Elfiah U, et al.
Effect of oyster mushroom powder.
Effect of oyster mushroom powder on total leukocyte during inflammatory and proliferative phases of the wound healing process of third-degree burns model in Wistar rat (Rattus Ulfa Elfiah1*.
Mochammad Amrun Hidayat2.
Elly Nurus Sakinah3.
Candra Agung Wibisana4.
Alfiyah Ramadhani4.
Hudayah Apryanita4 Department of Anatomy-Plastic Surgery.
Faculty of Medicine.
University of Jember.
Jember.
East Java.
Indonesia, 2Faculty of Pharmacy.
University of Jember.
Jember.
East Java.
Indonesia.
Department of Pharmacology.
Faculty of Medicine.
University of Jember.
Jember.
East Java.
Indonesia, 4Faculty of Medicine.
University of Jember.
Jember.
East Java.
Indonesia https://doi.
org/10.
22146/inajbcs.
ABSTRACT
Submitted: 2025-09-28 Accepted : 2025-10-24 Burn wounds are challenging to treat because they often heal slowly and are susceptible to complications.
The inflammatory phase plays an essential role in the repair process.
However, prolonged inflammation can delay tissue healing.
The total leukocyte count is an important parameter to evaluate the process, as it reflects the balance between inflammation and the initiation of tissue Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatu.
contain -glucans and phenolic compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may help regulate leukocyte activity and promote wound healing.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oyster mushroom powder on total leukocyte counts during burn wound healing in Rattus norvegicus.
Twenty-seven healthy male rats aged 2-3 mo were randomly divided into 3 groups, with 9 rats in each The negative control group received aquadest, the positive control group received bovine serum albumin, and the treatment group received 10% oyster mushroom powder.
All groups received identical topical wound management with 1% silver sulfadiazine ointment to prevent infection and maintain a moist wound environment during healing.
Blood samples were collected on days 0, 4, 8, and 12 after burn induction, and leukocyte counts were measured.
The results showed that the treatment group consistently had lower leukocyte counts compared with control groups.
On day 0, the treatment group had significantly lower leukocyte levels compared with the negative control .
= 0.
On day 8, leukocyte counts in the treatment group were also significantly lower than the positive control .
= 0.
By day 12, all groups showed a decrease, but the treatment group demonstrated the most gradual and stable reduction over time.
In conclusion, oyster mushroom powder reduces leukocyte levels and supported a more controlled inflammatory phase, allowing faster progression to proliferation and improved burn wound healing.
ABSTRAK
Keywords:
burn wound.
oyster mushroom.
wound healing Luka bakar merupakan jenis luka yang sulit ditangani karena proses penyembuhannya cenderung berlangsung lambat dan rentan terhadap komplikasi.
Fase inflamasi berperan penting dalam proses perbaikan jaringan.
Namun, apabila berlangsung terlalu lama, proses penyembuhan dapat terhambat.
Jumlah leukosit total merupakan parameter penting untuk dievaluasi karena mencerminkan keseimbangan antara proses inflamasi dan awal regenerasi jaringan.
Jamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatu.
mengandung senyawa -glukan dan senyawa fenolik yang memiliki efek antiinflamasi serta antioksidan, sehingga berpotensi membantu mengatur aktivitas leukosit dan mempercepat penyembuhan luka.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pemberian serbuk jamur tiram putih terhadap jumlah leukosit total pada fase inflamasi dan proliferasi penyembuhan luka bakar pada tikus putih (Rattus norvegicu.
Sebanyak 27 ekor tikus jantan sehat berusia 2-3 bulan dibagi secara acak menjadi 3 kelompok, masing-masing 9 ekor.
Kelompok kontrol negatif menerima akuades, kelompok kontrol positif menerima albumin serum sapi, dan kelompok perlakuan menerima serbuk jamur tiram putih 10%.
Seluruh kelompok mendapatkan perawatan luka topical dengan *corresponding author: ulfa.
fk@unej.
InaJBCS.
Volume 57.
Number 4, 2025 October: 490-502 salep silver sulfadiazine 1% untuk mencegah infeksi dan menjaga kelembapan luka selama proses penyembuhan.
Sampel darah diambil pada hari ke-0, 4, 8, dan 12 setelah induksi luka bakar, kemudian diperiksa jumlah leukosit.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok perlakuan secara konsisten memiliki jumlah leukosit lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok kontrol.
Pada hari ke-0, kelompok perlakuan memiliki jumlah leukosit yang secara signifikan lebih rendah dibandingkan kontrol negatif .
= 0,.
Pada hari ke-8, jumlah leukosit kelompok perlakuan juga lebih rendah secara signifikan dibandingkan kontrol positif .
= 0,.
Pada hari ke-12, seluruh kelompok menunjukkan penurunan jumlah leukosit, namun kelompok perlakuan memperlihatkan penurunan yang paling stabil dan bertahap dari waktu ke waktu.
Dapat disimpulkan, pemberian serbuk jamur tiram putih 10% dapat menurunkan jumlah leukosit total dan membantu menciptakan fase inflamasi yang lebih terkontrol, sehingga mempercepat transisi menuju fase proliferasi serta mendukung penyembuhan luka bakar yang lebih INTRODUCTION Wound healing is a complex biological process crucial for restoring tissue integrity following injury.
Among the different types of wounds, burns pose significant challenges, often resulting in prolonged healing times and increased healthcare costs.
1 The inflammatory and proliferative phases of wound healing play vital roles in recovery.
however, if inflammation persists, it can lead to delayed healing and additional 2 Consequently, there is a pressing need for effective strategies and therapeutic interventions that can enhance the healing process.
Recent studies have explored the use of natural products, particularly from fungi, as potential wound-healing One such candidate is the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatu.
, which is known for its rich nutritional profile, including high levels of protein, essential amino acids, and bioactive compounds such as -glucans.
These components have demonstrated significant biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which are essential for promoting wound healing.
3 Previous research has shown that oyster mushroom powder can positively influence various health parameters, including immune response and wound-healing dynamics, making it a noteworthy focus for further Leukocytes represent one of the most critical parameters in evaluating wound healing, particularly during the inflammatory and proliferative phases.
Total leukocyte count (TLC) is a wellestablished marker of the systemic inflammatory response after thermal injury and has been used to monitor early immune activation in burn models.
5 Total peripheral leukocyte counts increase markedly in the early inflammatory stage .
ays 0Ae.
, dominated by neutrophils and monocytes.
These cells mediate phagocytosis of necrotic debris, release antimicrobial peptides, and secrete proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6.
IL-8, and MCP-1, which correlate with burn severity.
6 As the healing process progresses, macrophages take over the dominant role by producing growth factors (VEGF.
TGF-.
PDGF.
EGF) that matrix deposition, thereby driving the transition into the proliferative phase.
Thus, monitoring leukocyte dynamics provides a meaningful indicator of wound progression, particularly in burns where prolonged inflammation can hinder epithelialization and tissue The present study aimed to analyze the effect of 10% oyster mushroom (P.
powder on total leukocyte counts during the inflammatory and proliferative phases of burn wound Elfiah U, et al.
Effect of oyster mushroom powder.
healing in Wistar rats.
The 10% concentration was selected based on the experimental findings of previous study, who demonstrated that a diet containing 10% Pleurotus eous produced the greatest increase in serum albumin, globulin, and total protein levels in Wistar rats compared with 5% and 5% formulations.
9 Because albumin synthesis and immune-cell activity share overlapping metabolic pathways regulated by hepatic protein turnover and cytokine signaling, this dose was considered physiologically effective and safe for evaluating the immunomodulatory effects of oyster mushroom powder.
10 Building upon this evidence, the current research further investigates whether the same concentration can modulate leukocyte dynamics and inflammatory resolution in burn wounds, thereby providing insight into its potential as an adjunctive therapy to improve wound-healing degrees of freedom for statistical Moreover, utilizing Wistar as a model organism allows for controlled experimentation, providing a robust framework to evaluate the effectiveness of oyster mushroom supplementation in a biologically relevant context.
12 The focus on leukocyte dynamics is critical, as these immune cells orchestrate the wound-healing response, influencing As such, this investigation seeks not only to contribute to the understanding of natural remedies in wound management but also to highlight the significant potential of oyster mushrooms in enhancing the healing process, thereby offering a cost-effective and accessible treatment option for burn The experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine.
University of Jember (No.
UN/25.
2/KE/2.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Preparation of mushroom powder Study design and animals Oyster mushroom (P.
powder was obtained from PT Mitra Jamur.
Jember.
Indonesia.
Fresh oyster mushrooms were cleaned and dried using a food dehydrator at 90 AC until a constant weight was achieved, ensuring complete removal of moisture.
The dried mushrooms were then finely ground into powder form.
For the treatment protocol, the powder was administered orally as a suspension, not as feed pellets.
The suspension was prepared by dissolving 10% of the total daily feed equivalent .
5 g per rat per da.
in 8 mL of distilled water, which was then given via oral gavage in two divided doses every 8 hr.
No additional ingredients or binders were mixed with the mushroom powder to avoid interference with its bioactive components.
This study employed a true experimental design with a multiple point post-test only control group A total of 27 healthy male Rattus norvegicus .
ged 2Ae3 mo, weighing 200Ae250 .
were housed under standard laboratory conditions .
emperature 22Ae24 AC, 12 h light/dark cycl.
with ad libitum access to food and water.
Prior to the experimental procedures, all animals underwent a one-week acclimatization period to minimize environmental stress.
The sample size was determined using FedererAos rule of thumb for experiments with multiple treatment Therefore, 9 rats per group .
otal n = .
were used to satisfy this criterion and to provide adequate InaJBCS.
Volume 57.
Number 4, 2025 October: 490-502 Burn induction Treatment protocol A third-degree burn, also known as a full-thickness burn, is characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis, often extending into the subcutaneous tissue, resulting in a dry, leathery appearance and loss of skin The degree of burn injury was assessed macroscopically based on these visual and textural characteristics, including the presence of a pale or brownish eschar, absence of bleeding, and loss of pain response, to confirm full-thickness involvement.
Standardized third-degree burn wounds were then induced under ketamineAexylazine anesthesia.
A 3 y 3 cm metal rod was heated in boiling water .
AC) for 15 min to stabilize the temperature, wiped dry, and applied to the shaved dorsal skin of each rat for 10 sec.
14 This procedure consistently produced full-thickness burn injuries.
This produced full-thickness burn injuries, as visually confirmed by the formation of a dry, leathery eschar and absence of dermal elasticity.
Representative standardized third-degree burn wounds are shown in FIGURE 1.
Following burn induction, all animals were randomly assigned into three groups, each consisting of nine The negative control group received 2 mL of aquadest orally once daily.
The positive control group received bovine serum albumin (BSA) at a dose of 0.
g/kg BW/day, administered orally once daily after dissolving the BSA powder in 2 mL of distilled water.
The bovine serum albumin used as a reference protein supplement and the dosage was calculated from the human equivalent dose using the FDA conversion formula.
The treatment group received 10% oyster mushroom (P.
powder equivalent to approximately 1.
5 g per rat per day.
The mushroom powder was suspended in 8 mL of distilled water and administered orally via gastric gavage in two divided doses given eight hours apart.
This division was necessary because the suspension, when prepared in less than 8 mL, became too viscous for accurate administration through the oral gavage tube, while the ratAos gastric capacity is approximately 4 mL.
Therefore, the dose was split to allow sufficient gastric emptying and ensure complete delivery of the intended amount without causing discomfort or regurgitation FIGURE 1.
Representative image of a standardized third-degree burn wound immediately after induction.
Elfiah U, et al.
Effect of oyster mushroom powder.
In addition to oral treatments, all groups received identical local wound management consisting of mechanical debridement and topical application of 1% silver sulfadiazine ointment to prevent infection and maintain a moist wound environment conducive to optimal healing.
15 The wounds were covered with sterile tulle, gauze, and adhesive dressing, and care was taken to prevent animals from scratching, licking, or removing the ointment.
Topical treatment and dressing changes were performed every four days throughout the study period.
This approach ensured that the only experimental variable among groups was the type of oral supplementation, while topical care was standardized to eliminate confounding effects from differences in wound Blood sampling procedure Peripheral blood samples were collected from each rat at four time points: day 0, 4, 8 and 12 following burn On day 0, blood sampling was performed prior to burn induction and before the first administration of any treatment to establish baseline leukocyte counts.
Subsequent samples were collected at the same time each day between 08:00 and 10:00 AM.
to minimize circadian variations in leukocyte counts.
Blood was drawn via the retroorbital plexus using a sterile capillary tube under light anesthesia with ketamineAexylazine to minimize pain and Prior to sampling, the periocular area was sterilized with 70% ethanol.
Approximately 0.
5Ae1.
0 mL of blood was collected from each rat and immediately transferred into EDTA-coated microtubes to prevent coagulation.
After collection, gentle pressure was applied to the eyelid using sterile gauze to control any potential bleeding and reduce discomfort.
This retro-orbital method was selected because it allows for repeated sampling from small laboratory animals while providing an adequate blood volume for hematological analysis.
The selection of sampling days .
ay 0, 4, 8 and .
was based on the temporal characteristics of the wound-healing process, particularly the leukocyte response during each phase.
Day 0 represents the acute inflammatory phase .
Ae3 days post-injur.
, when neutrophil and monocyte infiltration peaks following tissue damage.
Day 4 marks the transition from inflammation to proliferation, characterized by a gradual decline in neutrophil activity and an increase macrophage-mediated Days 8 and 12 correspond to the proliferative phase, during which fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix deposition dominate the healing response.
Sampling at these four points therefore allows the evaluation of leukocyte dynamics across the major phases of burn wound healing and provides insight into how may modulate the inflammatory to proliferative transition.
Leukocyte Count Measurement The total leukocyte count was measured manually using a Neubauer hemocytometer under a light microscope.
Before counting.
TurkAos solution was prepared as a diluent in a 1:20 ratio .
20 AAL blood 380 AAL TurkAos solutio.
to lyse erythrocytes and stain leukocyte nuclei for easier visualization.
The diluted sample was mixed gently, then introduced into the counting chamber of the hemocytometer.
Counting was performed manually in the four large corner squares of the Neubauer hemocytometer grid under a light microscope at 400y magnification.
The following standard formula was used to calculate the total leukocyte InaJBCS.
Volume 57.
Number 4, 2025 October: 490-502 Where the dilution factor was set at 20, based on a blood-to-TurkAos solution ratio of 1:20.
The counting chamber had a depth of 0.
1 mm, and leukocytes were counted within four large corner squares of the Neubauer grid, corresponding to a total area of 4 mm.
A To ensure accuracy and minimize inter-observer variability, each sample was counted twice by two independent observers, and the average value was used for subsequent statistical Statistical Analysis All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 29, with a two-tailed significance threshold set at = 0.
Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (Anov.
to evaluate the effects of treatment and time on total leukocyte This approach was selected because it accounts for the correlation among repeated measurements taken from the same subjects across different time points, improving accuracy for within-subject comparisons.
Before analysis, data were examined to ensure that the statistical assumptions of repeated measures Anova were The ShapiroAeWilk test was used to confirm the normality of residuals, and LeveneAos test assessed the homogeneity of variances among groups.
The assumption of sphericity, which requires the variances of the differences between all pairs of repeated measurements to be equal, was tested using MauchlyAos When this assumption was violated, the GreenhouseAeGeisser correction was applied to adjust the degrees of freedom and maintain valid F-statistics.
The model included two factors: time .
ithin-subject factor: day 0, 4, 8, and .
and group .
etween-subject factor:
negative control, positive control, and Interaction effects between time and group were also tested to determine whether changes in leukocyte counts across days differed between When significant main or interaction effects were detected .
< 0.
, post hoc pairwise comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni adjustment.
This correction method divides the significance level () by the number of comparisons, thereby controlling the family-wise Type I error rate and preventing false-positive results from multiple testing.
Bonferroni-adjusted p-values were then used to identify significant differences both between groups at each time point and within groups across different time points.
RESULTS
The effect of 10% oyster mushroom powder on total leukocyte count during the wound healing process was evaluated at four different time points: day 0, 4, 8.
The descriptive analysis (TABLE .
showed that the negative control group consistently had the highest leukocyte levels across all time points, while the treatment group had the lowest.
baseline day 0, the mean leukocyte count was highest in the negative control group .
,212.
50 A 4,244.
47 cells/AAL) and lowest in the treatment group .
,975.
A 1,815.
61 cells/AAL).
By day 12, the leukocyte count decreased in all groups, with the treatment group showing the greatest reduction .
,737.
50 A 1,416.
cells/AAL).
Repeated measures Anova indicated a significant difference in leukocyte levels between groups over time .
< 0.
Post hoc Bonferroni analysis (TABLE .
revealed that on day 0, there was a significant difference between the treatment group and the negative control group .
= 0.
On day 8, a significant difference was observed between the treatment group (Treatmen.
and the positive control group/Control ( ) .
= 0.
However, there were no significant differences between groups Elfiah U, et al.
Effect of oyster mushroom powder.
at days 4 and 12 .
> 0.
These results suggest that the administration of 10% oyster mushroom powder was associated with a reduction in leukocyte count, particularly during the inflammatory to proliferative transition phase .
ay Significant intergroup differences were confirmed by Bonferroni post hoc analysis, showing lower leukocyte levels in the treatment group compared with negative control on day 0 .
= 0.
and with positive control on day 8 .
= 0.
The within-group analysis was performed using repeated measures Anova with Bonferroni adjustment to evaluate changes in leukocyte counts over time in each group (TABLE .
the negative control group/Control (A.
, leukocyte levels decreased significantly from day 0 to day 4 .
= 0.
and from day 0 to day 8 .
= 0.
However, there was no significant difference between day 8 and day 12 .
> 0.
, indicating that leukocyte levels stabilized in the later phase of wound healing.
In the positive control group/Control ( ), a significant decrease was observed between day 8 and day 12 .
= 0.
suggesting that the reduction in leukocyte counts occurred later compared to the treatment group.
In the treatment group (Treatmen.
, there were no statistically significant changes in leukocyte counts between time points .
> 0.
, although there was a consistent downward trend from baseline to day 12.
This gradual and stable decrease may reflect an accelerated resolution of the inflammatory phase, resulting in a smoother transition to the proliferative phase.
TABLE 1.
Mean A SD of total leukocyte counts .
ells/AAL) in each group at different time points.
Time point Group Mean A SD .
ells/AAL) Day 0 Control (-) 17,212.
50 A 4,244.
Control ( ) 14,612.
50 A 3,827.
Treatment 11,975.
00 A 1,815.
Control (-) 13,625.
00 A 3,875.
Control ( ) 13,175.
00 A 2,983.
Treatment 11,687.
50 A 3,004.
Control (-) 13,787.
50 A 2,920.
Control ( ) 14,400.
00 A 2,801.
Treatment 10,650.
00 A 2,173.
Control (-) 14,212.
50 A 3,855.
Control ( ) 11,450.
00 A 2,142.
Treatment 10,737.
50 A 1,416.
Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 InaJBCS.
Volume 57.
Number 4, 2025 October: 490-502 TABLE 2.
Pairwise comparison of leukocyte levels between groups at each time point.
Time point Day 0 Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Group comparison Mean difference Control (-) vs Treatment 5,237.
Control (-) vs Control ( ) 2,600.
Control ( ) vs Treatment 2,637.
Control (-) vs Treatment 1,937.
Control (-) vs Control ( ) Control ( ) vs Treatment 1,487.
Control (-) vs Treatment 3,137.
Control (-) vs Control ( ) Control ( ) vs Treatment 3,750.
Control (-) vs Treatment 2,762.
Control (-) vs Control ( ) -3,475.
Control ( ) vs Treatment TABLE 3.
Pairwise comparison of leukocyte counts over time by group.
Group Control (-) Control ( ) Treatment Time point comparison (I-J) Mean difference Std.
D0 Ae D4 D0 Ae D8 D0 Ae D12 D4 Ae D8 D4 Ae D12 D8 Ae D12 D0 Ae D4 D0 Ae D8 D0 Ae D12 D4 Ae D8 D4 Ae D12 D8 Ae D12 D0 Ae D4 D0 Ae D8 D0 Ae D12 D4 Ae D8 D4 Ae D12 D8 Ae D12 Elfiah U, et al.
Effect of oyster mushroom powder.
FIGURE 2.
Estimated marginal means of blood leukocyte counts across experimental groups over time.
Estimated marginal means of blood leukocyte counts measured at four different time points during the wound healing process (FIGURE .
: day 0 .
, day 4 .
, day 8 .
, and day 12 .
The three experimental groups include the negative control/ Control (A.
, positive control/Control ( ), and treatment group (Treatmen.
At time 1 .
, the negative control group/Control (A.
exhibited the highest leukocyte count compared to the other groups, indicating an initial inflammatory response immediately following thermal injury.
The positive control group/Control ( ) showed a moderately high leukocyte count, while the treatment group (Treatmen.
demonstrated the lowest baseline level.
From time 1 to time 2 .
, a notable decrease was observed in the Control (-) group, followed by a slight stabilization from day 8 to day 12.
the Control ( ) group, leukocyte counts initially decreased from day 0 to day 4, peaked slightly on day 8, and then sharply declined by day 12.
Conversely, the treatment group (Ttreatmen.
exhibited a gradual and consistent decrease in leukocyte counts throughout the observation period, reflecting a DISCUSSION This study investigated the effect of 10% oyster mushroom (P.
powder on the total leukocyte count during the wound healing process in rats, focusing on the inflammatory and proliferative phases.
The results showed that the treatment group (Treatmen.
consistently had lower leukocyte levels compared to both the positive control/ Control ( ) and negative control/ Control (A.
The most significant reduction occurred on day 8, where leukocyte counts in the treatment group were significantly lower than in the positive control group .
= 0.
By day 12, the differences between groups were no longer significant, suggesting that the wound healing process reached a more stable phase across all groups.
The elevated leukocyte counts observed at baseline .
, especially in the negative control group, likely reflect the acute inflammatory response immediately following burn induction.
According to previous study, the initial phase of wound healing is characterized InaJBCS.
Volume 57.
Number 4, 2025 October: 490-502 by a rapid influx of neutrophils and monocytes to the injury site, resulting in a transient systemic leukocytosis.
This pattern was consistent in our study, where the negative control/Control (A.
group had the highest leukocyte levels at day 0 .
,212.
50 A 4,244.
47 cells/AAL).
contrast, the treatment group exhibited a slightly lower baseline leukocyte count, which likely reflects individual physiological variation rather than any treatment effect, as blood sampling on day 0 was conducted prior to both burn induction and the initial administration of oyster mushroom powder.
Oyster mushrooms are rich in -glucans, phenolic compounds, and polysaccharides, which have been reported to possess immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties.
18Ae20 These compounds can downregulate proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), (IL-.
, interleukin-6 (IL-.
, while upregulating anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-.
This mechanism explains the significant decrease in leukocyte counts observed in the treatment group on day 8.
The timing of this reduction is consistent with the transition from the inflammatory phase to the proliferative phase of wound healing, where excessive leukocyte proliferation along with collagen deposition becomes predominant.
Interestingly, the leukocyte count in the positive control group/Control ( ) increased slightly on day 8, indicating a prolonged inflammatory response.
This suggests that without the modulating effect of oyster mushroom powder, the inflammatory phase was sustained longer, potentially delaying the onset of tissue repair.
1 Prolonged inflammation can lead to excessive release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proteolytic enzymes, which may damage surrounding healthy tissue and impair 21 In contrast, the treatment group showed a smoother transition to the proliferative phase, likely due to the antioxidative properties of phenolic compounds in oyster mushrooms that scavenge ROS and protect regenerating By day 12, no statistically significant differences were observed between This indicates that the natural healing process eventually progresses treatment, as the inflammatory phase subsides and tissue remodeling begins.
However, the earlier reduction in leukocyte levels in the treatment group suggests that oyster mushroom powder may accelerate the overall healing timeline by shortening the inflammatory These findings are supported by previous study, who demonstrated that oyster mushroom extracts enhanced wound closure rates and modulated inflammatory responses in rat models.
The decrease in leukocyte levels observed in the treatment group resolution of inflammation during the proliferative phase of wound healing.
Although leukocyte dynamics provide indirect evidence of phase transition, leukocyte count alone is not sufficient to clinically confirm proliferation.
In this study, the inference was made based on the physiological timeline of burn wound healing, where the reduction of inflammatory cells typically precedes fibroblast activation, granulation tissue development, and reepithelialization.
Direct histological or macroscopic evaluation of granulation tissue was not thus, the observed leukocyte reduction should be interpreted as a systemic indicator consistent with the proliferative phase rather than as definitive proof of it.
Previous studies have reported that decreased systemic leukocyte activity is associated with enhanced fibroblast function and collagen deposition during this stage.
Elfiah U, et al.
Effect of oyster mushroom powder.
supporting the interpretation that oyster mushroom supplementation may help establish a more regulated inflammatory environment conducive to proper tissue One limitation of this study is the initial baseline variation in leukocyte counts across groups.
The high baseline leukocyte level in the negative control group may have influenced the statistical outcomes, especially at the early time point .
This variation could be attributed to individual biological differences among subjects or a heightened stress response due to the retro-orbital blood collection method, which is known to transiently increase circulating leukocyte levels.
Future studies should include larger sample sizes and standardized handling procedures to minimize such variability.
For recommended to explore different dosages and administration routes of oyster mushroom powder to determine the most effective therapeutic window.
addition, further studies should evaluate other key biomarkers of wound healing, such as fibroblast activity, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis, to better elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
Expanding the model to include chronic wounds or different types of burn injuries, as well as conducting clinical trials in humans, would also provide valuable insights into the translational potential of oyster mushroomAebased therapies in wound management.
These findings suggest that oyster
mushroom powder has potential as a natural therapeutic agent in wound care
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
None to declare.
REFERENCES