1
Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology 8(3) (2023) 363-380

Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology
Journal homepage: http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/ijost/

How to Purify and Experiment with Dye Adsorption
using Carbon: Step-by-Step Procedure from Carbon
Conversion from Agricultural Biomass to Concentration
Measurement Using UV Vis Spectroscopy
Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto1*, Meli Fiandini1, Risti Ragadhita1, Muhammad Aziz2
1

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl Dr. Setiabudhi No 229, Bandung, Indonesia
2
The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Correspondence: E-mail: nandiyanto@upi.edu

ABSTRACT
This paper contains guidelines and provides a basic
understanding of how to do experiments in dye adsorption
using carbon. This paper presents a step-by-step
experimental procedure from carbon preparation (as
biochar) from agricultural waste to concentration
measurement using UV-Vis Spectroscopy. We used
agricultural waste as a model due to its high cellulose and
organic content, making it easily converted into carbon.
Furthermore, carbon is used as a model bioadsorbent for
water treatment by the adsorption method. Here, the
wastewater model used in this study is water containing
organic dyes. As for the dye source model, curcumin was
used in this study. This paper can be used as a guide for
researchers and students in the fabrication of carbon from
agricultural waste biomass easily and inexpensively for its
application as an adsorbent in the batch adsorption process.
This paper also supports the current issues in Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs).
© 2023 Tim Pengembang Jurnal UPI

ARTICLE INFO
Article History:
Submitted/Received 23 Dec 2022
First Revised 02 May 2023
Accepted 29 May 2023
First Available online 01 Jun 2023
Publication Date 01 Dec 2023

____________________
Keyword:
Adsorption,
Agricultural waste,
Biochar,
Bioadsorbent,
Carbon,
Chemistry,
Engineering,
Experiment,
Isotherm,
Particle,
Step-by-step procedure,
Sustainable development goals
(SDGs),
Teaching.

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1.

INTRODUCTION

Pollutants in our environment by
inorganic compounds (such as heavy metals)
or organic compounds (such as dyestuffs),
particularly in water, have become a serious
human health issue that necessitates the
development of strategies to reduce their
amount (Abbar et al., 2017). Pollutants are
produced by human activity that it is not only
directly harms humans and the environment,
but also create secondary pollutants and
harm the ecological balance indirectly (Zhang
et al., 2021).
Therefore, promoting clean water to
restore the environment and maintain
ecological balance is a formidable challenge
and an urgent task. Several materials such as
zero-valent iron, activated carbon, carbon
nanotubes, graphene, and others have been
reported for decades as adsorbent materials
for water purification through adsorption
and catalytic processes (Fang et al., 2021).
The existence of issues in water pollution
needs strategies on how to solve and also
how to educate people regarding this matter.
Indeed, this is in line with current issues in
the sustainable development goals (SDGs).
For this reason, this paper contains
experimental guidelines on how to purify and
experiment in water treatment. This study
used the concept of dye adsorption using
carbon as a model, which can be used and
tried even for educational purposes. We
demonstrated a step-by-step experimental
procedure from carbon conversion from
agricultural biomass to concentration
measurement using UV-vis spectroscopy.
This paper is also intended to be useful for
researchers and novice students who study
simple carbon preparation and adsorption
experiments.

2.

BASIC CONCEPT: CONVERTING CARBON
FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE FOR
ADSORBENT

As a cheap and environmentally friendly
type of adsorbent material for the water
treatment process, agricultural waste-based
adsorbents have attracted a lot of attention.
This agricultural waste-based adsorbent
material is usually referred to as a
bioadsorbent. The use of this bioadsorbent is
carried out to support current issues in SDGs.
The development of materials renewable
materials must be implemented. One type of
bioadsorbent from agricultural waste that is
often used in water treatment is carbon.
Most of the carbon is converted from
agricultural waste because it contains a lot of
cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin which are
the basic ingredients in converting carbon
(Hao et al., 2021). In addition, the conversion
of carbon from agricultural waste is easy to
manufacture, cost-effective, and sustainable
(Tang et al., 2021). Several studies have
succeeded in converting carbon from various
agricultural waste biomass used for water
treatment (see Table 1).
Table 1 shows studies reporting the
preparation,
characterization,
and
application of carbon materials in water
treatment, especially for adsorption.
Adsorption is particularly suitable for water
treatment processes because it requires only
low-cost adsorbents with simple equipment
and techniques for reducing chemical oxygen
demand (COD) and biological oxygen
demand (BOD) in wastewater (Nandiyanto et
al., 2020a). Until now, there has been less
research providing an understanding of
detailed step-by-step procedures for carbon
conversion from agricultural waste as well as
adsorption procedures.

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Table 1. Converting carbon from agricultural wastes as bioadsorbent.
No
1

Agricultural
wastes
Pineapple
waste

2

Dragon fruit

3

Rice husk

4

Pumpkin

5

Soursop

6

Mango seed

7

Jackfruit seed

8

Papaya seed

9

Cassava stem

10

Walnut seed

Results

Reference

The size of the carbon particles affects the
adsorption of curcumin dyes. Carbon
particles of 125 µm were found to be the
most efficient in the adsorption process.
Multilayered adsorption processes occur at
all particle carbon sizes in the micrometer
range, and they involve physical interactions
between the adsorbate and the adsorbent
surface.
Carbon derived from rice husks has a size of
about 800 nm. The prepared carbon follows
the Freundlich model with multilayer and
heterogeneous surfaces.
The particle size car has a direct impact on
the adsorption process. Adsorption of
soursop fruit peel waste material happens
on a multi-layered surface, and physical
interactions occur between adsorbent
adsorbate.
The particle size of carbon from soursop
peel for the adsorption process was
evaluated. Adsorption of carbon from
soursop peel occurs on a layered surface
with physical interaction between the
adsorbent and the adsorbate.
Carbon from mango seed was evaluated for
its adsorption ability. The adsorption
process is suitable for the Jovanovic model.
The adsorption phenomenon involves
chemisorption and physisorption.
Carbon from jackfruit seed waste has been
successfully used in the adsorption process
that occurs on monolayer surfaces, is
advantageous, and is not spontaneous.
The adsorption ability of carbon derived
papaya seed was evaluated. The adsorption
characteristics are compatible with the
Langmuir model. The adsorption system is
advantageous on monolayer surfaces with
repulsive interactions.
The dose of carbon-based adsorbent from
cassava stems has more effect on the
percentage of higher adsorption capacity.
The characteristics of the adsorption
isotherm show an appropriate with the
Langmuir isotherm.
Walnut seed-based carbon is very promising
for adsorbing binary CO2/CH4 mixtures.
Adsorption capacity values reached 0.42
and 14.03 mmol/g at optimum conditions of
1 and 10 bar, respectively.

(Nandiyanto et al.,
2020a)

(Nandiyanto et al.,
2020b)

(Fiandini et al., 2020)

(Nandiyanto, 2020c)

(Nandiyanto et al.,
2020d)

(Nandiyanto et al.,
2023a)

(Nandiyanto et al.,
2023b)

(Ragadhita et al.,
2023)

(Sulaiman et al.,
2021)

(Bae et al., 2014)

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3.

METHODS

To provide an understanding of how to
convert carbon from agricultural waste and
adsorption procedures, this paper presents a
complete example of agricultural waste,
namely
Candlenut
shell
(Aleurites
moluccana). Candlenut shell (as a precursor
raw material for being converted to carbon)
consists of a huge amount of cellulose,
hemicellulose, and lignin, namely 28.80,
30.40, and 42.90 (w/w) %, respectively
(Taslim et al., 2018). Another reason
candlenut shell was chosen was that they can
be found in many local markets in Bandung,
Indonesia. Carbon as an adsorbent made
from candlenut shell is then used in the
adsorption process.
In this paper, we also used curcumin
dissolved in the water as a model adsorbate
solution. Curcumin was chosen as a model
adsorbate because it has an ideal molecular
size as an organic molecule and for safety
purposes.
The equipment and materials needed in
the conversion of carbon from candlenut
shells to their application in the adsorption
experiment are presented in Table 2.
In short, here, the adsorption process was
carried out to remove the curcumin organic
dye by being absorbed by the carbon
adsorbent. To understand the adsorption
process, an example concept of the

adsorption process is presented as shown in
Figure 1.
Finally, to determine the success of
processing curcumin accumulated in water,
the initial and final concentrations after the
adsorption process were evaluated. Not only
evaluating the initial and final concentrations
but also considering changes in the
concentration of the curcumin solution at
certain time intervals. One of the
quantitative analyses that are often used to
determine changes in concentration during
the adsorption process, namely UV-Vis. The
requirement for using UV-Vis analysis is that
the sample used must be colored. If the
solution to be analyzed is colorless, the
sample must be stained first. The working
principle of UV-Vis analysis is to compare the
intensity of the light passing through the
sample solution in the cuvette with the
intensity of the light before it passes through
the sample. The results of the UV-Vis analysis
are in the form of absorbance values
determined from the highest absorbance
wavelength. The absorbance value is directly
proportional to the concentration, that is,
the greater concentration used correlates to
the greater absorbance value. A more
complete description of the UV-Vis
spectrophotometer analysis can be seen in
our previous research (Pratiwi & Nandiyanto,
2021).

Figure 1. Adsorption toolset.
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Table 2. The Example of Equipment and Materials Used.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
10
12
13
14
15

Equipment
Furnace
Beaker glass
Magnetic stirrer
Measuring cup
Sieve shaker
Plastic cup
Glass funnel
Magnetic stirrer
Stainless steel spoon lab
Magnetic bar
Plastic pipette
Analytical balance
Mortar and pestle
Microscope digital USB
UV-Vis Spectrophotometers

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
22

Distilled water
Curcumin Powder
Candlenut shell
Zip lock plastic
Tissue
Aluminum foil
Weighing paper
Filter Paper

4.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Specification
9L
400 mL
1100 rpm
15 mL
100 mL
10, 18, 34, 60, and 120 mesh
Diameter 60 mm
10 cm
25 x 7 mm
25 x 7 mm
10 mL
250 g (0.001 g)
16 cm
1000x magnification
Wavelength 190-1100 nm
(Bandwidth 2 nm)
14 x 17 cm
-

The experiment was carried out in eight
stages, including: (i) pre-treatment, (ii)
carbonization process, (iii) and screening
process, (iv) carbon characterization, (v)
preparation of stock solutions and standard
series, (vi) standard curve determination,
(vii) adsorption process, and (viii)
determination of sample concentration.
Figures 2 (a) and (b) illustrate the stages of
carbon conversion from candlenut shells and
adsorption experiments, respectively. In
more detail, the stages are described in the
following sections.
4.1. Step 1: Pre-treatment Process
The pre-treatment step has several
aspects: separating the shell from the
contents, washing, and drying. As much as 1

Quantity
1 set
8 pcs
5 sets
75 pcs
1 pcs
1 set
2 dozen
3 pcs
2 pcs
12 pcs
12 pcs
1 set
1 set
1 set
1 set
5 Liter
5g
1 kg
100 pcs
1 pcs (560 sheets)
1 pcs
1 set (500 pcs)
1 set (12 pcs)

kg of candlenut was separated from its
contents. After the candlenut shell was
separated, the candlenut shell was washed
using water and removed impurities and
dust. Then, dried in the sun for 24 hours.
4.2. Step 2: Carbonization Process
The dried candlenut shell waste was then
carbonized using an electric oven at a
temperature of 250˚C for 5 hours. From the
carbonization process, as much as 30 g of
carbon was obtained.
4.3. Step 3: Classifying Particle Size
(Optional)
This stage is optional if we need to get a
specific size of the carbon. For some cases
that do not need the specific size, this step
can be neglected.

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Figure 2. (a) The stages of carbon conversion from candlenut shell waste and (b) process
adsorption steps.
At this stage, the grinding process was
carried out for 3 minutes using a mortar and
pestle until small carbon particles were
obtained. Next, the carbon was screened
using a sieve test.
The size of the mesh holes was arranged
sequentially based on the largest to the
smallest hole size for the distribution of
carbon particles to be obtained. In this study,
we used mesh with hole sizes of 10, 18, 34,

60, and 120 mesh (corresponding to 2000,
1000, 500, 250, and 125 μm, respectively).
The screening was carried out in several
stages as follows:
• The empty mesh (not containing carbon
particles) was weighed and recorded.
• The mesh nets were arranged based on
the largest to the smallest hole sizes,
namely 10, 18, 34, 60, and 120 mesh.

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•
•

•

Then, as much as 8 g of carbon was put
into the largest mesh hole.
Sieving was done by shaking. Sieving time
depends on how much carbon was added
to the mesh.
After that, the carbon remaining in the
mesh of various sizes was weighed and
recorded. To find out the particle
distribution, we calculated the mass of
carbon remaining in the mesh at each
size.
Furthermore, from the mass of carbon
contained in the mesh at various sizes, a
curve was made to illustrate the
distribution of carbon particles from
candlenut shell waste as shown in Figure
3. Based on Figure 3, carbon had a size
distribution in the size range of 850-1000
μm. The results of particle distribution
help determine the optimal transport size
to be used in adsorption.

4.4. Step 4: Carbon
(Optional)

Particle

Analysis

This step is optional and is done to ensure
the physicochemical properties of the carbon
material
from
the
carbonization.
Characterization was carried out using a
digital microscope (BXAW-AX-BC, China;
magnification 1000x) and Fourier Transform

Infrared (FTIR, FTIR-4600, Jasco Corp., Japan)
to determine surface morphology and
functional groups. Actually, there are many
analyzing methods, such as X-ray diffraction
(Fatimah et al., 2022) and electron
microscope (Yolanda & Nandiyanto, 2022) to
support the analysis of the material.
However, this study presented simple
analyses only using a digital microscope and
FTIR.
Figures 4 (a-c) represent the morphology
of the carbon surface of the candlenut shells
with sizes of 2000, 1000, and 500 μm. Carbon
has an inhomogeneous surface with an
irregular shape. Figure 5 shows the results of
the FTIR analysis of carbon particles with
sizes 2000, 1000, and 500 μm. Based on
Figure 5, all carbon particles have almost
similar wavelength characteristics. From the
FTIR results, several functional groups were
detected including -OH (hydroxyl) at a
wavelength of 3859.69 cm -1, C=O at a
wavelength of 1680.78 cm-1, C=C at the
wavelength of 1204.2 cm-1, and C-H at a
wavelength 750.02 cm-1 (Simanjuntak et al.,
2020; Nandiyanto et al., 2019; Nandiyanto et
al., 2023c). In addition, detailed information
on how to read FTIR is presented in previous
literature (Nandiyanto et al., 2019;
Nandiyanto et al. 2023c; Obinna, 2022;
Sukamto & Rahmat, 2023).

Figure 3. Distribution of carbon particles from candlenut shell.
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Figure 4. Microscopic images of carbon particles of various sizes (a) 2000, (b) 1000, and (c)
500 μm.

Figure 5. Results of FTIR analysis of carbon particles from candlenut shell.
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4.5. Step 5: Preparation of Stock Solutions
and Standard Series
Curcumin was used as a model organic dye
to prepare a standard solution with a
concentration of 100 ppm. In the first step, 5
g of curcumin powder was dissolved in 600
mL of water and homogenized. After that,
the curcumin solution was filtered through a
vacuum filter to extract the insoluble
curcumin residue. The filtrate obtained from
the curcumin solution is a typical curcumin
solution with a concentration of 100 ppm.
The next stage is the preparation of standard
series solutions. In this study, a stock solution
concentration of 100 ppm was diluted to
concentrations of 20, 40, 60, and 80 ppm.
Dilution of the solution was carried out using
a dilution equation. An example of
preparation of a standard series solution with
a concentration of 20 ppm from a stock
solution of 100 ppm with dilution is as
follows:
𝑉1 𝑀1 = 𝑉2 𝑀2
𝑉1 100 𝑝𝑝𝑚 = 300 × 20
𝑉1 = 60 𝑚𝐿

Thus, the standard solution of 100 ppm
curcumin must be taken as 60 mL to produce
a series of standard solutions with a
concentration of 20 ppm in a volume of 300
mL. Furthermore, the same dilution method
was adopted for the preparation of standard
series
adsorbate
solutions
with
concentrations of 40, 60, and 80 ppm.
Therefore, to prepare standard series
adsorbate solutions with concentrations of
40, 60, and 80 ppm by taking 120, 180, and
240 mL of a standard stock solution of 100
ppm curcumin, respectively.
4.6. Step 6: Determination of a Standard
Curve
Detailed information on this step is
explained in our previous study regarding
“How to calculate and measure solution
concentration using UV-vis spectrum
analysis: Supporting measurement in the
chemical decomposition, photocatalysis,

phytoremediation, and adsorption process”
(Nandiyanto et al., 2023d).
Before determining the standard curve,
several steps must be done, namely:
• The first step was to determine the
maximum UV-Vis wavelength for the
curcumin solution. The wavelength
setting
was
adjusted
to
the
complementary color of the curcumin
solution. The complementary color of the
curcumin solution was yellow to orange.
Thus, the color absorbed was purple to
blue. Therefore, we determined the
maximum wavelength of curcumin to be
in the range of 390–495 nm. Figure 6
depicts the adsorption results of the
curcumin solution from the wavelength
scan. Based on Figure 6, the maximum
wavelength of the curcumin solution is
395 nm because, at the 395 nm
wavelength point, it shows a higher
absorbance value. Since the wavelength
is known, the absorbance measurement
for the standard curve and the
determination
of
the
sample
concentration was measured at the
maximum wavelength of 395 nm. A more
detailed discussion of how to determine
the wavelength of the curcumin solution
can be seen in our previous research
(Nandiyanto et al., 2023d).
• The next step, measuring the absorbance
of the standard solution. Before
measuring the absorbance of the
standard series solution, the blank
solution is first measured at a
predetermined maximum wave. In this
study, the blank solution was water,
because water is the solvent used to
make the analyte sample solution. After
that, the water was removed from the
cuvettes and 1 mL of standard series
solutions (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm)
were put into the cuvettes and the
absorbance was measured using UV-Vis
at the maximum wavelength (395 nm).
The absorbance value of the standard
series solution is presented in Figure 7.
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•

Determination of the absorbance value of
the standard series solution can be done
by looking at the absorbance value of the
maximum wavelength (395 nm) from the
adsorption graph in Figure 7. For
example, from the adsorption results in
Figure 7, the absorbance value of the 20
ppm standard series solution has an
absorbance value of 0.243 which is
presented at the maximum wavelength
(395 nm). To determine the absorbance
values of other standard series solutions
(40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm) the method
adopted was the same as for determining
the adsorption values of 20 ppm standard
series solutions. Furthermore, the
determination of the absorbance value
was recorded and tabulated in Table 3.

•

After the adsorption data of the standard
series solutions were tabulated as shown
in Table 3, a calibration curve is prepared
to obtain a linear regression equation.
Based on Table 3, if the absorbance data
is converted into a calibration curve, then
a calibration curve as shown in Figure 8
was obtained. The preparation of the
calibration curve using the standard
series solution method is described in
detail in our previous study (Nandiyanto
et al., 2023d). Based on Figure 8, the
linear regression equation for the
calibration curve is y = 0.0094x + 0.0472
with a correlation coefficient (R2) =
0.9993.

Figure 6. Example of the adsorption peak results wavelength of the curcumin solution
(adsorbate). The figure was adopted from Nandiyanto et al., 2023d.
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Figure 7. The UV-vis results of standard series curcumin solutions.
Table 3. Absorbance and concentration data of series curcumin standard solutions.
Concentration (ppm)
20
40
60
80
100

Absorbance
0.243
0.458
0.683
0.878
0.951

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Figure 8. Calibration curve.
4.7. Step 7: Adsorption Process
Here, carbon particle sizes of 2000, 1000,
and 500 µm were used as adsorbents. The
purpose of using variations in the size of the
adsorbent particles is to find out whether
there is an effect of the particle size of the
adsorbent on the adsorption results. For
example, the adsorption process steps are
described using relatively large carbon
particles (2000 µm). However, the same
adsorption steps can also be applied when
the adsorption uses medium (1000 µm) and
small (500 µm) sizes of carbon particles. The
detailed steps of the adsorption process are
as follows:
• The preparation of adsorbate solutions
with various concentrations was carried
out in step 5. Standard series solutions
with various concentrations (i.e. 20, 40,
60, 80, and 100 ppm) were used in the
adsorption process.
• Before the adsorption process, each
variation in the concentration of the
adsorbate solution was checked for its
concentration with UV-Vis to obtain a
real initial concentration of the adsorbate
solution as was done in step 6.
• After the initial concentration of the
adsorbate solution was obtained, 0.5 g of

•

•
•

carbon was added to each variation in the
concentration of the adsorbate solution
(i.e. 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm).
After the adsorbent material was added
to the adsorbate solution, the adsorbateadsorbent mixture will react to absorb
the pollutants in the water. This is an
adsorption
process,
where
the
adsorption process is assumed to occur at
a constant temperature, pH, and
pressure at a certain time (e.g. 2 hours).
Here, control at every 30-minute time
interval was carried out to see the
adsorption process.
After the adsorption process is complete,
the carbon was separated from the
adsorbate solution
The adsorbate solution that does not
contain adsorbent is ready to be
determined for its concentration.

4.8. Step 8: Determination of Sample
Concentration
At this stage, the initial and final
concentrations of the curcumin solution
(adsorbate) were determined. The initial
concentration of the curcumin solution
accumulated in water was obtained from the
absorbance
measurement
before
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adsorption.
Meanwhile,
the
final
concentration of curcumin solution was
obtained from the absorbance measurement
after adsorption. After adsorption, it is hoped
that the curcumin dye amount will decrease
and disappear from the water. Therefore, to
show the success of the adsorption process,
it must be calculated and compared with the
initial and final concentrations. If the final
sample concentration is less than the initial
concentration, adsorption has succeeded in
removing the pollutant stored in the water.
The steps for determining the concentration
are as follows:
• A small amount of curcumin solution
(adsorbate) both before and after
adsorption was taken and put into the
UV-Vis cuvette
• Then, the sample in the cuvettes was put
into the UV-vis instrument to analyze its
absorbance at the maximum wavelength
• After the absorbance value was obtained,
the absorbance value was substituted in
the linear regression equation which has
been obtained when increasing the
calibration curve to determine the
concentration of the adsorbate sample,
three of these steps have been carried
out in steps 6-8.
• After the adsorption process was carried
out, the absorbance results were
obtained
by
checking
various
concentrations of curcumin solutions
(adsorbate) using UV-Vis analysis
instruments. As an example of the
absorbance results of an adsorbate
sample with a concentration of 100 ppm
using carbon particles of 2000 µm at each
time interval is presented in Figure 9. The
absorbance value after adsorption can be
determined by looking at the maximum
wavelength absorbance value. For
example, determining the absorbance
value in the 10 minutes when using 2000
µm carbon. Based on Figure 9, the

•

•

absorbance value at 10 minutes is 0.951
which is seen at the maximum
wavelength (395 nm). In addition, from
Figure 9 (see photograph image paneled
in this Figure), there is a change in the
color intensity of the curcumin solution
over time.
Furthermore, the results of determining
the absorbance value after adsorption at
each time interval are tabulated in Table
4.
After obtaining the absorbance before
and after adsorption, the calculation of
the concentration of curcumin in the
sample was carried out by substituting
the absorbance value in the linear
equation obtained in step 6. Below is a
detailed calculation of the initial and final
concentrations of curcumin solution:
Calculation of the initial concentration
before the addition of 2000 μm carbon.
𝑦 = 0.0094x + 0.0472
0.951 = 0.0094𝑥 + 0.0472
𝑥=

0.951 − 0.0472
= 96.148 𝑝𝑝𝑚
0.0094

thus, the initial sample concentration was
96.148 ppm.
Calculation of the initial concentration by
the addition of 2000-μm carbon.
𝑦 = 0.0094𝑥 + 0.0472
0.653 = 0.0094𝑥 + 0.0472
𝑥=

0.653 − 0.0472
= 64.446 𝑝𝑝𝑚
0.0094

thus, the initial sample concentration was
64.446 ppm.
• To determine the concentration of each
time interval is also calculated in the
same way as in calculating the
concentration of curcumin solution
(before adsorption treatment, 0
minutes) and final (after adsorption
process, 120 minutes.

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Figure 9. Absorbance of curcumin sample solution (after adsorption) with the physical
appearance of the intensity of curcumin solution in an aqueous solution.

Figure 10. Decrease in the concentration of the curcumin solution at each time interval.
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Table 4. Absorbance and concentration data of series curcumin standard solutions.
Carbon Particle Size
(µm)
2000

1000

500

Time
(minutes)
0
10
30
60
90
120
0
10
30
60
90
120
0
10
30
60
90
120

Based on Table 4, the initial and final
concentrations of the curcumin solution that
accumulated in water at each interval after
the adsorption process have been identified.
Figure 10 shows the decrease in the
concentration of curcumin solution at each
time interval. According to Figure 10, the
concentration
of
curcumin
solution
decreases over time after the adsorption
process indicating successful adsorption.
From data Table 4 and Figure 10, shows
that there is an influence of carbon particles
affecting adsorption ability. Smaller carbon
particles have better adsorption ability than
medium and large carbon particles. Because
the smaller the carbon particles, the greater
the surface area thus the adsorption capacity
is large. Conversely, the greater the ability of
the large size of carbon particles, the smaller
the surface area for the adsorption capacity
to be small (Nandiyanto et al., 2023d).
In addition, Figures 9 and 10 confirm that
adsorption success is characterized by
reduced dye contaminants that accumulate
in water after processing which is in line with

Absorbance
0.951
0.950
0.949
0.876
0.799
0.653
0.950
0.949
0.897
0.764
0.691
0.567
0.949
0.945
0.865
0.654
0.543
0.428

Calculation results
Concentration (ppm)
96.148
96.042
95.936
88.170
79.978
64.446
96.042
95.936
90.404
76.255
68.968
55.290
96.489
96.063
87.000
65.106
58.268
40.510

the decrease in absorbance and color
intensity of the solution at each time interval.
In addition, the above data presented in
Table 4 can be used for calculating and
predicting phenomena in the adsorption
process. Detailed information on how to
convert the data into the “adsorption
phenomena” is presented in our previous
study (Ragadhita & Nandiyanto, 2021).
5. CONCLUSION
This paper describes in detail the steps of
carbon conversion from agricultural waste
biomass and adsorption. Hopefully, this
paper can be used as a basis for
understanding carbon conversion from
agricultural waste biomass and its
application as an adsorbent in the adsorption
process.
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study awards the World Class
University (WCU). Awards were also given to
Bangdos, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
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7. AUTHORS’ NOTE

of this article. The authors confirmed that the
paper was free of plagiarism.

The authors declare that there is no
conflict of interest regarding the publication
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