Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Vertical Garden Identification and Plant Species Diversity of Urban Green Space in Banda Aceh City.
Indonesia Rizka Ora Aurora Yahyaa.
Hadi Susilo Arifinb.
Perdinanc Resources and Environmental Management Study Program.
Postgraduate School.
IPB University.
IPB Darmaga Campus.
Bogor, 16680.
Indonesia Department of Architecture Landscape.
Faculty of Agriculture.
IPB University.
IPB Darmaga Campus.
Bogor, 16680.
Indonesia Department of Geophysics and Meteorology.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
IPB University.
IPB Darmaga Campus.
Bogor, 16680.
Indonesia Article History Received 16 January 2023 Revised 03 December 2023 Accepted 17 December 2023 Keywords designs, plant functions, preferences, species, vertical gardens ABSTRACT Vertical gardens (VG) applies plant growth to various wall media and/or other vertical surfaces.
Banda Aceh City, these urban greening innovations are beginning to create trends as they boost building esthetics.
The objectives of this research were to identify the various types of vertical gardens and to analyze people's preferences, including the design and variety of plants used in these types of vertical gardens, between January and September 2022 in nine sub-districts of Banda Aceh City.
Aceh Province.
Indonesia.
The research method involved an exploratory survey of the entire city where VG was applied in various public spaces, private and public organizations, residential housing, hotels, mosques, various business culinary, and cafeterias.
Data on garden preferences were collected and analyzed using descriptive methodology, and the Shannon-Wiener Formula was used to examine the species diversity index.
From a total of 166 documented gardens and 150 sample locations where vertical gardens were observed, 66 plant species were discovered.
Vertical gardens are most frequently used in residential housing.
Ficus pumilla .
ollar creepe.
is the plant most frequently used by the community, and green facades are the most common style of vertical garden design applications.
In the nine sub-districts, the highest diversity index was found in the Syiah Kuala Sub-district with H' 2.
9, and the lowest diversity index was found in the Kuta Raja subdistrict with HAo 1.
Based on plant function, there were 43 species of ornamental plants, 13 species of flowering plants, 7 species of fruitful plants, and 3 species of herbs.
Introduction Vertical gardens (VG) are among the most significant innovations for minimizing urban microclimates .
Growing gardens on walls or other non-horizontal surfaces is one of the most well-known gardening concepts worldwide .
Buildings are made up of sporadic, attached, or unattached plants on the exterior and interior walls .
Vegetation can cover buildings, perform inside walls or partitions, and be applied to balconies or building covers .
Applications of VG have begun to be implemented in various locations in Banda Aceh City, including public areas, workplaces, mosques, restaurants, cafeterias, houses, and hotels.
Artificial VG applications have also been used to decorate various structures besides living VG.
People use these locations to unwind, vacate, and sell because of the numerous modifications to indoor and outdoor green decorations.
This demonstrates how the aesthetic value of VG in Banda Aceh City is becoming increasingly popular, as it can be applied to various portions of buildings with limited space .
ven without a yar.
The province of Aceh's capital.
Banda Aceh City, has the main government offices, several private and public universities, a city of cultures, and tourist attractions for the locals of Aceh.
Owing to these characteristics, this 817-year-old city has experienced numerous developments, especially in existing houses, tourism.
Corresponding Author: Hadi Susilo Arifin hsarifin@apps.
IPB University.
IPB Darmaga Campus.
Bogor.
Indonesia.
Department of Architecture Landscape.
Faculty of Agriculture.
A 2024 Yahya et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, allowing unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided proper credit is given to the original authors.
Think twice before printing this journal paper.
Save paper, trees, and Earth! educational institutions, and food-related enterprises.
Urbanization in Banda Aceh City occurred over 20 years .
8Ae2.
The number of developments that have grown to the point where the built-up area has doubled and reached 62.
87% of the total city area is a clear indicator of this tremendous expansion in This is reinforced by the city's population of 270,321 people in 2019 .
Due to the 2004 Aceh earthquake and tsunami, the population of Banda Aceh City decreased from 239,146 to 177,881 people.
However, throughout the three years from 2005 to 2007, this number rose significantly by 11.
8% .
,857
If estimated using the multiple interest model, this population growth can be approximated at 11.
annually up to 2010 and at 2.
4% annually thereafter, presuming growth after that year has reverted to It turns out that the presence of green open spaces in Banda Aceh City is inversely correlated with the city's population growth .
hich is 2.
4% annuall.
, and the number of vehicles also increases monthly, from 12,000 to 14,000 .
Only 14.
14% of the city's total area comprises green open spaces that belong to the city .
This proves that this city falls short of the 30% goal for green open spaces outlined in Article 29 of the Law on Spatial Planning Number 26 of 2007 .
Green open spaces contribute to lowering air pollution levels and preventing urban heat islands, which are frequently observed in large cities .
, providing environmental services in the form of water resource management, biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, and presenting the beauty of the landscape .
Using a 2.
4% annual population growth rate as a guide, 482,131 people will live in Banda Aceh City by 2029 .
In the 2030s, the city is anticipated to grow significantly.
As a result, it is anticipated that building energy usage, demand for oxygen, emission of carbon dioxide, and pollution will increase dramatically in the coming years.
Therefore, cities must prepare for Urban Heat Island mitigation immediately.
Because implementing urban heat island mitigation measures must be in accordance with environmental conditions and specific communities, understanding community attitudes can make urban heat islands (UHI) coping strategies more appropriate .
Given that there has not been any research on vertical gardens in Banda Aceh City, the application of VG is beginning to escalate.
To gather complete information about the vertical gardenAos design, its size, and the plants the community has chosen to use, it is necessary to conduct research on VG in this city.
This research aimed to identify various types of VG and analyze people's preferences, including the design and variety of plants used in these types of VG.
The presence of pekarangan is thought to have enormous potential as a space for mitigation and rehabilitation from problems related to urban environmental health .
In addition to the aesthetic function of a vertical garden, people who see it are interested and feel better .
, which positively affects health and emotions .
Even the role of vertical gardens in human psychology, where their presence can improve social life due to self-satisfaction, visual relief apart from the bustling urban environment, providing urban farming that has a social function for interaction, a hobby, and relaxation.
sustainable lifestyle.
reduce stress, fear, anger, and blood pressure.
and can promote a better working and learning environment .
As the greenery on buildings will decrease carbon dioxide increases .
as climate control .
, view control, physical barrier, erosion prevention, habitat for wildlife, and aesthetic function .
, and is also one of the most cost-effective strategies for addressing or preventing UHI by playing a significant role in maintaining low city surface temperatures .
Method Study Area The initial study was conducted between July and December 2021.
This study was conducted in Banda Aceh City from January to September 2022 in nine sub-districts of Banda Aceh City.
Aceh Province.
Indonesia.
Those are Syiah Kuala Sub-district.
Meuraxa Sub-district.
Ulee Kareng Sub-district.
Kuta Alam Sub-district.
Baiturrahman Sub-district.
Lueng Bata Sub-district.
Jaya Baru Sub-district.
Banda Raya Sub-district, and Kutaraja Sub-district (Figure .
Research Method Step one was selected for the study ecosystem.
The main variable of this study was the presence of a VG .
Data was collected by direct surveys all over the city using the purposive sampling method .
ith specific characteristics of VG chosen .
In step two, the sample locations that have implemented VG are documented and recorded, and interviews are conducted with the owners.
The requirements for the chosen VG are gardens with a minimum area .
y 1 .
, good quality, and a full coverage vertical garden.
The selected sample was grouped according to sub-district area.
Step three: The type of garden is described according to its location, design, and forming structure.
Furthermore, plant species have also been documented, recorded, http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
JPSL, 14.
| 535
and identified through a literature study where the types and number of individuals were classified.
Each plant was grouped based on its function and plant vertical strata .
Lastly, the species diversity index of VG was examined in each sub-district of the city.
Data Analysis Method Step one: Garden design preferences and VG plant diversity were descriptively analyzed.
The goal of the descriptive analysis was to describe the phenomenon of VG and its characteristics.
The data collected were also analyzed qualitatively using frequencies, percentages, averages, and other statistics to describe the relationship .
The analysis was carried out after examining the biophysical conditions of the VG by determining the type of garden, location where the VG takes place, structure, and types of plants applied.
VG can be classified as living walls, green facades, vegetated mat walls, landscapes, rooftops, canopies, or hanging plants .
In step two, the types of plants observed were identified, and each plant was classified based on the speciesAo respective family type and grouped based on general characteristics such as plant function .
egetables, flowers, fruit plants, ornamental or herbal plan.
Plants are classified into vertical and horizontal diversities.
Vertical diversity describes the composition of vertical plant height, whereas horizontal variation describes the function of garden plants .
Plant types were identified, classified, and grouped based on eight horizontal plant functions: ornamental, medicinal, vegetable, fruit, seasoning, starch-producing, industrial, and other plants.
Based on five height level classifications: strata I (< 1 .
, strata II .
Ae1.
, strata i .
Ae4.
, strata IV .
Ae9.
, and strata V (> 10 .
Step three involved the determination of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index.
Shannon-Wiener formula has been used extensively in environmental studies to estimate the species richness and abundance of The use of the diversity index works well under comparative situations .
This step involves calculating the diversity index, which is simulated using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index model .
, as illustrated below:
H' = Ae{Ocpi ln p.
: Shannon-Wiener diversity index : The relative proportion .
/N) of the individual species found.
This involved dividing the .
number of individual species by the total number of individual species (N) found in a given environment.
ln pi : The natural logarithm (LN) of Pi.
Finally, the symbol implies (O.
the sum of the outputs with the final value multiplied by a negative value (Ae.
The ecosystem became more stable when the species diversity index increased.
The diversity index showed a high diversity of H' = > 3, medium if H' = 1 < H' < 3, and low diversity if H' = < 1.
Although this index is rarely used to compare VG species diversity, this study uses the index to compare VG species diversity between sub-districts in Banda Aceh City.
Figure 1.
Map of Banda Aceh City.
This journal is A Azmanajaya et al.
JPSL, 14.
| 536
Result and Discussion In general, living walls and green facades are two types of VG.
Living walls are VG applications that use polypropylene plastic containers, geotextiles, and particular pot structures with growing material, irrigation systems, and vegetation.
The prepared vertical media/walls of the green fayade were covered in a VG with plant roots in the ground.
However.
VG currently has a variety of design advancements, offering a more precise classification into several types of VG.
Nevertheless, according to the VG previously existing in Banda Aceh City, the following garden types (Table .
were categorized in this study: living walls, green facades, vegetated mat walls, green landscapes, rooftop gardens, and green canopies.
One hundred fifty sample locations with VG were discovered during field observations in nine Banda Aceh City sub-districts, and 166 VG were observed there.
The 68 varieties of green facades and 44 green canopies are most frequently used by citizens as vertical gardens.
Furthermore, 40 living walls, 10 roof gardens, two vegetated mat walls, and two green landscape gardens were found.
Table 1.
The distribution of Vertical Garden in 9 sub-districts of Banda Aceh City.
Meuraxa Large total areas .
mA) Variety of 7 RH, 2 CF, 1 HT Number of vertical gardens .
Jaya Baru 15 RH, 1 PA
Banda Raya
13 RH, 2 CF, 1
SL, 1 HT, 1 OF
Baiturrahman 2 PA, 12 RH, 1
CF, 1 OF
Lueng Bata
1 HT, 16 RH, 1
Kuta Alam
Kuta Raja
14 RH, 1 CF, 4
HT, 2 OF, 1 SL, 1
PA, 1 TI, 2 HO
9 RH
Syiah Kuala
16 RH, 2 UN, 1
SL, 2 CF, 1 OF, 1
Ulee Kareng
12 RH, 1 PA, 1
TOTAL
36 kmA Sub-district Variety of garden types 1 rooftops garden, 6 green facades, 2 living-walls, 4 green canopies 1 Rooftops garden 10 green facades 5 living-walls 12 green facades 5 living walls 1 canopy 1 rooftops garden, 6 green facades, 1 living-walls, 1 green landscape gardens, 9 green canopies 2 rooftops garden 6 green fayade, 6 living-walls, 6 green 4 rooftops garden, 9 green facades, 8 living-walls,1 vegetated mat walls 9 green canopies 2 green facades 2 living-walls 5 green canopies 1 rooftops garden, 10 green facades, 6 living-walls, 1 green landscape, 1 vegetated mat walls, 7 green 7 green facades, 5 living-walls, 3 green canopies Total variety of garden Information: RH (Residential hous.
WP (Worship Plac.
OF (Offic.
HT (Hote.
CF(Cafeteria/Restauran.
SL (Schoo.
UN (Universit.
HO (Clinic/Hospita.
PA (Public are.
SC (Shopping Centr.
Most VG are used in Banda Aceh residentsAo houses.
Of the 150 VG locations (Table .
, 111 were community Green facades and canopies are the most frequently used designs.
The majority of plants used for green fayades are grown directly on the ground, using wooden or concrete walls and fences as media for plant propagation.
Similarly, the communityAos green canopy is typically planted directly on the ground, and the stems and leaves will spread out to fill the canopy.
Banda AcehAos green canopy commonly made of iron or wood structures.
On the one hand, among all other species.
Vernonina elliptica (Lee Kuan Ya.
and Ficus pumilla .
ollar creepe.
are the most widely used plants in the installation of green facades.
The most popular plants used in green canopy designs, on the other hand, are Thunbergia grandiflora.
Combretum indicum, and Vitis sp.
http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
JPSL, 14.
| 537
Table 2.
The types of vertical garden in Banda Aceh and its location distribution.
Types of Residences/ Amount of University Offices Worship places Hotels Restaurant/ Cafeteria Public Area Hospitals & Clinics Shopping Center Schools Total Location 111 houses Amount of VG Types of VG Agriculture Faculty of Syiah Kuala University Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Syiah Kuala University Aceh Forestry and Environmental Service Mayor Office of Banda Aceh City Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kebersihan.
Keindahan Kota Banda Aceh (DLHK.
Banda AcehAos Regional Library Oman Mosque.
Lampriet Al AoAla Mosque.
Cot Mesjid Kryad Muraya Hotel Aldila Hotel Mekkah Hotel Oasis Hotel Sei Hotel The Pade Hotel Permata Hati Hotel.
Meuraxa Al Faris Guest House Bougenvil residence.
Lampriet Quantum & Roastery.
Chops.
Burger Blepot.
Banda Seafood.
Ivory Coffe & Culinary.
Dumpatna Kupi.
Paopia Garden.
Banda cafe Coffe Bay Twohapeut Jaya Baru Parks Putroe Phang Parks Museum Tsunami of Aceh Pango Bridge of Ulee Kareng Jeulia Clinic Peunayong Zainoel Abidin Hospital Munadia.
Sp.
KFR clinic Vivi Spa Beauty Clinic.
Kuta Alam Plaza Aceh Green facade, green canopy, roof garden, living-wall, vegetated mat walls, green landscape garden Green canopy Green facade Green facade Green facade Living-wall.
Green canopy Roof garden Green canopy Living-wall Living-wall.
Green facade Green facade Green facade Green facade.
Green canopy Green facade Green facade Green facade.
Living-wall.
Green canopy Green facade Roof garden Green facade Green facade Roof garden Green facade Green facade Vegetated mat walls Living-wall Green facade Green facade Green facade Green facade Green canopy Green landscape garden Green facade Green facade Living-wall.
Green canopy Green facade Green canopy Green facade Sekolah Bunga Matahari MIN 6 Banda Aceh SD IT Al Azhar Cairo Green facade Roof garden Living-wall The VG design applied in Banda Aceh City is still quite simple.
Generally, only 1 to 3 types of plants are applied to one garden.
However, there are two places where high-complexity VG is applied with more plants.
Both are DLHK3 and Banda AcehAos Regional Library applied two green canopies and one living-walls.
In this office, a green canopy with Vitis sp.
provides shade for the motorbike parking area, and other green canopies applied to Combretum indicum .
angoon creepe.
provide shade for the car park area.
Meanwhile, the living walls use bag planter soil as the planting medium arranged on the main wall of the second floor of the office buildings.
The living walls include Philodendron brulee .
Nephrolepis exaltata (Boston fer.
Nephrolepis cordifolia .
ishbone fer.
, and Platycerium bifurcatum (Elkhorn fer.
(Figure .
This journal is A Azmanajaya et al.
JPSL, 14.
| 538
Figure 2.
Living-wall at DLHK3, .
Green facade at one of citizenAos home, .
Green canopies at one of beauty clinic in Banda Aceh, .
Roof garden at Banda Aceh Regional Library, .
Green landscape garden at Museum Tsunami Aceh, .
Vegetated mat walls at Zainoel Abidin Hospital of Banda Aceh.
In addition, a green roof was applied on top of the parking area of Pustaka Wilayah Kota Banda Aceh.
Green roof gardens can directly benefit city centers, where environmental degradation has the most severe impact .
Eleven types of plants were applied, presenting a very beautiful landscape in a limited area.
Plant species applied to library green roofs are Vernonina elliptica .
ee kuan ya.
Dypsis lutescens .
utterfly pal.
Casuarina equisetifolia (Australian pin.
Syzygium myrtifolium .
ed li.
Zoysia japonica (Japanese lawngras.
Trachelospermum jasminoides .
tar jasmin.
Alocasia sp.
Anthurium andraeanum .
ed anthuriu.
Aglaonema commutatum .
Bougenviellia spectabilis .
dan Furcraea foetida .
In addition, according to surveys and observations, there were 66 different plant species spread among the 150 VG locations (Table .
The most common plant species used in Banda Aceh City's VG are Ficus pumilla .
ollar creepe.
Vernonina elliptica .
ee kuan ya.
, and Vitis sp.
Popular applications of these three plants involve propagation techniques in different growing media.
While Vitis sp.
is frequently used as a green canopy that offers natural shade and bears edible fruit.
Ficus pumilla propagates on building walls and fences as a green facade design, and Vernonina elliptica is frequently propagated on fence media or installations on balconies or terraces of buildings.
The species diversity index (H') was calculated using ShannonAeWiener equations (Table .
The species diversity index is considered high if the H' value is more than 3, medium if the H' value is between 1 to 3, and low if H' is less than 1.
The species diversity index was calculated for each sub-district of Banda Aceh City.
The results show that all Sub-districts in Banda Aceh City have a medium VG species diversity index (H' value is among 1 to .
Syiah Kuala Sub-district has the highest diversity index with an H' value of 2.
9, and the Kuta Raja Sub-district has the lowest species diversity index value with an H' value of 1.
http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
JPSL, 14.
| 539
Table 3.
Plants used in Banda Aceh City's.
Scientific name Other name Family Function Frequency Adenium obesum (Roem.
& Schult.
Aglaonema sp.
(Schot.
Aglaonema commutatum (Schot.
Aglaonema modestum (Schot.
Aglaonema crispum Alamanda blanchetti (A.
DC)
Alamanda cathartica (L.
Alocasia sp.
Agryeia nervosa (Burm.
Antigonon leptopus (Hook.
& Arn.
Anthurium andraeanum (Linden.
Anthurium hookeri (Kunth.
Aucuba japonica (Thunb.
Bougainvillea spectabilis (Willd.
Callisia repens (Jacq.
Canna flaccida (L.
Casuarina equisetifolia (L.
Chlorophytum comosun (Thunb.
Cissus verticillata (L.
Clitoria ternatea (L.
Cocos nucifera (L.
Coleus scutellarioides redhead (L.
Coleus scutellarioides (L.
Combretum indicum (L.
Ctenanthe opphenheimiana (Schu.
Dieffenbachia amoena (Schot.
Dimocarpus longan (Lour.
Dracaena reflexia (Lam.
Dracaena angustifolia (Roxb.
Dypsis lutescents (H.
Wendl.
Eoudia ridleyi (Hochr.
Epipremnum aureum (Linden & Andr.
Episcia cupreata (Hook.
Eguenia aquea (L.
Excoecaria cochinchinensis (Lour.
Ficus microcarpa (L.
Ficus pumilla (L.
Furcraea foetida (L.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (L.
Hylocereus undatus (Harworth.
Jasminum sambac (L.
Mangifera indica (L.
Dessert rose Aglonema Aglonema Aglonema Aglonema Purple allamanda Golden trumpet Alokasia Baby woodrose Coral vine Red anthurium BirdAos nest anthurium Japanese laurel Bougainvillea Creeping basketplant Golden canna Australian pine Spider plant Princess vine Butterfly pea Coconut Painted nettle Red painted nettle Rangoon creeper Giant bamburanta Dumb cane DragonAos eye Song of india Narrow leave dracaena Yellow palm Golden green Apocynaceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceaa Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Araceae Convulvulaceae Polygonaceae Araceae Araceae Garryaceae Nyctaginaceae Commelinaceae Cannaceae Casuarinaceae Asparagaceae Vitaceae Fabaceae Palmae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Combretaceae Marantaceae Araceae Sapindaceae Asparagaceae Asparagaceae Aracaceae Rutaceae Flower Ornament Ornament Ornament Ornament Flower Flower Ornament Flower Flower Ornament Ornament Ornament Flower Ornament Flower Ornament Ornament Ornament Herbs Fruit Ornament Ornament Flower Ornament Ornament Fruit Ornament Ornament Ornament Ornament Height i i i i Betel ivory Araceae Ornament Cleopatra flame violet Water rose apple Chinese croton Banyan Dollar creeper Mauritius Rose of Sharon Dragon fruit Jasmine Mango Philodendron silver Boston fern Fishbone fern The giant granadilla Lemon button fern Burle Marx Red betel Betel vine Elkhorn fern Little hogweed Guava Shingle plant Snake plant Satin photos Gesneriaceae Myrtaceae Euphorbiaceae Moraceae Moraceae Furcraea Malvaceae Cactaceae Oleaceae Anacardiaceae Ornament Fruit Ornament Ornament Ornament Ornament Flower Fruit Flower Fruit i Araceae Ornament Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepidaceae Passifloraceae Pteridaceae Araceae Piperaceae Piperaceae Polypodiaceae Portulaceae Myrtaceae Araceae Dracaena Araceae Ornament Ornament Fruit Ornament Ornament Herbs Herbs Ornament Flower Fruit Ornament Ornament Ornament Monstera pinnapipartita (Schott.
Nephrolepis exaltata (L.
Nephrolepis cordofolia (L.
Passiflora quandrangularis (L.
Pellaea rotundifolia (Hook.
Philodendron brulee (Mar.
Piper ornatum (N.
Piper bettle (L.
Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.
Portulaca oleracea (L.
Psidium guajava (L.
Rhaphidophora hayi (Boyce -Bogne.
Sansevieria trifasciata (Prai.
Scindapsus pictus (Hass.
This journal is A Azmanajaya et al.
JPSL, 14.
| 540
Syzygium myrtifolium (Wal.
Terminalia mantaly (H.
Perrie.
Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lin.
Tradescantia pallida (Rose.
Tradescantia spataceae (Sw.
Trasdecentia zebrina (Hunt.
Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb.
Vernonina elliptica (DC.
Vitis vinifera (L.
Zoysia japonica (Steud.
Red lip Satellite tree Star jasmine Purple queen Boat lili Inch plant Thunbergia Lee kuan yao Grapes Japanese lawn grass Myrtaceae Combretaceae Apocynaceae Commelinaceae Commelinaceae Asteraceae Acantachea Asteraceae Vitaceae Poaceae Ornament Ornament Flower Ornament Ornament Ornament Flower Ornament Fruit Ornament Table 4.
Vertical garden species diversity index value in each sub-district.
Sub-district Syiah Kuala Luengbata Kuta Alam Meuraxa Jaya Baru Baiturrahman Banda Raya Ulee Kareng Kuta Raja H' index value The two largest sub-districts in Banda Aceh City are Syiah Kuala and Kuta Alam.
The sub-district in Banda Aceh City with the smallest area is Jaya Baru.
The frequency and density of species in each VG had a greater impact on the species diversity index than the area of the sub-district and the number of VG in each sub-district.
are more frequently used in built-up regions with modern architectural designs.
VG planting is less common in older architecturally styled buildings, because the yards of this typical building design tend to be larger.
Fruit trees are the most common option in sub-districts with larger yards, where tree planting is still an option for green open space pekarangan.
Baiturrahman, some areas of Syiah Kuala, and some areas of Kuta Alam are where housing with an older architectural style is usually found.
In addition, there aren't many VG in the areas most impacted by the tsunami and earthquake of 2004, including Jaya Baru.
Kuta Raja, and Meuraxa, as well as three villages in Syiah Kuala.
This is apparently due to the area's slower pace of development than that of the other five sub-districts.
Based on vertical diversity .
eight level/strat.
, we found that strata I plants .
, strata II .
, strata i .
, strata IV .
, and strata V .
Seven strata II plant species are hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensi.
, dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatu.
, dumb cane (Dieffenbachia amoen.
, golden canna (Canna sp.
), star jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoide.
, jasmine (Jasminum samba.
dan monstera (Monstera pinnapipartit.
5 strata i plant species are Japanese cambodia (Adenium obesu.
, bougenvillia (Bougenvillia spectabili.
, banyan vines (Ficus microcarp.
, purple alamanda (Alamanda blanchett.
and golden trumpet (Alamanda cathartic.
6 strata IV plant species are longan (Dimocarpus longa.
, yellow palm (Dypsis lutescent.
, rose apple (Eguenia aque.
, guava (Psidium guajav.
, australian pine (Casuarina equisetifoli.
and red lip (Syzygium myrtifoliu.
also 3 strata V plant species are coconut (Cocos nucifera L), mango (Mangifera indic.
, and satellite tree (Terminalia mantal.
In addition, based on the functional classification .
orizontal diversit.
, three types of plant functions were found following the application of VG .
rnamental plants, fruit plants, and medicinal plant.
From total of 66 plant species we found six most common plants applied in Banda Aceh VG application are: Ficus pumilla.
Thunbergia grandiflora.
Vitis sp.
Combretum indicum.
Vernonina elliptica.
Epipremnum aureum (Figure .
From total 66 species: 55 ornamental plant species .
of them were flowering ornamental plants, while the other 42 were non-flowering ornamental plant.
8 fruit plants.
and 3 medicinal plants (Figure .
vegetable, spice, starch-producing plants, industrial plants and others were found in the application of VG As the effects of climate change in humid tropical regions, such as Indonesia, may encourage the spread of disease and insect infestations and have a negative impact on plant commodities, such as rice .
, the same problem might occur in VG plants.
Therefore, plant selection suitable for the weather in Banda Aceh is highly Even if this particular research has not yet been conducted, it may be useful as a starting point for future research, as VG types with green facade designs, green landscapes, and green canopies tend http://dx.
org/10.
29244/jpsl.
JPSL, 14.
| 541
to be simpler and easier to apply than living walls, vegetated mat walls, or rooftop gardens.
This is because green facade gardens, green landscape and green canopy generally only use one or two types of plants that are planted directly on the ground, and the stems and leaves fill the growing media provided to form perfect This requires minimal costs.
However, it will take longer to completely cover all the expected VG media.
Another drawback is that if one plant in this design dies, the entire VG is usually damaged and must be replaced and replanted.
Of course, this is different from living walls, vegetated mat walls, or rooftop gardens, where a variety of plants are applied.
It incurs higher costs at the design stage because it requires various supporting media such as soil, irrigation systems, planter bags or pots, various plant seeds, and sturdy steel or wood frame materials.
The consumer simply needed to replace one dead plant in those designs because if only one plant perishes, the VG as a whole will not be harmed.
All types of VG have their own advantages and disadvantages, and can be conditioned according to the desires and budgets of consumers.
Vertical gardening appears to have gained popularity in Banda Aceh.
Additionally, the size of the VG varies significantly, from 1 y 2 meter to tens of meters.
The presence of greenery, especially VG, in urban environments, has also been shown to contribute positively to general health and emotional states .
More details regarding species that may be applied in cities with calm and dry weather are needed so that more species can be applied to the VG of the city.
With better knowledge.
VG structures and designs can be implemented to improve biodiversity.
It may be possible to create a city structure and design that is more resource-efficient by integrating the participation of users and city planners in this assessment process .
, and improving biodiversity and ecosystem services in gardens may escalate exposure to green space and help restore nature-relatedness .
With the various benefits offered, it would be very good if this trend continuously developed in urban areas that experienced significant progress for more advanced and environmentally sustainable development.
Figure 3.
Six most common plants applied in Banda Aceh VG application .
Ficus pumilla, .
Thunbergia grandiflora, .
Vitis sp.
, .
Combretum indicum, .
Vernonina elliptica, .
Epipremnum aureum.
Ornamental Fruit Medicine Figure 4.
Plants chart based on plant clasififcation.
This journal is A Azmanajaya et al.
JPSL, 14.
| 542
Conclusion This research discovered several types of VG that are used, along with the most popular plant types and Urban populations now use a surprising amount of VG, making it possible to say that this type of gardening is a fairly common trend among Banda Aceh City residents.
Despite the fact that the design is still quite simple or basic, every VG design has its own positive and negative values.
However, every design and size of VG is important as it contributes to urban green areas in the city.
Furthermore, future research is required to determine the relationship between VG and its positive impact on climate change.
More research is also needed to identify how people view VG and the types of plants that can be used, depending on the weather conditions in Banda Aceh City.
Based on peopleAos interests, the author believes that the number of VG may increase in the future.
Acknowledgment The researcher would like to thank Lembaga Pengelolaan Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) Indonesia which sponsored the research.
Also, all people involved in data collection, validation, and plant identification, including: Prof.
Dr.
Djufri M.
Si.
Ananda Fahmi Putra.
Taryanto.
Vivera Ruselli Puspa, and Saddam Rassanjani.
Reference