital
environment. As such, the research provides valuable insights for practitioners and
policymakers within the aviation industry to understand and manage the legal aspects
associated with strategic partnerships.
Third, Implementation of Legal Aspects with Airlines where the discussion and
perspective given in this article are A number of studies have revealed various aspects of
legal implementation in the context of airlines. The responsibility of airlines to protect
consumers and ensure their rights are protected is the focus of several studies. Antitrust
regulation is also a concern, especially in the context of airline alliances and revenue sharing
code agreements. The need for periodic reviews of legal and regulatory responses to tackle
terrorism in Kenya is also highlighted in several studies. The impact of the COVID-19
pandemic on the health and safety of flight attendants is also a concern, while the
responsibility of cargo carriers for flight safety is highlighted in other studies. In addition,
efforts to balance safety and efficiency in air transportation and passenger protection have
also been the focus of several recent studies.
These studies provide diverse insights into the complexity of legal aspects in the
aviation industry. The importance of understanding legal obligations and compliance in the
context of aviation industry practices is highlighted, while also highlighting the associated
challenges and risks. A better understanding of these legal aspects can help improve industry
compliance with applicable regulations and improve consumer protection and aviation safety.
In addition, the results of this study can provide a foundation for policymakers in designing

41 | P a g e

https://dinastires.org/JLPH

Vol. 4, No. 1, November 2023

regulations that are more effective and responsive to the challenges faced by the aviation
industry, both in emergency situations such as pandemics and in efforts to improve safety and
consumer protection in general.
CONCLUSION
Consumer protection in this industry. The study highlights various aspects covered by
legal aspects, ranging from antitrust regulations, consumer responsibility, to protection for
employees and flight attendants. In addition, the role of regulation in dealing with challenges
such as terrorism and pandemics is also clarified. The importance of regulatory compliance
and periodic reviews of the effectiveness of legal responses are the focus in ensuring the
aviation industry operates safely, fairly, and in accordance with applicable legal standards.
By strengthening the understanding and implementation of these legal aspects, the aviation
industry can better face future challenges and safeguard the interests of all stakeholders
optimally.
REFERENCE
Ag, E. (2012) ‘The Impacts Of Growth On Commercial Innovation In The Airline Industry’,
in.
Alshamsi, M.A. and Sipos, A. (2024) ‘The Legal Implications of the Aviation Industry’s
Entrance to the Metaverse’, Access to Justice in Eastern Europe [Preprint].
Anderson, J. (2022) ‘COVID-19 in the Airline Industry: The good, the bad, and the
necessary’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health
Policy, 32(2), pp. 92–99.
Ayuningtyas, C.D. (2023) ‘Tanggung Jawab Maskapai Penerbangan Perintis terhadap
Kerugian atas Musnahnya Kargo Akibat Kecelakaan’, Wacana Hukum [Preprint].
Belobaba, P., Odoni, A. and Barnhart, C. (2015) The global airline industry. John Wiley &
Sons.
Bidulský, R. and Seman, J. (2020) ‘Kosice Self-Governing Region And Their International
Cooperation In The Areas Of The Space Industry And Aviation’, in.
Burghouwt, G. (2016) Airline network development in Europe and its implications for airport
planning. Routledge.
Burghouwt, G. et al. (2016) ‘Economic benefits of reducing aviation taxes in Latin America
and the Caribbean.’, in.
Dempsey, P.S. (2021) ‘Introduction to Aviation Law’. HeinOnline.
Doganis, R. (2013) Flying off course: The economics of international airlines. Routledge.
Ebert, R.J. and Griffin, R.W. (2018) Introduction to Business. Pearson.
Edelman, J.W. (2021) ‘Reviving Antitrust Enforcement in the Airline Industry’, Michigan
Law Review [Preprint].
Ferrell, O.C. et al. (2023) Marketing strategy. Cengage Canada.
González, E.D. (2023) ‘Crash Landing: The Airline Industry’s Failing Efforts to Remedy Its
Sexist and Discriminatory Practices Towards Flight Attendants’, Journal of Air Law
and Commerce [Preprint].
Grimm, C.M. (2015) ‘Low Cost Carriers: Emergence, Expansion and Evolution’, A Message
from the JTRF Co-General Editors 3, 54(2), p. 117.
Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E. (2012) Strategic management: Concepts and
cases: Competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning.
Kale, P., Dyer, J.H. and Singh, H. (2002) ‘Alliance capability, stock market response, and
long‐term alliance success: the role of the alliance function’, Strategic management
journal, 23(8), pp. 747–767.
Kovalenko, N. and Stoliarchuk, N. (2020) ‘Business Plan as an Element of Assessing the

42 | P a g e

https://dinastires.org/JLPH

Vol. 4, No. 1, November 2023

Effectiveness of Commercial Cooperation of Ukrainian Airlines in the Context of
Globalization of World Aviation’, in.
Lee, J.W. (2023) ‘Competition Law Enforcement vs. The Policy Goal of an International
Aviation Hub: Case Studies in East Asia’, Air and Space Law [Preprint].
de Leon, P.M. and Choi, J.-T. (2023) ‘Opening Pandora’s Box: Comparing Airline Passenger
Protection in Korea and Europe in Light of Global Treaties’, Journal of Air Law and
Commerce [Preprint].
Lumaing, E.Y. and Wereh, A.C. (2020) ‘Aviation Business Actor’s Responsibilities for the
Consumers’, in.
Maria, C.C. (2020) ‘Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights’, in.
Markova, O. V et al. (2021) ‘Economic and legal aspects of the innovative activity of
enterprises in the context of the digital economy’, in.
Minnikes, I. and Esitashvili, M.D. (2021) ‘Legal Regulation of the Aviation Business in
Russia: Finding a Balance between Ensuring Transport Security and Air Transportation
Efficiency’, Prologue: Law Journal [Preprint].
Nienno, I. and Hrinchenko, Y. (2020) ‘Sources for effective cost management in the aviation
industry’, in.
Nugraha, R.A. (2018) ‘Legal Issues Surroundings Airline Alliances And Code-Share
Arrangements: Insights For The Indonesian And Asean Airline Industry’, Indonesia
Law Review, 8, pp. 37–62.
Omweno, E.N. (2021) ‘Legal and Regulatory Responses Adopted by Kenya to Combat
Terrorism in the Aviation Industry’, African Journal of Empirical Research [Preprint].
Perhubungan, K. (2009) ‘Undang–Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan’.
Jakarta.
Reuvid, J. (2010) Managing business risk: a practical guide to protecting your business.
Kogan Page Publishers.
Riwo-Abudho, M., Njanja, L. and Ochieng, I. (2013) ‘Key Success Factors in Airlines:
Overcoming the Challenges’, European Journal of Business and Management, 5, pp.
84–88.
Setyawati, A., Susanto, P.C. and Hartono, H. (2020) ‘Strategi Marketing Airlines Untuk
Meningkatkan Penjualan Tiket Pesawat Low Cost Carrier (LCC)’, Aviasi : Jurnal
Ilmiah
Kedirgantaraan,
16(2),
pp.
41–49.
Available
at:
https://doi.org/10.52186/aviasi.v16i2.35.
Shehawy, Y.M. and Abouzied, F. (2019) ‘Evaluating Airlines Promotion Policies and Tactics
in Crisis Environment from Customers’ Satisfaction Perspectives: Egypt Air’ Case
Study’, International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management [Preprint].
Susanto, P.C. et al. (2023) ‘Strategic Management : Concept , Implementation , and
Indicators of Success ( Literature Review )’, Siber Journal of Advanced
Multidisciplinary, 1(2), pp. 1–11.
Taufik, A. (2023) ‘Dominant Position in the Aviation Industry: Case Analysis of
Appointment of Strategic Business Partners (Wholesaler) By PT.Garuda Perspective
UU No. 5 of 1999’, Khazanah Sosial [Preprint].
van der Veer, A. (2017) ‘Strategic decision framework of external venturing as innovation
strategy for airlines’, in.
Vovk, V. et al. (2021) ‘Management and legal aspects of the symbiosis of banking
institutions and fintech companies in the credit services market in the context of
digitization’, Studies of Applied Economics [Preprint].
Wrathall, J. and Steriopoulos, E. (2022) ‘Legal compliance, risk and crisis management’,
Reimagining and Reshaping Events [Preprint].
Xiao, L.Y., Henderson, L.M. and Newall, P.W.S. (2021) ‘What are the odds? Lower

43 | P a g e

https://dinastires.org/JLPH

Vol. 4, No. 1, November 2023

compliance with Western loot box probability disclosure industry self-regulation than
Chinese legal regulation’, SSRN Electronic Journal [Preprint].
Yin, W. et al. (2017) ‘Linked data enabled collaboration in large-scale avionics software
development’, 2017 IEEE/AIAA 36th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), pp.
1–6.
Zhang, L. (2023) ‘Research on the New Path of High-quality Development of General
Aviation Industry under the New Development Pattern of “Double Circulation”,
Academic Journal of Science and Technology .

44 | P a g e