BIOMEDIKA
ISSN: 2085-8345.
E-ISSN: 2541-2582
Vol 18.
No.
1 Februari 2026 doi: 10.
23917/biomedika.
Serial Monitoring of Blood Glucose Using the AisyCare_GulaMU Application for the T2DM Back-Referral Program Bagus Aulia Mahdi1*.
Putri Purnamasari Husein2.
Andri Tirta3.
Natasya Bilqis Khayyil
Rahmadinah4
AFFILIATIONS
Department of Internal Medicine.
Faculty of Medicine.
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya.
Surabaya.
RSI Aisyiyah Malang.
Indonesia Department of Emergensi Medicine.
RSI Aisyiyah.
Malang.
Indonesia Department of Information and Technology.
RSI
Aisyiyah.
Malang.
Indonesia Faculty of Medicine.
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya.
Surabaya.
Indonesia
ABSTRACT
T2DM is a major problem in health services in Indonesia through the NHI system.
The determination of back-referrals frequently presents a contentious issue between BPJS-FKTP and FKTL.
The AisyCare-GulaMU application is an Android-based tool designed for the IT-based monitoring of blood glucose levels in T2DM patients who are PRB.
The research was performed on a retrospective cohort of NHI patients diagnosed with T2DM in an outpatient setting during the initial six months of 2025 with pre and post analysis glucose profile.
There are significant reduction in blood glucose serial monitoring 1st to 2nd month .
=0.
, 2nd to 3rd month .
=0.
and hba1c after third month treatment .
=0.
There also significant blood glucose.
=0.
and hba1c .
=0.
for group back referral and not to refer.
The AisyCare-GulaMU application enables the assessment of patients' blood sugar levels on a monthly basis, facilitating the determination of subsequent service directions.
The AisyCare-GulaMU application allows for effective monitoring of T2DM patients' treatment progress, enabling BRP to operate efficiently.
KEYWORDS:
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Blood Glucose.
Back-Referral Program.
Monitoring.
Application This work is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial 4.
International License.
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
Bagus Aulia Mahdi bagusauliamahdi@um-surabaya.
while in 2019 it was 5943 per 100,000 population.
INTRODUCTION
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the Diabetes mellitus ranks fifth in Disability-Adjusted most prevalent chronic diseases and a significant Life Years (DALY.
, or the largest measure of disease financial burden on Indonesia's National Health burden in Indonesia.
Additionally, diabetes mellitus Insurance is also the leading cause of death, behind stroke and (NHI) The Social Security ischemic heart disease.
1,4,5
Organizing Body for Health, or (BPJS) Amidst the global diabetes incident, which is Kesehatan, reported an increase in T2DM patients projected to continue increasing, a study in year after year.
1,2 The prevalence of diabetes in Indonesia indicated that the type of health insurance Indonesia in 1990 was 2593 per 100,000 population, membership can influence the severity of Type 2 Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Avalaible online at https://journals2.
id/index.
php/biomedika Serial Monitoring of Blood Glucose Using A (Bagus Aulia Mahd.
Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).
6 Furthermore, it was This article aims to present an easier method for found that using BPJS Kesehatan in T2DM patients monitoring blood glucose levels in T2DM patients at could reduce the severity of the disease due to easier RSI Aisyiyah Malang using the AisyCare-GulaMU access to healthcare and a fairly complete availability The monitoring results will be presented of T2DM medication in the national formulary in graphical form to track the progress of T2DM (Forna.
patients' treatment at RSI Aisyiyah Malang.
The Type AisyCare-GulaMU application attempts to be an comprehensive management from First Level Health Facilities (FKTP) to Advanced Healthcare Facilities determining the Back-Referral Program (BRP) for (FKTL).
6 [More than 1000 patients visit FKTL per T2DM patients.
month, especially at RSI Aisyiyah Malang, which has METHODS served over 2000 T2DM patients per month with various complications.
We developed an Android-based AisyCareGulaMU application that can be downloaded for free The Back-Referral Program (BRP) or Program on patients' phones to monitor the development of Rujuk Balik (PRB) is a program by BPJS kesehatan T2DM patients' blood sugar levels during treatment for stable T2DM patients to continue their therapy at at RSI Aisyiyah Malang.
The results are presented as FKTP.
1,8 This program often sparks discussions graphs to visualize the patient's treatment progress.
about the stable criteria needed for patients to The research involved a retrospective cohort of BPJS continue their therapy at FKTP after back-referral T2DM patients who were outpatients over the last 6 from FKTL.
Researchers have developed worldwide During this period, their treatment was IT-based assessed using this application.
The AisyCare- connect patients with healthcare providers to GulaMu application was introduced and discussed facilitate blood glucose monitoring.
Findings from with outpatient diabetes mellitus patients and their various studies utilizing the Real World Database family members in August 2025 at the Internal indicate that this IT application helps regulate blood Medicine glucose levels in T2DM patients, reduces potential Education on how to use the application is provided complications, and improves the overall quality of directly to patients and accompanying family care for these patients.
9Ae18 However, this application The research data was collected from has not been significantly developed in Indonesia to patients' medical records from the previous six Polyclinic RSI Aisyiyah Malang.
integrate with the PRB program for T2DM patients.
BIOMEDIKA.
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application to monitor blood glucose and HbA1c This data is used to determine patient year, 13 patients for 1Ae2 years, and one patient for over 1 year.
The characteristics of the patients involved in this study are presented in Table 1.
eligibility for the Back Referral Program (BRP).
Based on their educational characteristics, the majority of patients have completed their last level of education at Senior High School (SMA).
Table 1.
Characteristics of Patients with T2DM Included in The Aisycare-GulaMu Application Characteristic Number Gender Male Female Age <50 years old 51-60 years 61-70 years >70 years old Long <1 year Treatment 1-2 years >2 years (Source : Bagus, 2.
Figure 1.
Aisycare Application in the App Store and the GulaMu Feature in The Aisycare Application We used Jamovi version 2.
1 and SPSS version 24 to analyze the data.
We tested the normality of the data, and then we performed a pre and post analysis using t-test for normally distributed data and a Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis for data that was not normally distributed.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Over the past six months, we attempted to include 30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from the outpatient department of the internal medicine at RSI Aisyiyah Malang.
The study included a total of 12 males and 18 females, with four patients under 50 years old, 10 patients aged 51Ae60 years old, 10 patients aged 61Ae 70 years old, and six patients over 70 years old.
Sixteen patients had been treated for less than 1 BIOMEDIKA.
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An illustration of A Patient's Progress Toward Treatment Objectives Using the Aisycare-GulaMu Application (RBG < 180 mg/dl and or HbA1c O 6.
Serial Monitoring of Blood Glucose Using A (Bagus Aulia Mahd.
The graph below shows the progress of our patient
BG Level BG Trend per Patient
Mean (SD) After 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
BG 2
76 (A2.
pValue Significant * pValue paired T-Test
**pValue T-test
BG 1
pValue pre and post The results above indicated that all patients using BG 3 the AisyCare-GulaMU application showed a trend of Figure 3.
The Progression of Randomised Blood Glucose Levels in T2DM Patients improvement in their random blood glucose and HbA1c levels.
A total of 50% of the patients .
= .
HbA1C Trends per Patient were enrolled in a back-referral program.
Among HbA1c_1 HbA1C Levels (%) HbA1c_2 these, 14 patients achieved an HbA1c target of O 5, while 24 patients reached a random blood glucose level of O 180 mg/dl .
ee Table .
Comparative 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 Figure 4.
The Progression of the HbA1c Levels in T2DM Patients Table 2.
The Results of Monitoring T2DM Patients were Included in The AisyCare-GulaMu Application Monitoring O180 mg/dl Blood Glucose >180 mg/dl O6.
Hba1c >6.
Back-Referral Yes Program Mean (SD) Blood Glucose Hba1c (A153.
1st to 2nd .
=0.
((A184.
2nd to 3rd .
=0.
First ((A176.
57 (A3.
1st to 3rd .
=0.
BIOMEDIKA.
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=0.
, and second to third month .
=0.
and also HbA1c first to third month .
=0.
Between group refer and no to refere, there alson significant different blood glucose .
=0.
and hba1c .
=0.
ee Table 3.
Figure 3, and Figure Table 3.
Pre and Post Analysis Glucose Profile T2DM Patients Recorded in The AisyCare-GulaMu Application pValue pre and post pValue p=0.
Mobile phone-based management of T2DM numerous countries globally.
A study by Gosak et al.
demonstrated that mobile apps influence the public's understanding of the risks associated with poorly managed T2DM.
Moreover, mobile applications assist patients in understanding their blood glucose p=0.
patterns and effectively managing their diet, medication, and medical consultations, thereby Serial Monitoring of Blood Glucose Using A (Bagus Aulia Mahd.
optimizing associated costs.
The intuitive and interactive interface of these mobile applications is significantly benefit healthcare systems by improving essential to their efficacy for T2DM patients.
19Ae21 services and facilitating informed decision-making.
The Aisycare-GulaMu application offers a clear A study conducted in China showed that the visualization of random blood sugar trends and target for referring T2DM patients from hospitals to HbA1c levels, enabling patients to monitor their lower-level facilities or healthcare provider-based treatment progress.
practices is based on the patients' blood glucose Studies profile and complications.
Healthcare facilities.
TELEMECHRON Study show that mobile apps where providers possess the expertise to manage enhance the management of blood sugar levels in patients with T2DM.
These apps offer benefits such These facilities are equipped with essential medications and resources, which include Italy T2DM rehabilitation services and radiographic facilities for The early detection of complications.
Patients unable to TELEMECHRON study combines mobile app data pick up their T2DM medication can visit the nearest with input from healthcare professionals, healthcare healthcare facility, provided they have a prescription facilities, the Ministry of Health, and health insurance from the FKTL.
When medication is available, the agencies in Italy, enabling the formulation of FKTP will subsequently communicate with the efficient and effective policies for advancing T2DM advanced-level healthcare facility to arrange for the patient treatment.
22,23 The Italian study indicated medication to be dispatched to the FKTP via an that the application did not significantly lower integrated mobile application system.
glycemic profiles, which was the main clinical primary advantage of the AisyCare-GulaMu app in this study is not its direct impact on reducing blood numerous benefits beyond medical outcomes, such glucose levels, but rather its facilitation of clinical as enhancing patient satisfaction and facilitating data management, systematic patient monitoring, communication between patients and providers.
The and care coordination within the Back Referral application may also be useful for gathering data in Program (PRB).
The application allows for the a systematic way to help assess health services and longitudinal display of blood glucose and HbA1c make policy decisions based on facts.
These findings data, assisting healthcare providers in evaluating indicate that, even in the absence of direct clinical patients' responses to pharmacological therapy The to healthcare BIOMEDIKA.
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during routine outpatient visits.
This approach may CONCLUSION The enhance the quality of clinical decision-making and the implementation of PRB, although glycemic improvement among PRB patients is generally management without the use of the application.
The policy in Indonesia regarding the back- AisyCare-GulaMu effective monitoring of treatment outcomes for patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, resulting in significant reductions in HbA1c levels.
FUNDING
This research did not receive any external funding.
referral program for T2DM patients has not yet
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
targeted specific treatment goals, ensured continuity The authors would like to thank RSI Aisyiyah Malang in the treatment of T2DM patients, or fostered for developing this application.
effective communication among patients.
FKTP.
REFERENCES