Vol.
: 302-313.
May 2021 DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
23960/jsl29302-313 Jurnal Sylva Lestari P-ISSN: 2339-0913
E-ISSN: 2549-5747
Journal homepage: https://jurnal.
id/index.
php/JHT Full Length Research Article Utilization of Wood Vinegar as a Natural Preservative for Sengon Wood (Falcataria moluccana Miq.
) against Fungal Attack (Schizophyllum commune Frie.
Riana Anggraini*.
Jauhar Khabibi.
Muhammad Rasyidur Ridho Faculty of Agriculture.
Jambi University.
Jl.
Raya Jambi-Muara Bulian KM 15.
Mendalo Darat, 36361.
Jambi.
Indonesia Corresponding author.
E-mail address: nanuk_onra@yahoo.
ARTICLE HISTORY:
Received: 8 March 2021 Peer review completed: 26 March 2021 Received in revised form: 6 April 2021 Accepted: 9 April 2021 KEYWORDS:
Falcataria moluccana Wood durability Wood parts Wood vinegar A 2021 The Author.
Published by Department of Forestry.
Faculty of Agriculture.
University of Lampung in collaboration with Indonesia Network for Agroforestry Education (INAFE).
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license:
https://creativecommons.
org/licenses/bync/4.
ABSTRACT
Most wood supplied from forests currently has a low level of durability and vulnerable to wood-destroying organisms attacks.
Sengon wood (Falcataria moluccana Miq.
) is classified as low durable class wood .
lass IV-V).
hence wood preservation is needed to protect from the attacks of wood-destroying organisms.
One of the eco-friendly materials that can be used for wood preservation is wood vinegar.
This study aims to analyze the influence of wood vinegar from tembesu (Fagraea fragran.
and rengas (Gluta rengha.
on the durability of sengon wood against Schizophyllum commune Fries fungus.
The results showed that wood parts and types of wood vinegar significantly affected preservative retention, absorption, penetration, and weight loss.
Some of the chemical compounds contained in tembesu and rengas wood vinegar can inhibit the growth of fungi: .
acetic acid (CAS) ethylic acid, .
2-propanone, 1-hydroxy(CAS) acetol, .
phenol, 2-methoxy- (CAS) guaiacol, and .
phenol (CAS) izal.
Preservation of wood using tembesu and rengas wood vinegar with a concentration of 70% could increase the resistance of sengon wood and improve sengon woodAos durability into very resistant .
urability class I) against S.
commune fungus attacks.
Introduction Most wood harvested from forests currently has a low durability and strength (Hutabarat et In Indonesia, the supply of low-durability woods reaches 80-85% (Yunasfi 2.
Sengon (Falcataria moluccana Miq.
) is one of the fast-growing wood species that have low The wood can be used as crate-making materials, insulating boards, plywood, carpentry wood, and household furniture (Hardiatmi 2.
Sengon is classified as low durable class wood .
lass IV-V), and it is very susceptible to the attack of fungi, termites, and other wood-destroying organisms (Utari et al.
Therefore, wood preservation is needed to protect sengon wood from wood-destroying organisms attacks.
Until now, wood preservation commonly used synthetic These chemicals can harm the environment and are also dangerous for humans (Utari et al.
So, an alternative eco-friendly wood preservative is needed, such as wood vinegar (Ulfah et al.
Previous research has reported that wood vinegar can prevent the attack of Anggraini et al.
Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9.
: 302-313 wood-destroying organisms, so it is very potential as a wood preservative (Orahmi et al.
Setiawati 2.
Wood vinegar is an organic liquid, yellow to blackish-brown in color, and has a strong smell.
Wood vinegar contains several chemical components grouped into acetic acid, organic, phenolic acid, alkane, alcohol, and ester compounds (Jothityangkoon et al.
Wood vinegar can be obtained from pyrolysis of sawn wood waste.
The high quality of wood vinegar can be obtained from hardwood wastes (Sudarnyoto et al.
In this study, hardwood species as tembesu (Fagraea fragran.
and rengas (Gluta rengha.
were used to produce wood vinegar via the carbonization method.
This study aims to determine the effect of wood vinegar application on the durability of sengon against Schizophyllum commune Fries fungus attacks.
This study used a preservative concentration of 70%, based on the previous study results (Setiawati 2.
Setiawati .
reported that a concentration of 70% could increase the resistance of rattan from Dinoderus minutus Farb attacks.
Materials and Methods Materials The material used was a 5-year-old sengon wood (Falcataria moluccana Miq.
), which taken from the community garden of Kumpeh Ulu Subdistrict.
Muaro Jambi Regency.
Jambi Province, with the diameter, total height, and branch-free height were 22 cm,12 m, and 6.
2 m, respectively.
The wood samples were obtained from the bottom, middle, and top, with a size of 5 cm x 2.
5 cm 5 cm .
ength x width x thicknes.
without skin (BSN 2.
The manufacture of wood vinegar used tembesu (Fagraea fragran.
and rengas (Gluta rengha.
sawdusts from a sawmill of the Jambi City.
This study was used the pure culture of mushrooms from the type of Schizophyllum commune Fries.
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), distilled water, 70% alcohol, cotton, tissue, and aluminum foil.
Methods Production of wood vinegar and wood preservation Wood vinegar from tembesu and rengas sawdusts were produced using the carbonization method by heating the sawdusts in the absence of oxygen.
Sawdusts from each wood species were prepared and weighed about 1 kg, then put into a charcoal furnace at a burning temperature of 200300AC for 2 h with a pressure of 1 atm (Sudarnyoto et al.
The initial concentration of wood vinegar produced using the furnace is assumed to be 100% pure without any other additives.
concentration of 70% (M2, in %) was made by adding distilled water at the initial concentration (M1, in %) and the initial volume (V1, in m.
to the desired volume (V2, in m.
using the following M1 A V1 = M2 A V2 Sengon wood preservation was carried out by cold soaking.
The sample was then put in a wood vinegar solution for 48 h, with the entire surface of the sample immersed in preservative Anggraini et al.
Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9.
: 302-313 .
Fig.
Wood vinegar from tembesu .
and rengas .
, and .
preservation of the samples.
Schizophyllum commune Fries fungus isolation and feeding The method of S.
commune fungus breeding and feeding was referred to the Ramadhani .
and performed using PDA media with a composition of 200 g of potatoes, 20 g of glucose, and 15 g of agar in 1,000 ml water.
The fungus culture filled the petri dish was then propagated by inoculating it into a glass bottle containing PDA media.
The sample that has been soaked in wood vinegar solution was then fed to the glass bottle filled with S.
commune fungus and stored in a glass cabinet at room temperature .
AC) with a relative humidity of 79%.
The feeding was carried out for 12 weeks.
Fig.
Schizophyllum commune Fries fungal hyphae.
The wood testing after treatment The moisture content (MC) can be calculated using a sample of wood before preserving it.
Calculation of MC was carried out using air-dry weight (AD, in .
and oven-dry weight (OD, in MC was calculated using the following equation:
MC (%) =
AD Ae OD
A 100%
Preservative retention The retention measurement was conducted to determine the amount of preservative remains in the wood.
Preservative retention was measured by weighing wood samples before and after preservation and calculated using the following equation:
Retention .
/cm.
= WA Ae WB AC Anggraini et al.
Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9.
: 302-313 where WA is the weight after preservation .
WB is the weight before preservation .
VA is the volume after preservation .
, and C is the preservative concentration.
Preservatives absorption Absorption is the amount of preservative solution that enters and seeps into the wood.
The higher absorption of preservatives has a better protective effect against wood-destroying Preservative absorption preservation is calculated using the following equation:
WA Ae WB .
where WA is the weight after preservation .
WB is the weight before preservation .
, and VB is volume before preservation .
Absorption .
/cm.
= Preservative penetration materials The preservative penetration is the depth of penetration of the preservative into the wood, expressed in mm or percent.
The preservative penetration is calculated by measuring the color change caused by the preservative (Sumedi et al.
The four sides of the cross-section of samples were measured using a caliper, and the average penetration of each sample was obtained.
Weight reduction The weight reduction was calculated after feeding the wood samples to the pure fungus The samples were cleaned and oven-dried at 60AC for 48 h.
The samples were then weighed to get the final weight.
The percentage reduction in wood weight was calculated using the following equation:
W1 Ae W2
A 100%
where W1 is the initial weight of the sample after oven-dried at 60AC for 48 h .
, and W2 is the final weight .
fter feedin.
of the sample after oven-dried at 60AC for 48 h .
Weight reduction (%) = Wood vinegar characterization and GCMS analysis Characteristics testing was conducted by measuring the pH of wood vinegar, specific gravity, and color of wood vinegar, which is referred to the quality of Japanese wood vinegar (Yatagai 2.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis was carried out at the Integrated Laboratory, the Islamic University of Indonesia, to determine the content of compounds in tembesu and rengas wood vinegar.
The GCMS testing used the Shimadzu QP2010-SE at an ionization voltage of 70 eV was conducted on an Rtx-5MS column contain Helium gas with a length of 30 m, with a programmed temperature of 100AC.
The temperature was increased 10AC per minute to 250AC and held for 10 minutes.
In addition, other parameters are ion source temperature of 250AC, injection temperature of 250AC, interface temperature of 250AC, injection volume 1 AAL, split ratio 1/153, and mass susceptibility m/z 30-600.
The mass spectra data were compared with the Wiley and Nisti data libraries to obtain the names of compounds.
The compoundAos name was observed from the presentation of the highest SI .
pectra identificatio.
value (Negoro 2.
Anggraini et al.
Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9.
: 302-313 Result and Discussion Moisture Content of Sengon Wood (Falcataria moluccan.
Fig.
3 shows that the moisture content (MC) at the bottom, middle, and top of the sengon wood has almost the same value with 12.
Hence, the sample used was very suitable for wood preservation treatment, where the condition of the MC for preservation generally is 12-18%.
Although, in this study, the MC between the bottom, middle, and top of the sengon wood was almost similar, sometimes the MC was different in the parts of the wood in one tree .
ottom, middle, and to.
(Qodariah 2.
The difference in MC is due to the ability of the wood cell walls to bind water (Rahayu 2.
The process of cell wall formation occurs at the bottom towards the middle and end of the stem.
The cell wall at the bottom is thicker than the middle and top (Kailola et al.
The MC of sengon wood is highly correlated with the preservative retention, absorption, and penetration because the MC of sengon wood is high, and it could prevent the entry of preservatives into the wood because the microvoid in the cell wall and cell cavity contains water (Usta 2.
Moisture Content (%) Bottom Pangkal Middle Tengah Top Ujung Wood Part Fig.
The moisture content of sengon sengon wood (F.
Preservative Retention Materials Preservative retention was calculated to determine the amount of preservative left in the wood (Kusumaningsih 2.
The success of preservation can be determined by the rate of preservative retention.
The preservative retention of tembesu and rengas wood vinegar is presented in Fig.
The average preservative retention of tembesu wood vinegar was 0.
012 g/cm3, higher than the rengas wood vinegar of 0.
010 g/cm3.
The highest retention was obtained at the middle part of the sengon wood sample for both tembesu and rengas wood vinegar of 0.
013 g/cm3 and 011 g/cm3, respectively (Fig.
, while the lowest retention was obtained at the top-part samples for both tembesu and rengas wood vinegar of 0.
011 g/cm3 and 0.
0085 g/cm3, respectively.
The difference occurred because each part of the wood has different cell cavities (Iswanto 2.
The preservative retention is related to the ability of the solution to fill cell cavities and the length of preservation time (Cahyana 2.
The MC of sengon wood also influences preservative retention.
Higher MC cause preservative difficult to enter cell cavities and remain in the wood (Usta 2.
Anggraini et al.
Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9.
: 302-313 Retention .
/cm.
Tembesu Cuka Kayu Tembesu RengasKayu Rengas Cuka Bottom Pangkal Middle Tengah Top Ujung Wood Part Fig.
The preservative retention of tembesu and rengas wood vinegar.
Preservative Absorption Preservative absorption is the amount of preservative that enters and seeps into wood.
The high preservative absorption indicates a more protective effect against wood-destroying The preservative absorption of tembesu and rengas wood vinegar on the sengon wood is presented in Fig.
The highest preservative absorption was obtained in the tembesu wood vinegar with an average value of 0.
018 g/cm3, and the rengas wood vinegar was about 0.
014 g/cm3.
Each wood part showed a different value.
The highest absorption was obtained in the middle of tembesu and rengas wood vinegar with 0.
019 g/cm3 and 0.
016 g/cm3, respectively.
The lowest absorption value was obtained at the top with values of 0.
016 g/cm3 and 0.
013 g/cm3 in the sample treated with tembesu and rengas wood vinegar.
The higher absorption of preservatives shows a better protective effect on wood against wood-destroying organisms (Kusumaningsih 2.
According to Kusumaningsih .
, the lower the density of wood indicated the higher proportion of cell cavity volume, so that the preservative solution will be easier to enter into the wood.
The MC in sengon wood correlates with absorption.
Wood with a lower MC is easier to be penetrated by preservatives than wood with higher MC (Usta 2.
Tembesu Cuka Kayu Tembesu RengasKayu Rengas Cuka Absorption .
/cm.
Bottom Pangkal Middle Tengah Top Ujung Wood Part Fig.
The preservative absorption of tembesu and rengas wood vinegar.
Anggraini et al.
Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9.
: 302-313 Preservative Penetration The penetration of the preservative is the depth of penetration of the preservative into the The preservation of wood will increase the depth of preservative that goes into the wood.
Fig.
6 shows that the highest preservative penetration was obtained in tembesu wood vinegar with a value of 1.
50 mm, and the lowest is 0.
87 mm in rengas wood vinegar.
Each part of the wood had different values, showing the highest value at the top for both tembesu and rengas wood vinegar with the value of 1.
57 mm and 1.
53 mm, while the lowest values were obtained at the bottom with a value of 1.
39 mm for tembesu wood vinegar and 0.
54 mm for rengas wood vinegar.
This occurred because the top of the wood has a larger cell cavity than the bottom and middle (Sucipto 2.
so that the preservative easily enters the wood.
The amount of penetration value is also influenced by the anatomical structure of the wood.
MC, the type of preservative, and the method used (Pratiwi Wood with higher MC makes preservatives difficult to penetrate because the cell walls or cell cavities contain water (Usta 2.
Cuka Tembesu Kayu Tembesu Penetration .
Rengaskayu Rengas Cuka Middle Tengah Wood Part Bottom Pangkal Top Ujung Fig.
The preservative penetration of tembesu and rengas wood vinegar.
Weight Reduction The damage or weathering of wood can be indicated by the weight loss of the sample.
The weight reduction in wood is due to the loss of some cellulose and lignin caused by the fungus (Syafitri 2.
Based on SNI 01.
7207-2006, the sample on the three parts of wood without treatment .
is included in the durability class IV .
ot resistan.
with a weight reduction of 10-30%.
After preservation with tembesu and rengas wood vinegar on the three parts of the wood, it has increased to become durability class I .
ery resistan.
with a weight loss of O 1% (Fig.
Weight Reduction (%) Tembesu Tembesu Rengas Rengas Control Kontrol Pangkal Bottom Tengah Middle Ujung Top Wood Part Fig.
Weight reduction of sengon wood after feeding test.
Anggraini et al.
Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9.
: 302-313 The feeding results showed that the sample treated with the tembesu wood vinegar has the lowest weight reduction of 0.
848%, followed by rengas wood vinegar treatment of 0.
975% and control of 21.
At the bottom part, the lowest weight reduction value was obtained with 768% for the tembesu wood vinegar type, 0.
918% rengas wood vinegar, and 15.
322% control, while the top part was the part that obtained the highest weight reduction value, tembesu wood vinegar, vinegar rengas wood and control were 0.
922%, 1,034%, and 28,241%, respectively.
The weight reduction difference in the three wood parts is related to the different anatomical The top part of the stem contains mostly juvenile wood cells (Purnawati et al.
, cause the wood-rot fungus easier to attack.
Visual observation of wood was carried out after the sample fed to the fungus culture for 12 The results of the untreated sample .
observation indicated more fungal attack compared to the sample that was given the preservative of tembesu wood vinegar or rengas wood vinegar (Fig.
The control sample indicated severe damage and experienced a change in color due to the attack of the white-rot fungus S.
commune, compared to the treatment of the tembesu and rengas wood vinegar with no damage or significant color change (Fig.
commune is a white-rot fungus from the Basidiomycetes class.
This fungus can reduce holocellulose and lignin and altered wood color into yellowish, red-brown, or light brown color (Rahayu 2.
Herliyana et al.
stated that S.
commune fungus is quite malignant and can cause weight loss of up to Control Tembesu Rengas Control Tembesu Rengas .
Fig.
Visual appearance of samples: .
samples after 12 weeks, .
samples after hyphae cleaning and oven-dry.
Characteristics of wood vinegar and GCMS analysis The tembesu and rengas wood vinegar quality characteristics were tested to determine whether the wood vinegar produced is included in the quality standard of wood vinegar from Japan (Table .
The pH of tembesu wood vinegar was 4.
40, while the rengas wood vinegar was 3.
The pH value of rengas wood vinegar obtained is close to the standard pH quality of Japanese wood vinegar with a range of 1.
70 (Yatagai 2.
The better preservation shows the more acidic pH of wood vinegar.
This is because acidic wood vinegar will increase the durability of wood against wood-destroying insects and wood rot fungus.
The density of wood vinegar produced 02 for tembesu wood vinegar, while the specific gravity for rengas wood vinegar was 1.
The result of density is lower than the quality standard of Japanese wood vinegar, which is > 1.
(Yatagai 2.
The color of tembesu wood vinegar is yellow-brown, and rengas wood vinegar is Anggraini et al.
Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9.
: 302-313 Compared to the Japanese standards, the two types of wood vinegar include the Japanese wood vinegar quality standard, which is yellow-reddish brown.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the wood vinegar quality Type of analysis Density Color Type of wood vinegar Tembesu Rengas Yellow-brown Yellow Japanese wood vinegar >1.
Reddish yellow-brown Intensity The chemical compound component of wood vinegar is a tested parameter, which aims to determine the active substance that acts as an antidote to the wood destroying organismsAo attacks.
GC-MS test results showed 10 compound peaks in tembesu wood vinegar, while for rengas wood vinegar was 9 compound peaks (Fig.
Each peak that appears on the chromatogram represents the type of compound contained in wood vinegar.
Chemical compounds can be identified using Willey data by looking at the percent SI .
pectra identificatio.
The chemical compounds of tembesu and rengas wood vinegar are presented in Table 2.
Intensity Retention time .
Retention time .
Fig.
The results of the GCMS test analysis, .
tembesu wood vinegar, .
rengas wood The results of reading Willey data from two types of wood vinegar have compounds that can inhibit fungal growth and termite attacks, such as the phenol group and its derivatives (Sumedi et Anggraini et al.
Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9.
: 302-313 Ulfah et al.
The compounds that have the potential to inhibit fungi and termite attacks such as acetic acid (CAS) ethylic acid .
62% in tembesu wood vinegar and 37.
69% in rengas wood vinega.
, 2-propanone, 1-hydroxy- (CAS) acetol .
28% in tembesu wood vinegar 51% in rengas wood vinega.
, phenol 2-methoxy- (CAS) guaiacol .
14% in tembesu wood vinegar and 1.
29% in rengas wood vinega.
41% phenol (CAS) izal compounds which are only found in rengas wood vinegar.
From several sources of raw material for wood vinegar, the same compounds as tembesu and rengas wood vinegar are obtained, such as chemical components of wood vinegar from coconut shells, sengon wood-blocks, and mixed sawdust from natural forests and plantation forests, chemical compounds are found including acetic acid (CAS) ethylic acid, phenol (CAS) izal, phenol, 2-methoxy- (CAS) guaiacol, 2-propanone, 1-hydroxy- (CAS) acetol.
O-creosol.
P-creosol, furfural.
A-methyl guaiacol, cyclohexane, propanoic acid (CAS), and furancarbon sacurichlorid, tetrahydro (Komarayati et al.
Nurhayati et al.
Sumedi et al.
Phenolic compounds including phenol izal, guaiacol, hydroxyl, and propanone, are predicted to act as antioxidants so that they can extend the shelf life of smoke products, while acidic compounds such as acetic acid and ethylic acid have an antibacterial role (Sumedi et al.
Table 2.
The chemical compounds of tembesu and rengas wood vinegar.
Peak
Tembesu wood vinegar
Methanol (CAS) carbinol
Acetic acid (CAS) Ethylic
2-propanone, 1-hydroxy(CAS) acetol
Area
(%)
Compounds Chemical Rengas wood vinegar
CH4O
Methanol (CAS) carbinol
C2H4O2
Acetic acid (CAS) ethylic C3H6O2
2-propanone, 1-hydroxy(CAS) acetol
Area
(%)
Chemical CH4O
C2H4O2
C3H6O2
1-hydroxy-2-butanone C4H8O2
Propane, 2-ethoxy- (CAS) ethyl isopropyl ether
C5H12O
Cyclopentanone (CAS) C5H8O
C4H8O2
2-furancarboxaldehyde (CAS) furfural C5H4O2 3-furanol, tetrahydro(CAS) 3Hydroxytetrahydrofuran cyclopentanone (CAS) C5H8O 2-butanone (CAS) methyl ethyl ketone C4H8O 2-furancarboxaldehyde (CAS) furfural C5H4O2 Ethanone, 1-.
H-pyrrol-2y.
- (CAS) 2-acetylpyrrole C6H7NO
Phenol (CAS) izal
C6H6O
Phenol, 2-methoxy- (CAS) 2-methoxy-4methylphenol
C7H8O2
C7H8O2
C8H10O2
Phenol, 2-methoxy(CAS) guaiacol Conclusions Wood vinegar from tembesu and rengas could increase the resistance of sengon wood against commune fungus attacks.
The durability of sengon wood treated with tembesu and rengas wood vinegar was increased and classified as very resistant .
urability class I), compared to the untreated sengon wood that classified as not resistant .
urability class IV).
Tembesu and rengas wood Anggraini et al.
Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9.
: 302-313 vinegar contained several compounds that could inhibit fungal growth, such as acetic acid (CAS) ethylic acid, 2-propanone, 1-hydroxy- (CAS) acetol, phenol, 2-methoxy- (CAS) guaiacol, and phenol (CAS) izal.
The results suggested that tembesu and rengas wood vinegar can be developed as alternative wood preservatives.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the Forestry Study Program.
Faculty of Agriculture.
Jambi University, for helping to complete this research.
References