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E-ISSN 2722-4708 | P-ISSN 2302-3783
Vol.
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December, 2024, pp.
Halal Food on Airplanes in Indonesia: Does it Provide Optimal Information? Annalisa Yahanan a,1,*.
Sri Turatmiyah a,2.
Hamonangan Albariansyah a,3.
Febrian a,4.
Nurhidayatuloh b,5 a Faculty of Law.
Universitas Sriwijaya.
Palembang.
Indonesia.
b Faculty of Law.
Maastricht University.
Netherlands.
annalisay@fh.
id* 2Srituratmiyah@fh.
3Hamonanganalbariansyah@fh.
id 4febrian@fh.
id 5 n.
nurhidayatuloh@maastrichtuniversity.
*Corresponding Author
ARTICLE INFO
Article history Received: October 21, 2024 Revised: November 18, 2024 Accepted: December 10, 2024 Keywords Airline Passengers.
Halal Certificate.
Halal Food.
Halal Label.
ABSTRACT
The majority of IndonesiaAos population adheres to Islam.
Therefore, it is essential that food consumption complies with Islamic law, including food consumed on airplanes.
However, the information available to passengers regarding the halal status of food remains unclear.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the regulation of halal products in Indonesia and to analyze the right to halal product information provided by Indonesian airlines during flights.
The research was conducted normatively using a legislative and conceptual approach.
Data on halal food information was obtained through internet searches and the food provided by airlines.
The results showed that the regulation of halal products in Indonesia more clearly provides protection to consumers than in the Netherlands.
Indonesia requires every food product in circulation and trade to include a halal label, namely the halal logo and halal certificate number without exception, while in the Netherlands this is not the case.
In Indonesia, food information with a halal label on the plane, not all of them include it on the packaging of food products even though they already have a halal certificate.
Passengers will be more comfortable and confident if the halal label information is easy to find and easy to read either on product packaging or in certain places.
This is an open access article under the CCAeBY 4.
0 license.
Introduction In the airline business, there is a carriage agreement between the carrier and the passenger to transport the passenger from one place to a specific destination safely.
1 This agreement outlines the rights and obligations of both the carrier and the passenger.
One of the carrierAos obligations as a business entity is to provide honest, clear, and accurate information when offering goods and services, such as food provided or offered on board.
The airlineAos obligation to provide information about in-flight meals is a passengerAos right.
Y Annalisa.
Firman Muntaqo, and M Syaifuddin.
AoPrinciple of Impartiality : Air Transport Restriction Policy During the Covid-19 Pandemic in IndonesiaAo.
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journa.
, 11.
, 253Ae62 https://doi.
org/10.
24843/JMHU.
Introduction https://dx.
org/10.
20961/bestuur.
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The right to honest, clear, and accurate information has a significant impact on improving efficiency for users in choosing services.
Globalization has affected all aspects of the global economy, including air transport The economic globalization impacting Indonesia has had an extraordinary effect on increasing competition in the aviation industry.
Therefore, each airline is required to provide professional services,3 including offering halal meals on board.
The right to obtain honest, clear, and accurate information about halal products is crucial for passengers, so that when deciding to purchase a ticket from an airline, they are not exposed to adverse risks that may arise.
The airline business is a capital-intensive industry that consumes vast resources to provide its services.
One of these services is the provision of halal food and beverages for Muslim passengers.
The global Muslim population in 2024 is estimated to reach 2.
billion people .
% of the worldAos populatio.
, making Islam the second-largest religion in the world after Christianity.
Muslims are spread across every region of the world, with the Asia-Pacific region having the largest Muslim population.
Among the countries with the largest Muslim populations in this region are Indonesia.
Pakistan.
India, and Bangladesh.
Today, consumers worldwide, both Muslim and non-Muslim, seek food that is hygienic, safe, clean, and uncontaminated.
5 The importance of halal food on the plane is because passengers on the plane almost always have Muslim passengers who also consume halal food in carrying out Islamic law.
With the availability of halal food on the plane, it will provide comfort and safety for passengers.
The term Halal in the Halal food industry does not only refer to raw materials, but also includes all aspects of Halal, quality, hygiene, and 6 Food is said to be halal not only to avoid foods that are prohibited for consumption, but cleanliness in the entire food processing process.
The urgency of the need for a sense of comfort and security in consuming halal food aligns with the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB).
Theory of Planned Behaviour is the most popular social-psychological model for understanding and predicting human Sophia Tang.
AoAir CarriersAo Obligation in AuExtraordinary CircumstancesAyAo.
European Journal of Risk Regulation, 4.
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Diane L.
Damos.
Kimberly S.
Boyett, and Patt Gibbs.
AoSafety Versus Passenger Service: The Flight AttendantsAo DilemmaAo.
International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 23.
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1080/10508414.
Metawe Thamagasorn and Chanathip Pharino.
AoAn Analysis of Food Waste from a Flight Catering Business for Sustainable Food Waste Management: A Case Study of Halal Food Production ProcessAo.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 228 .
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Zul Ariff.
Abdul Latiff, and Nurul Nadia.
AoPassenger Intentions towards Halal Food in Low Cost Carriers:
Key Influencing FactorsAo.
International Journal of Community Development and Management Studies, 4 .
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org/10.
31355/71
Nik Azlina Nik Abdullah et al.
AoThe Application Of The Theory Of Planned Behaviour In Determining Halal Certification Adoption Among Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises (Sme.
In MalaysiaAo.
Advanced International Journal of Business.
Entrepreneurship and SMEs 6, no.
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35631/aijbes.
Anisa Nindyasari.
Trias Mahmudiono, and Sri Sumarmi.
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Aerofood Indonesia.
Tangerang.
BantenAo.
Amerta Nutrition, 1.
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behaviour in order to analyse consumer behaviour towards halal 8 food and is considered one of the leading psychological theories.
9 According to the TPB, a person's intention is guided by three constructs, namely attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural Attitude refers to the sum of beliefs about a behaviour weighted by the person's evaluation of those beliefs while subjective norm refers to the person's beliefs weighted by the importance of one attribute to the opinion of another.
Perceived behavioural control is the extent of control over internal factors external to the performance of the behaviour, whether they facilitate or restrain the behaviour.
As a general rule, the better the attitude and subjective norm with respect to engaging in the behaviour, and the greater the perceived behavioural control, the more likely a person will form an intention to perform the behaviour, then, the intention is expected to lead to the performance of the behaviour to the extent that people have actual control over the behaviour.
Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) also emphasizes the prediction of target behaviour attitudes and subjective norms in behaviours that are thought to influence halal food purchase behaviour intention, and TPB also includes perceived behavioural control to perform the behaviour as a factor that influences purchase intention and behaviour.
Attitude towards a behaviour is a positive or negative evaluation of performing that behaviour and perceived behavioural control is informed by beliefs about individual ownership of the opportunities and resources needed to engage in that behaviour.
Furthermore, according to Ajzen's hypothesis, there is a significant and positive relationship between attitude and intention to purchase halal food products (H-.
There is a significant and positive relationship between subjective norms and intention to purchase halal food products (H-.
and There is a significant and positive relationship between perceived behavioural control and intention to purchase halal food products (H-.
hypotheses H1-H3, it was found significant in the prediction model.
These results provide support for hypotheses H1-H3, namely the relationship between attitude .
A 0.
213 and p, .
, subjective norms on intention to buy halal food .
A 0.
157 and p, 0.
, and perceived behavioural control on purchasing halal food .
A 0.
205 and p, 0.
In the context of universal values that concern both Muslims and non-Muslims, the similarity between halal practices and other ethical practices offers opportunities for global recognition of the halal lifestyle.
14 In fact, according to research by Rezai in Malaysia.
Icek Ajzen.
AoConsumer Attitudes and Behavior : The Theory of Planned Behavior Applied to Food Consumption DecisionsAo, 2015, 121Ae38 https://doi.
org/10.
13128/REA-18003
nci Varinli.
Ekrem Erdem, and Mutlu Yyksel Avclar.
AoExploring the Factors Affecting Purchase Intention of Halal Certified Foods in Turkey: A Pls-Path Modeling StudyAo.
European Journal of Business and Management, 8.
, 68Ae78.
https://w.
org/Journals/index.
php/EJBM/article/view/28640 Yuhanis Abdul Aziz and Nyen Vui Chok.
AoThe Role of Halal Awareness.
Halal Certification, and Marketing Components in Determining Halal Purchase Intention Among Non-Muslims in Malaysia: A Structural Equation Modeling ApproachAo.
Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing, 25.
, 1Ae23 https://doi.
org/10.
1080/08974438.
Syed Shah Alam and Nazura Mohamed Sayuti.
AoApplying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in Halal Food PurchasingAo.
International Journal of Commerce and Management, 21.
, 8Ae20 https://doi.
org/10.
1108/10569211111111676
Icek Ajzen.
AoThe Theory of Planned BehaviorAo.
Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology: Volume 1, 50 .
, 179Ae211 https://doi.
org/10.
4135/9781446249215.
Ajzen.
AoThe Theory of Planned BehaviorAo.
Ayten Erol.
AoBasis of Halal Lifestyle in Islamic LawAo.
Journal of Food Science and Engineering, 11 .
, 23Ae32 https://doi.
org/10.
17265/2159-5828/2021.
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most non-Muslims tend to prefer food products with the halal logo for health reasons.
Halal products are regarded as a standard for health guarantees, quality, cleanliness, and The concept of halal has gained the attention of Muslim consumers, in line with the growing concern for health.
The halal food business has great potential to attract nonMuslims as a target market.
Muslims who wish to travel by air, especially for long distances, will consider choosing an airline that offers halal food.
This consideration is important for passengers to feel comfortable during the flight.
The halal status of food becomes even more crucial for Muslims, as food is not only judged by appearance and taste but also by its halal status.
Even now, consumers worldwide, both Muslim and non-Muslim, are seeking food that is hygienic, safe, clean, and uncontaminated.
The rapid movement of global food supplies has heightened consumer awareness of food safety, quality, and cleanliness.
Halal has become a certified brand, regarded as a requirement for health and high quality due to strict controls and inspections throughout the supply chain.
However, it is necessary to investigate whether the food provided by airlines has maximized the information given to passengers, such as displaying the halal label and halal certification number.
Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the regulation of halal products in Indonesia and to analyze the right to halal product information provided by Indonesian airlines in offering halal food on board.
The presence of a halal label assures passengers that the food provided on the plane is Growing awareness about food safety is one of the reasons for the increasing demand for halal food.
Therefore it needs to be promoted.
19 The halal logo or label and halal certification ensure its unique attributes, such as trust, cleanliness, purity, health, and Besides halal food, it is crucial for airlines to continue understanding passengers' needs for additional services, such as the freshness of ingredients, cleanliness of dining equipment, and hygienic food management during flights.
20 Furthermore, research by Heesup Han shows that the quality of food and beverages on board significantly enhances Golnaz Rezai.
Zainalabidin Mohamed, and Mad Nasir Shamsudin.
AoAssessment of ConsumersAo Confidence on Halal Labelled Manufactured Food in MalaysiaAo.
Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 1 .
, 33Ae42.
http://w.
my/pjssh/browse/regular-issue?article=JSSH-0175-2010 Vloreen Nity Mathew.
Ardiana Mazwa Raudah binti Amir Abdullah, and Siti Nurazizah binti Mohamad Ismail.
AoAcceptance on Halal Food among Non-Muslim ConsumersAo.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 121 .
, 262Ae71 https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
Miftah Farid and Hasan Basri.
AoThe Effects of Haram Food on Human Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence LevelsAo.
Indonesian Journal of Halal Research, 2.
, 21Ae26 https://doi.
org/10.
15575/ijhar.
Ismail Abd Latif and others.
AoA Comparative Analysis of Global Halal Certification RequirementsAo.
Journal Food Products Marketing.
November .
, 85Ae101 https://doi.
org/10.
1080/10454446.
Salman Yousaf and Fan Xiucheng.
AoHalal Culinary and Tourism Marketing Strategies on Government Websites:
Preliminary AnalysisAo.
Tourism Management, .
, 423Ae43 https://doi.
org/https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
JooEun Lee and SeonHee Ko.
AoEffect of the In-Flight Meal Service Quality on the Customer Value and LoyaltyAo.
Indian Journal Science Technology, .
https://doi.
org/10.
17485/ijst/2016/v9i26/97276 Annalisa Yahanan et.
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passengersAo perceptions of price fairness, airline image, and satisfaction in their decisionmaking process for flying again with the same airlanes.
There are still few previous studies that discuss halal food promotion carried out by airlines in Indonesia.
Although there are some researchers have given attention to halal tourism criteria and some previous articles have provided a review of airline literature in halal tourism as mentioned in Table 1.
Table 1.
Airlines with Halal Meals on Offer Airline Air Asia Air Blue Air Canada.
Air India Air China.
China Airlines.
Asiana Airlines.
Korean Airlines.
Cathay Pacific Cargo.
All Nippon Airways.
Sichuan Airlines.
Xiamen Airlines.
China Eastem Airlines.
China Southem Airlines Alitalia Biman Bangladesh.
Delta.
Emirates.
Japan Airlines.
Kenya Airways.
Lion Air.
South African Airways Egypt Air.
Etihad Garuda Indonesia.
Gulf Air.
Iran Air.
Kuwait Airways.
Malaysia Airlines.
MEA.
Oman Air.
Pakistan International Airlines.
Qatar Airways.
Royal Air Maroc.
Royal Brunei.
Royal Jordanian.
Saudi Arabian Airlines.
Shaheen Air.
Tunisair.
Turkish Airlines Lufthansa Halal Certification Yes- all inflight food Halal certified except for AirAsia Japan and Philippines Air Asia Full halal menu Verbally confirmed Verbally confirmed by airline staff All Proteins Fully certified All standard meals are halal All meals are halal Meat is halal certified Source: ajeng puspa marlinda, et al.
The Role of Airlines in Promoting Halal TourismAo.
Sociologia y Tecnociencia 13, no.
: 145Ae64, https://doi.
org/10.
24197/st.
Based on table 1, international commercial airlines stated a variety of halal food related issues such as.
all flights have halal food certificates, complete halal menu, verbal confirmation, verbal confirmation by airline staff, halal assurance, certified menu, all food is halal standard, halal certified meat and all food is halal.
Commercial airline Garuda Indonesia states all meals are halal.
Recognising the needs of Muslim travellers, many global commercial airlines have taken steps to offer halal meal options.
Garuda Indonesia.
Indonesia's national and international commercial airline, understands the importance of halal food for Muslim travellers.
The airline offers a variety of halal meal options, including Indonesian specialities such as gado-gado and nasi goreng.
Passengers can enjoy the authentic flavours of Indonesia when flying with Garuda Indonesia.
Furthermore.
Ajeng Puspa Marlinda et.
al mentioned the findings of their research, namely the role of airlines in promoting halal tourism has several forms, namely fulfilling Muslim-friendly airport facilities, providing Muslim-friendly airlines, equipping airlines with halal food, achieving world halal tourism, installing halal tourism logos, improving Muslim-friendly airline digital services, and using advertising media, both print and But it has not discussed in detail the halal food on board the aircraft.
Heesup Han and others.
AoRole of Airline Food Quality.
Price Reasonableness.
Image.
Satisfaction, and Attachment in Building Re-Flying IntentionAo.
International Journal of Hospitality Management, 80.
January .
, 91Ae100 https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
Ajeng Puspa Marlinda and others.
AoThe Role of Airlines in Promoting Halal TourismAo.
Sociologia y Tecnociencia, 13.
, 145Ae64 https://doi.
org/10.
24197/st.
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Halal food is very important for Muslim travellers23 on airplanes as it allows them to maintain their religious and cultural practices, while also feeling comfortable and safe.
There are already many commercial airlines that offer halal meals to cater to the needs of Muslim travellers.
One of them is Indonesia which has made halal certification a priority for its tourism industry supported by the Indonesian Government.
25 The Indonesian government's support for halal tourism can be seen from its efforts in providing a strong regulatory framework, one of which is for the aviation industry, namely through Law No.
33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee which emphasises the importance of halal certification, requiring food, beverages and other travel-related services to meet halal standards and the Indonesian government has built the trust of Muslim tourists from all over the world.
In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for halal food options, not only in restaurants and hotels, but also in airlines.
Muslim travellers, who adhere to specific religious dietary requirements, are looking for airlines that can accommodate their needs.
Halal food options in airlines as well as adhering to specific religious dietary requirements, and seeking airlines that can accommodate their needs are important for Muslim travellers.
The halal tourism industry cannot be separated from the religious practices of the majority of Muslims in Indonesia The development of sharia or halal tourism is an alternative for the Indonesian travel industry in line with the trend of the halal Tourism Industry as part of the global Islamic economy.
28 Halal tourism in Indonesia has good economic prospects as part of the national tourism industry.
Halal tourism is not exclusive but inclusive for all travellers (Muslims and non-Muslim.
, where the core of halal tourism puts forward the principles of sharia in tourism management and services.
Research Method Research on halal food information on commercial aircraft in Indonesia is carried out with the following steps, firstly tracing information sourced from journal articles online.
Second, collecting several regulations related to halal certification and halal labelling other than in Indonesia, namely Malaysia and the Netherlands.
Third, collecting data through interviews at the Halal Product Guarantee Agency in Indonesia.
Halal Products at Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM)29.
Putrajaya and Muslim tourist passengers, namely tour leaders.
Indonesian tourists who often travel on commercial flights both domestically Maryam Taha Mannaa.
AoHalal Food in the Tourist Destination and Its Importance for Muslim TravellersAo.
Current Issues in Tourism, 23.
, 2195Ae2206 https://doi.
org/10.
1080/13683500.
Mohd Hafiz Hanafiah and Nurul Alia Aqilah Hamdan.
AoDeterminants of Muslim Travellers Halal Food Consumption Attitude and Behavioural IntentionsAo.
Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12.
, 1197Ae1218 https://doi.
org/10.
1108/JIMA-09-2019-0195
Nurul Huda and others.
AoStrategic Model for Halal Tourism Development in Indonesia: A Preliminary ResearchAo.
Indonesian Journal Halal Research, .
, 53Ae64 https://doi.
org/10.
15575/ijhar.
Hendri Hermawan Adinugraha and others.
AoHalal Tourism in Indonesia: An Indonesian Council of Ulama National Sharia Board Fatwa PerspectiveAo.
Journal of Asian Finance.
Economics and Business, 8.
665Ae73 https://doi.
org/10.
13106/jafeb.
Ishan Wijewardana.
AoWhich Airlines Serve Halal Food?Ao.
Bakkali, 2024.
Zakiah Samori.
Nor Zafir Md Salleh, and Mohammad Mahyuddin Khalid.
AoCurrent Trends on Halal Tourism: Cases on Selected Asian CountriesAo.
Tourism Management Perspectives, 19 .
, 131Ae36 https://doi.
org/https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
Latif and others.
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and abroad.
Fourth, conducting an analysis technique by describing and interpreting the data that has been collected based on Normative research with statutory and conceptual Fifth, make conclusions from the discussion related to the research objectives studied regarding halal food on the plane and answer the problems studied.
Results and Discussion 1 Halal Food in Flight in Indonesia The concept of halal food is not only recognized by Muslims but also globally acknowledged as a benchmark for safety, cleanliness, and quality assurance in daily 30 According to Amalia, the concept of halal food comprises several elements, including cleanliness, safety, wholesomeness, purity, manufacturing, production, processes, honesty, integrity, food service, as well as financial and social activities.
31 To ensure that adherents of all religions can practice their faith and follow its teachings, 32 the state is obligated to provide protection and assurance regarding the halal status of products consumed and used by the public.
However, not all products circulating in society are guaranteed to be halal.
The assurance of halal status for food and beverages is regulated by legislation, including Indonesian Law No.
33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Assurance.
Government Regulation No.
39 of 2021 on the Implementation of Halal Product Assurance33, and Law No.
8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection.
Halal products are those that have been declared halal in accordance with Islamic law.
Food is one category of product that must be halal-certified under Article 155, paragraph .
of Government Regulation No.
42/2024 on the Implementation of Halal Product Assurance and Decision of the Minister of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia No.
of 2021 concerning the Types of Products that Must Be Halal-Certified .
ee the annex regarding food products requiring halal certificatio.
Additionally, all products that enter, circulate, and are traded in Indonesia must be halal-certified (Article 4 of Indonesian Law No.
33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance and Article 2 of Government Regulation No.
42 of 2.
As such, food served to passengers on Indonesia-flagged aircraft must be halal-certified by the Halal Product Assurance Organizing Agency to ensure legal certainty, safety, comfort, and confidence for Muslim passengers.
Besides issuing halal certificates and labels, the agency has the authority to revoke these certifications and register halal certificates for foreign products.
Business operators who already hold a halal certificate but fail to maintain the halal status of their food products face imprisonment of Amalia Mustika Inong.
Savitri Hendradewi, and Ratnaningtyas.
Heny.
AoHalal Label: Is It Important in Determining Buying Interest?Ao.
JIMFE (Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Fakultas Ekonom.
, 07.
, 1Ae10 https://doi.
org/10.
34203/jimfe.
Mehkar Sherwani and others.
AoDeterminants of Muslim ConsumersAo Halal Meat Consumption: Applying and Extending the Theory of Planned BehaviorAo.
Journal of Food Products Marketing, 24.
, 960Ae81 https://doi.
org/10.
1080/10454446.
Republic of Indonesia.
The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Article 29.
Paragraph 2: The State Guarantees All Persons the Freedom of Worship.
Each According to His/Her Own Religion or Belief.
(Indonesia, 1.
President of The Republic of Indonesia.
AoPeraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 39 Tahun 2021 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Bidang Jaminan Produk HalalAo.
Goverment of The Republic of Indonesia, 086085, 2021, 1Ae110.
Jalaluddin Jalaluddin and others.
AoProliferation of Halal Regulation and Enforcement in Indonesia and MalaysiaAo.
Journal of Human Rights.
Culture and Legal System, 4.
, 194Ae208 https://doi.
org/https://doi.
org/10.
53955/jhcls.
Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia.
AoUU No.
33 Tahun 2014 .
Ao.
UU No.
33 Tahun 2014, 1, 2014.
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up to five years or fines up to two billion rupiah (Article 56 of Indonesian Law No.
33 of The obligation for halal certification for products circulating and traded in Indonesia took effect five years after the enactment of the law in 2014, meaning that by October 17, 2026, businesses must have halal certification (Article 160 paragraph 2 of Government Regulation No.
42 of 2.
Food products circulating in Indonesia, including those served on airplanes, must now be halal-certified.
However, for micro and small enterprises, the government has postponed the mandatory halal certification for food products until October 2026.
This delay in the certification requirement is a form of support for small businesses, giving them time to obtain a Business Identification Number and apply for halal certification by October 2026.
A halal certificate is a recognition of the halal status of a product issued by the Halal Product Assurance Organizing Agency based on a written halal fatwa from the Indonesian Ulema Council.
The halal label must be easy to see, read, and not easily removed, erased, or damaged (Article 39 of Indonesian Law No.
33 of 2.
If business operators display a halal label inappropriately, they face administrative sanctions, including verbal warnings, written warnings, or revocation of the halal certificate.
However, halal products from abroad do not require separate halal certification if they have been issued by foreign halal certification bodies that have mutual recognition agreements, such as between Indonesia and Malaysia in 2023.
Indonesia and Italy in October 2024.
Indonesia and Saudia Arabia in March 2021.
However, these certificates must be registered with the Halal Product Assurance Organizing Agency before the products are distributed in Indonesia (Article 47, paragraph 3 of Indonesian Law No.
33 of 2.
In the future.
Indonesia needs to strengthen global cooperation on halal products to increase the trade volume and value of halal products between cooperating countries.
The Indonesian government aspires to make Indonesia the world's leading producer of halal products.
As a comparison In Malaysia, only the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) is authorized to issue and certify halal certificates, based on the Trade Descriptions Act of 2011 (APD 2011.
Act .
All products certified as halal in Malaysia must display the Malaysian Halal Logo.
If a product displays a halal label without applying for halal certification, it faces penalties under the Trade Descriptions (Definition of Hala.
Order 2011, including fines of up to RM5,000,000 for the first offense and up to RM10,000,000 for subsequent offenses for corporations.
For individuals, the fine is up to RM1,000,000 or imprisonment for up to three years, or both.
For second or subsequent offenses, the fine is up to RM5,000,000 or imprisonment for up to five years, or both.
Malaysia also accepts all products recognized as halal by foreign halal certification bodies recognized by JAKIM without requiring separate labeling or registration.
JAKIM is known for being stringent in granting halal certification to companies.
Ratna Sofiana.
Satria Utama, and Abdur Rohim C.
AoThe Problems of Halal Certification Regarding Consumer Protection in Malaysia and IndonesiaAo.
Journal of Human Rights.
Culture and Legal System, 1.
, 180Ae93 https://doi.
org/https://doi.
org/10.
53955/jhcls.
Resti Dian and Suviwat Jenvitchuwong.
AoImplementation of Halal Product Assurance in the Pharmaceutical Sector in IndonesiaAo.
Journal of Human Rights.
Culture and Legal System, 1.
, 164Ae 79 https://doi.
org/https://doi.
org/10.
53955/jhcls.
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For the Dutch airline KLM serves meals tailored to the passenger's religion viz: Muslim.
Jewish, or Hindu.
To order a Muslim meal, passengers must book at least 24 hours before 38 The organisation that issues halal certificates in the Netherlands is Total Quality Halal Correct Certification (TQHCC).
TQHCC is a well-known professional halal certification body in Europe.
TQHCC is here to fulfil the growing demand of Muslims to consume halal food in the Netherlands.
TQHCC is also responsible for: Checking and supervising the meat that will be exported to Indonesia and Controlling that food entering Indonesia is guaranteed halal.
Halal certificates in the Netherlands are issued by independent profit and non-profit organisations.
Halal standards in the Netherlands can differ because they are issued by different independent organisations.
Figure 1.
What Are the steps to get Halal Certification in Netherlands Source: https://factocert.
com/netherlands/halal-certification-in-netherlands/ Based on Figure 1, the process for obtaining halal certification in the Netherlands is not much different from Indonesia, namely business actors filling out applications to be processed in accordance with procedures.
Then the document is verified.
And finally a halal certificate is issued.
Halal certification is subject to an application form.
After receiving the completed application, the Board evaluates the information provided and contacts the company to schedule the first audit check if there is a need for some Both parties sign a contract to audit the Halal Certification in Amsterdam.
the company premises, there are Halal procedures in place.
Furthermore, the Halal Officer will conduct an initial inspection of the factory.
The Halal Certification sets all the standards that the auditor points out during the audit.
finally the technical committee for Halal Certification in Rotterdam reports the results of the audit.
Halal certification schemes in the Netherlands include: Scheme for Food.
Beverages and Catering.
Industry Scheme Restaurant Scheme.
Product Endorsement Programme and Slaughterhouse Scheme.
Currently, there is no globally recognized halal standard to serve as a reference for establishing a global halal system.
The absence of a global halal standard limits the growth of the halal industry.
Therefore, in the future, there is a need for a global standard to facilitate access to halal food information, including halal food served on airplanes.
40 Halal regulations in Indonesia that provide protection for commercial aircraft passengers regarding halal products such as in Law No.
8 of 1999 On Consumer Protection.
Law No.
33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee and Government Regulation No.
42 of AoHttps://w.
Klm.
Co.
Id/Information/Travel-Class-Extra-Options/Dietary-MealsAo.
retrieved on 8 January AoHttps://Factocert.
Com/Netherlands/Halal-Certification-in-Netherlands/ .
Ao retrieved on 09 January 2025 Evrin Lutfika.
Feri Kusnandar, and Dase Hunaefi.
AoComparative Analysis and Harmonization of Global Halal StandardsAo.
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18517/ijhr.
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al (Halal Food in Flight in Indonesia: Does it Provide Optimal Information ?) BESTUUR Vol.
No.
December, 2024, pp.
ISSN 2722-4708
2024 on The Implementation of Halal Product Assurance.
Based on Law No.
8 of 1999 On Consumer Protection, business actors are prohibited from producing/trading goods that do not follow halal production (Article .
This regulation is still general in nature.
But at least this regulation is a legal umbrella for subsequent laws and regulations related to consumer protection.
Business actors are not allowed to trade goods including food that does not follow halal production.
However, halal production is not regulated in the Explanation of the article or further regulated in the law.
After 15 years.
Law No.
33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee was enacted.
The provisions regarding halal products are more clearly regulated, namely products that enter, circulate, and are traded in the territory of Indonesia must be halal certified (Article Furthermore, business actors who apply for a halal certificate are required to provide information correctly, clearly, and honestly (Article .
, while business actors who have obtained a halal certificate are required to include a halal label on their products, then business actors who produce products from ingredients that are prohibited, are exempted from applying for a halal certificate and are required to include non-halal on the product (Article .
The implementation of Law No.
33 of 2014 was followed up through Government Regulation No.
42 of 2024, the contents of which were actually reinforced.
This government regulation regulates specifically the Halal Product Guarantee which is the legal certainty of the halalness of a product as evidenced by a halal certificate.
2 Information on Halal Food in Aircraft Passengers have the right to information regarding the food and beverages provided on airplanes, specifically the right to accurate, clear, and honest information about the condition and assurance of the food and beverages served on board.
Information about halal food is a right for passengers, whether on domestic or international flights.
According to the Global Muslim Travel Index of 2018, 67% of Muslim tourists prioritize halal food when traveling for leisure.
This is because halal food is one of the most important elements of a Muslim-Friendly Airline, corresponding to sharia needs and being a primary requirement for Muslim-friendly travel.
The growing Muslim population has impacted the demand for halal services and products.
Muslim consumers actively seek halal logos on products before purchasing to ensure they are genuinely halal.
43 In fact, halal signifies the quality of a product within the context of Islamic law and the certifying authority in any given country.
Therefore, halal food on flights, along with the equipment used, stored, and served, must comply with Islamic sharia regulations.
Khusniati Rofiah.
Martha Eri Safira, and Muhammad Ikhlas Rosele.
AoThe Effectiveness of Accelerating Halal Product Certification: Regulations and CompanionsAo.
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Yunes Ramadan Al-Teinaz and Hani Mansour M.
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Wolfgang Messner.
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al (Halal Food in Flight in Indonesia: Does it Provide Optimal Information ?) BESTUUR Vol.
No.
December, 2024, pp.
ISSN 2722-4708
Catering is a key factor in passenger satisfaction with airline service quality, particularly in halal airline kitchens,45 which provide meals for passengers.
Halal has become a certified and approved brand, regarded as a mark of high health standards and quality due to strict control and inspection across the supply chain.
46 Passengers, as consumers, are guaranteed their rights, including the right to comfort, safety, and security in consuming One of the most critical rights is the right to accurate, clear, and honest information (Article 4 of Law No.
8 of 1999 on Consumer Protectio.
concerning the condition and assurance of the food offered to passengers.
However, the fulfillment of these rights is still perceived as suboptimal by passengers.
For instance, not all products in airplanes display halal labels and certificate numbers on their packaging, specific parts of the product, or specific locations on the product, despite the requirement that businesses with halal certification must display the halal label, which includes the halal logo and certificate number .
ee Articles 106, 107, and 109 of Government Regulation No.
42 of 2.
The most common observation is that only the halal label and certificate number are displayed, but even then, not all food products include the certificate number.
If the halal logo, label, and certificate number are not displayed on each productAos packaging, they should be placed in a specific location where they can be easily seen by consumers or passengers, such as in the aircraft cabin or in the in-flight magazine.
Furthermore, the Consumer Protection Law prohibits businesses from producing and/or trading food that does not follow halal production requirements (Article .
This provision also applies to the aviation industry in Indonesia, which must produce and/or trade food that adheres to halal production regulations.
Halal food information from an airline is essential for ensuring comfort during flights, especially in Indonesia, where the majority of the population are Muslims.
48 Every business operator is responsible for ensuring that the halal status of a product is maintained from its origin to its consumption.
Therefore, the integrity of the halal food process is an important criterion with regard to sustainability.
product must be physically and spiritually safe for consumption and to fulfil consumer 49 Halal labels are issued by the Halal Product Assurance Agency under the Ministry of Religious Affairs, as regulated in Law No.
33 of 2014.
The certification process falls under this agency, while halal compliance standards and fatwas are set and issued by the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI).
Halal certification can positively impact the aviation industry, as it assures passengers that the food served complies with Islamic law and builds passenger confidence in the health and cleanliness of the food offered on Furthermore, halal certification can serve as a marketing tool for airlines to promote Rafael Mortensen Ernits and others.
AoIndividualisation of Inflight Catering MealsAiAn Automation Concept for Integrating Pre-Ordered Meals during the Flight for All PassengersAo.
Aerospace, 9.
https://doi.
org/10.
3390/aerospace.
Jonathan A.
Wilson and Jonathan Liu.
AoShaping the Halal into a Brand?Ao.
Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2 .
, 107Ae23 https://doi.
org/10.
1108/17590831011055851
Nurdeng Deuraseh and Nurulhuda Asilah Asli.
AoIssues on Halal Foods With Special Reference To Fatwa on Halal Pet Food for Cats in Islamic LawAo.
El-Mashlahah, 12.
, 103Ae23 https://doi.
org/https://doi.
org/10.
23971/elma.
Muh.
Bahrudin and others.
AoHalal Food Industry: Reinforcing the Halal Product Assurance Organizing Body (Bpjp.
in the Development of the Among Urban Muslim Community in IndonesiaAo.
Akademika :
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, 61 https://doi.
org/10.
32332/akademika.
Mohd Helmi Ali and Norhidayah Suleiman.
AoSustainable Food Production: Insights of Malaysian Halal Small and Medium Sized EnterprisesAo.
International Journal of Production Economics, 181 .
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org/10.
1016/j.
Annalisa Yahanan et.
al (Halal Food in Flight in Indonesia: Does it Provide Optimal Information ?) BESTUUR Vol.
No.
December, 2024, pp.
ISSN 2722-4708
their services in the aviation industry.
However, a challenge for the aviation industry is how to prepare various menus while ensuring the halal status of the products through strict selection of food suppliers.
Indonesian airlines, such as Garuda Indonesia and its subsidiary Citilink, have obtained halal certification, as have PT Lion Group, which includes Lion Air.
Wings Air.
Batik Air.
Super Air Jet.
Batik Air Malaysia, and Thai Lion Air.
However, for Pelita Air, while some halal labels have been found, there is no clear evidence of a catering company collaborating with the airline to supply halal food.
Garuda Indonesia airlines, has a cooperation with the catering party to provide halal food, namely PT Aerofood Indonesia.
PT Aerofood Indonesia is an international standard flight catering service company.
The types of food made include Asian cuisine.
Japanese / Korean cuisine.
Western cuisine, pastry and bakery, and others prepared for aircraft passengers.
PT Aerofood Indonesia prepares a special meal menu, one of which is a special menu for Muslims, namely Moslem Meal (MOML).
Moslem meal is a menu that does not contain products made from pork and alcohol.
The airlines served by PT Aerofood Indonesia are not only Garuda Indonesia airlines but PT Aerofood Indonesia also serves food orders from several foreign airlines, for example Saudi Arabian airlines, in research by C.
Catur Widayati states that service quality has a positive and significant effect on Aerofood ACS customer satisfaction on Saudi Arabian 51 Furthermore, it was mentioned in the flight that Aerofood ACS should increase marketing again to increase consumer knowledge.
One of them is to put the Aerofood ACS logo on the in-flight food boxes in the form of stickers or in the form of advertisements on AVOD (Audio Video On Deman.
and aviation magazines.
Monitoring of the moslem meal menu is carried out from receiving raw materials, storing raw materials, preparing raw materials, processing products, portioning, meal tray set up to distribution to the aircraft.
52 In fact not all food provided on airplanes is halal-labeled, even though the airline may have certification and collaboration with a catering company.
People are increasingly aware of halal food and products.
This is a potential issue for 53 Thus, passengers have not received direct or complete information.
The halal label is also not always displayed in specific locations, such as in the cabin area or in magazines provided on passenger seats, which would make information more accessible to To provide passengers with comprehensive information about halal food on flights, it is advisable to include halal labels on all products along with their certificate numbers, ensuring that passengers feel confident and secure when consuming the food provided.
Hari Sutra Disemadi and others.
AoIntellectual Property Synergies: Merging Halal Certification with Indonesian Communal Intellectual Property Rights LawsAo.
Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 32.
, 16Ae 32 https://doi.
org/https://doi.
org/10.
22219/ljih.
Asep Z.
Arifin Widayati.
C Catur.
Purnamawati Hellen Widjaya.
AoThe Influence of Brand Awareness.
Brand Image, and Service Quality Inflight Catering on Saudi Consumer Satisfaction Arabian AirlinesAo.
Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, 71 .
, 1Ae11 https://doi.
org/10.
7176/jmcr/71-01 Erica Scheward.
Aviation Food Safety (Oxford.
UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2.
Abdul Raufu Ambali and Ahmad Naqiyuddin Bakar.
AoPeopleAos Awareness on Halal Foods and Products:
Potential Issues for Policy-MakersAo.
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Annalisa Yahanan et.
al (Halal Food in Flight in Indonesia: Does it Provide Optimal Information ?) BESTUUR Vol.
No.
December, 2024, pp.
ISSN 2722-4708
This could significantly influence passenger attraction by offering culinary options focused on health and increasing airline revenue.
54 Additionally, the freshness, healthiness, and quality of the food served are of utmost importance to passengers.
55 Quality control systems and safety protocols help reduce the risk of food contamination during receipt, preparation, and service during flights.
56 PassengersAo intent to purchase halal food on lowcost carrier (LCC) flights is influenced by attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms.
Pelita Air Service, a subsidiary of PT Pertamina, is set to become the second licensee under Citilink and will be part of the Garuda Indonesia Group.
The merger of Citilink and Pelita Air is expected to be completed by October 2024.
This is necessary to survive in the aviation market.
58 Pelita Air Service has made its entry into the scheduled commercial aviation segment with a medium-service focus especially in the commercial aviation 59 Pelita Air Service is currently offering a tender for in-flight catering services.
This is necessary because supply chain management is critical to airlines' ability to provide high-quality in-flight dining experience to passengers.
60To verify whether a product is halal-certified and to check the number of items, you can look up the certification number on the website https://bpjph.
id/, as shown in Table 2, which provides details on the halal labeling practices of the three largest airline groups in Indonesia.
Table 2.
Halal Labeling on Indonesian Airlines Aircraft
Catering Certificate number
Halal Label Inclusion
Tanggal terbit
ID00420000411891121
Product Item Garuda Indonesia Airways Citilink PT.
Aerofood Indonesia Product packaging 2022-07-26 Lion Air PT.
Aerofood Indonesia PT.
Lion Boga
ID00420000411891121
Product packaging 2022-07-26
ID00310001102111022
Product packaging 2022-12-22 Wings air PT.
Lion Boga
Product packaging 2022-12-22
ID00310001102111022
Product packaging 2022-12-22
ID00310001102111022
Product packaging 2022-12-22
ID00310001102111022
ID00310001102111022
Batik Air PT.
Lion Boga Super Air Jet PT.
Lion Boga
ID00310001102111022
Asnidar Hanim Yusuf.
Syadiyah Abdul Shukor, and Ummi Salwa Ahmad Bustamam.
AoHalal Certification vs Business Growth of Food Industry in MalaysiaAo.
Journal of Economics.
Business and Management, 4.
, 247Ae51 https://doi.
org/10.
7763/joebm.
Celile O.
Dolekoglu.
AoAnalysing Passenger Behaviour towards on Perception In-Flight Food Safety and QualityAo.
New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences, 4.
, 417Ae25 https://doi.
org/10.
18844/prosoc.
John M.
Ryan.
Guide to Food Safety and Quality During Transportation, 2nd edn (United States of America: Academic Press.
Nikki Levi, 2.
Zul Ariff Abdul Latiff and others.
AoConsumersAo Intention towards Halal Food in Low-Cost Airlines in Kelantan.
MalaysiaAo.
Journal of Contemporary Research in Social Sciences, 1.
, 82Ae86 https://doi.
org/10.
33094/26410249.
Rico Merkert and Peter S.
Morrell.
AoMergers and Acquisitions in Aviation - Management and Economic Perspectives on the Size of AirlinesAo.
Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 4 .
, 853Ae62 https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
Mariza Tsakalerou.
Dauren Nurmaganbetov, and Nurtay Beltenov.
AoAircraft Maintenance 4.
0 in an Era of DisruptionsAo.
Procedia Computer Science, .
, 121Ae31 https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
Dhaarsan Rajaratnam.
An Investigation of Airline Catering Supply Chain Processes.
Performance and Practices Using SCOR Model (United Kingdom: School of Physics.
Engineering and Computer Science University of Hertfordshire, 2.
Annalisa Yahanan et.
al (Halal Food in Flight in Indonesia: Does it Provide Optimal Information ?) BESTUUR Vol.
No.
December, 2024, pp.
Batik Air Malaysia PT.
Lion Boga Product packaging Thai Lion Air PT.
Lion Boga
Product packaging ISSN 2722-4708
2022-12-22
2022-12-22
PT.
Pelita Air Service Proses Lelang katering Product packaging 2022-12-22 Source: Analysed from the primary source.
Juli 2024 However, the information provided by Muslim-Friendly Airlines during Ramadan differs, as they offer direct information through platforms such as Halalflight.
This platform lists approximately 28 flights from various airlines, including Garuda Indonesia Airways, that offer halal food on board.
Through Halalflight.
com, passengers can access information about airlines that provide sharia-compliant meals during their flights.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) does not enforce any policies specifically regarding sharia-compliant meals on flights.
Nevertheless, most airlines based in Islamic countries ensure that all meals prepared on board meet halal requirements.
The provision of halal food on flights is determined by the policies of each individual airline, in addition.
Muslim-friendly airports are considered as starting points that can be used as promotional tools to market Muslim-friendly destinations.
The Aviation Industry is facing heightened scrutiny of Muslim food labelling and certification (MOML), the oversight of the airline industry's food labelling practices, is at a critical juncture in effectively addressing this issue.
In fact, airlines do not yet display halal certificates but only halal food labels on products.
This condition is also expressed by passengers of both national and international commercial flights on Indonesian airlines.
Critics argue that the term Muslim food implies exclusivity for Muslim passengers indicating that it is halal food that can be consumed by anyone.
The term Muslim food has been criticised as potentially inaccurate and discriminatory.
But on the other hand, halal marketing can provide promising business opportunities for international restaurants and fast food chains, as well as food manufacturers and retailers.
The reality that there is a reluctance of airlines to display halal information on food and beverage products offered on the plane, even though regulations require it, based on interviews obtained by researchers with several airline staff and aircraft passengers found that this non-compliance is due to the fact that passengers do not understand well the statutory regulations related to halal product guarantees, even if passengers know it, they don't care.
The attitude of passengers tends to be confident that the airline will make a good faith effort to serve their needs during the flight properly, as long as the food and drinks provided are still well wrapped in packaging.
On the other hand, airlines do not prioritise information on the halalness of food and beverage products on board due to the Mohamed Battour and Mohd Nazari Ismail.
AoHalal Tourism: Concepts.
Practises.
Challenges and FutureAo.
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org/https://doi.
org/10.
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Indri (Tour Leade.
AoInterviews with Commercial Airline Passengers on 11 September 2024Ao (Indonesia.
Stephen Wilkins and others.
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Consumer Ethnocentrism and Consumer CosmopolitanismAo.
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No.
December, 2024, pp.
ISSN 2722-4708
reason that passengers do not complain about the food and beverage services provided, if there are passengers who question it, then the airline shows a copy of the halal certificate and logo.
Passengers are more concerned about flight punctuality than the issue of halal food or drinks on board.
The reasons for non-compliance above can be explained by compliance theory.
There are at least three compliance theories that can explain the phenomenon of airline noncompliance with regulations regarding the inclusion of halal product information on food and beverages on board, namely the Responsive regulation theory from Ayers & Braithwaite.
Socio-economic64 and Diminishing returns.
65 These three theories help provide the basic parameters of regulatory compliance in regulatory science.
Each theory addresses specific regulatory compliance parameters in terms of approach, measurement, and analysis.
66 Some of these behaviours can be AoautomaticAo, resulting from habit and In contrast.
AoplannedAo compliance or non-compliance embodies the pursuit of various deliberate goals, such as to maximise one's benefits, fulfil moral obligations such as duty or trust, or allay one's fear of sanctions.
It can also sometimes be explained as a result of regulators' inability, incompetence, ignorance, or misunderstanding of laws and regulations.
To address this complexity, compliance theorists typically focus on compliance as AoplannedAo rather than AoautomaticAo They consider goal-oriented and purposeful actions as satisfactory approximations to actual action processes.
67 Etienne further explained that the occurrence of various non-compliance behaviours is due to interests, the role of social norms, and economic psychology.
All three contribute closely to regulatory non-compliance.
Economists still maintain the idea of a rational individual, who seeks to maximise his individual interests.
However, they have also integrated the limits of rationality and the role of social norms through institutions, which limit the choices of actors.
In other words, actors maximise utility within the constraints set by institutions.
On the other hand, social norms are understood in the classical sense as unwritten rules adopted by a group, the respect of which is agreed upon either positively or negatively by group members.
The aim of many recent studies is to measure the relevance of social norms as additional determinants of compliance .
n addition to individual interest.
Most of this work is theoretical, but some of it is empirical.
Meanwhile, the posture of economic psychology bases its understanding on Braitwaite's motivation posture.
Motivation was originally intended as a way to isolate the role of social interaction from other variables that determine recipient behaviour, in later versions the theory of motivational posture has changed inspired by reactance theory.
Motivational posture is therefore defined as Aoa conglomeration of beliefs, attitudes, preferences, interests, and feelings that together Ismail Ashmat.
AoDeveloping a Sustainable Tax Efficiency Model to Reduce Property Tax NonComplianceAo.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, http://eprints.
my/id/eprint/78734/1/IsmailAshmatPFGHT2016.
pdf, http://myto.
my/find/Record/my-utm-ep.
78734?lng=zh Richard Fiene.
AoThe Public Policy Implications of the Regulatory Compliance Theory of Diminishing Returns.
Regulatory Compliance Scaling, and the Program Quality Scoring Matrix along with Integrative MonitoringAo.
Regulatory Compliance Scaling, and the Program Quality Scoring Matrix along with Integrative Monitoring (March 17, 2.
, 2023.
http://dx.
org/10.
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Richard Fiene.
AoA Treatise on the Theory of Regulatory ComplianceAo.
Journal of Regulatory Science, 7 .
, 1Ae3.
https://doi.
org/10.
21423/jrs-v07fiene JULIEN ETIENNE.
Compliance Theory: A Goal Framing Approach.
Law and Policy Volume33.
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al (Halal Food in Flight in Indonesia: Does it Provide Optimal Information ?) BESTUUR Vol.
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communicate the extent to which an individual accepts the regulator's agenda, in principle, and supports the way the regulator functions and performs its daily tasks.
Regarding motivation, intrinsic motivation and morality.
The paradigms commonly used in economics to explain and predict behaviour .
specially theories used for policy analysi.
take little account of personal moral values.
Morality and moral norms clearly affect economic outcomes.
The evidence in favour of this proposition is substantial.
Compliance with laws and regulations is hypothesised to be related to an individual's internal capacities and external environmental influences, where the socialisation process is the link between the individual and society.
Compliance Theory, popularised by Stanley Milgram in 1963, is the basis for understanding compliance behaviour, including legal compliance.
The main point of his thought is that the main aspect that drives a person to follow rules or instructions is based on two motivations, namely self-interest motivation and the consequences they expect when they comply .
nstrumental perspectiv.
, and moral motivation which focuses on the idea that compliance is a moral obligation .
oral perspectiv.
From these perspectives, three types of compliance models emerge, namely compliance based on the fear of sanctions .
, compliance driven to maintain good relations with certain parties .
, and compliance arises because it is in line with the personal values they believe in .
The formation of various compliance models is influenced by various factors, namely understanding of regulations, moral awareness, and information and education that can increase legal awareness.
Conclusion The Indonesian constitution provides protection and guarantees regarding the halal status of products consumed and used by the public.
Regulations in Indonesia mandate that all products .
ncluding foo.
circulated or traded within the country must be halal-certified, including food offered or served on flights.
Once a business has obtained halal certification, it is required to display the halal label in the form of a halal logo and certification number on the food packaging, or on a specific part of the product, or in a particular location on the This requirement to be halal-certified will be mandatory by 2024.
However, small and micro-businesses are granted an extension until 2026.
In terms of halal food information on Indonesian airline flights, halal labels are only displayed as logos on food packaging but do not include the certification number or registration number on the Not all packaged products display the halal logo, even if they are halal-certified.
Consequently, the information provided to passengers by airlines is still not optimal.
Moving forward for optimization, to improve information access, even if halal labels are not included on food packaging, they can be displayed in certain areas such as in the aircraft cabin or in magazines provided on passenger seats.
From an aviation industry perspective.
Julien yOtienne and Matthew Wendeln.
Compliance theories: A literature review.
Vol.
No.
The Political Sociology European Law https://w.
org/stable/revfranscipoleng.
Komite Nasional Ekonomi Keuangan Syariah (KNEKS).
Kerangka Sistem Keterlusuran Halal Untuk Industri Pangan.
Makanan Minuman Halal Indonesia, https://bpba.
id/media/2022.
09/a01_buku_1_provinsi_aceh_kerangka_sistem1.
Laurent Bygue and others.
AoPersonality Predicts Obedience in a M Ilgram ParadigmAo.
Journal of Personality, 83.
, 299Ae306.
https://doi.
org/10.
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Annalisa Yahanan et.
al (Halal Food in Flight in Indonesia: Does it Provide Optimal Information ?) BESTUUR Vol.
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halal food supported by halal certification is extremely important and will have a positive impact on the business in the future by ensuring confidence, comfort, and legal certainty for passengers during flights.
Acknowledgment The research/publication of this article was funded by DIPA of Public Service Agency of Universitas Sriwijaya 2024.
Number SP DIPA 023.
677515/2024, on November 24.
In accordance with the Rector's Decree Number: 0013/UN9/LP2M.
PT/2024, on May 20, 2024.
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