Indonesian Journal of Community Services, 4 .
, 61-69
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY SERVICES
Homepage: https://ojs.
org/index.
php/ijcs ISSN: 2829-7733 (Onlin.
Volume 4 Issue 1 May .
DOI: 10.
47540/ijcs.
Page: 61 Ae 69 Influence of Drug Substance on Conduct Disorders Among Children at Manga Institution.
Kisii.
Kenya Michael Keari Omwenga Department of Education Psychology and Special Needs.
Pwani University.
Kenya Corresponding Author: Michael Keari Omwenga.
Email: michaelkeariomwenga@gmail.
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Conduct Disorder.
Juvenile Offenders.
Social Issue.
Substance Abuse.
The prevalence of global conduct disorder (CD) among juvenile offenders ranges from 2 to 10%, making it a significant problem.
This study sought to investigate the influence of drug and substance abuse on conduct disorder among young offenders.
The study used a descriptive research design.
There were 250 target populations.
juvenile offenders were chosen as sample size using basic random and census sampling techniques.
A modified CDS questionnaire and interview guide aimed at FGDS participants and key informants were used to collect primary data.
Descriptive accounts were used, and SPSS was used to evaluate the qualitative data.
Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze quantitative data, and tables and figures were used to display the findings.
The study's findings, the majority of participants .
3%) were first-time offenders, and they hardly ever had symptoms of a serious conduct issue.
However, there was a substantial, positive, and significant .
<0.
association between CD and family variables .
=0.
, drug and substance misuse .
=0.
ADHD .
=0.
among juvenile offenders, the results also showed that conduct disorder was positively and statistically significantly impacted by the independent variables that were utilized in the study, including drugs and substance misuse.
Received Revised Accepted : 20 January 2025 : 20 May 2025 : 26 May 2025 states that depending on how severe the symptoms are, a conduct disorder can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe.
This standard shows how to recognize a conduct disorder.
In addition to intimidating, bullying, or threatening people, it frequently results in violence (Baglivio.
Wolff.
Howell.
Jackowski, & Greenwald, 2.
A corrective juvenile judicial system handles juvenile criminal offenses, particularly for youngsters between the ages of 6 and 7, according to Okutoyi .
To rehabilitate and reintegrate juveniles into society, the system focuses on legal issues surrounding them.
Facilitating the rehabilitation of young people who have committed crimes before their reintroduction into society is the goal of the juvenile justice department (Bath.
Barnert.
Godoy.
Hammond.
Mondals.
Farabee, & Grella, 2.
According to Zelechoski.
Sharma.
Beserra.
Miguel.
DeMarco, & Spinazzola .
, a large number of research do not concentrate on a variety of mental health issues that are thought to be INTRODUCTION Today's youth suffer from Conduct Disorder (CD), a severe and worldwide problem that contributes to criminal activity and actions that endanger the aspirations and futures of young people (Omwenga & Mwangi, 2.
In recent years, this problem has grown at a startling rate (Choi.
Kim.
Kim, & Kim, 2.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Fifth Edition (DSM-V) published by the American Psychological Association (APA) defines conduct disorder (CD) as a pattern of regularly and persistently violating the fundamental rights of others and/or important age-appropriate social norms and standards Examples of this include delinquency/truancy, dishonesty/theft, and aggressive behavior against people and animals (Adewuya.
Famuyiwa & Bakari, 2.
Additionally, the DSM-V defines behavior disorder (Omwenga & Mwangi, 2.
The American Psychological Association .
Indonesian Journal of Community Services, 4 .
, 61-69 precursors to hullabaloos, such as future personality disorders and childhood self-harm.
Juveniles with conduct disorders thus struggle to manage their emotions and behaviors, which severely disrupts their lives (Donisch et al.
, 2.
The importance of this assumption in the study is explained by the fact that, in comparison to children without conduct disorders, 3.
2% of male children whose conduct disorder started at a young age had anxiety disorders, 7.
8% drink alcohol, and 2.
commit crimes (Frick, 2.
This reverses the effects of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, which is associated with psychopathic traits and a high likelihood of antisocial conduct in 15% to 18% of patients suffer from anxiety disorders, 23% of school-aged children suffer from depression, and 35% of youngsters have conduct difficulties (Kim, 2.
Globally, between 2% to 10% of young people worldwide suffer from conduct disorder, with Kenya reporting a prevalence rate of 31.
The number of juvenile offenders behind bars has risen by over 60% from 6,318 in 2008 to 13,108 per 100,000 young offenders in 2010, according to statistics data.
According to these sources, conduct disorder is a serious social and health issue that has been thoroughly studied (Coghill, 2.
Coker et .
investigated the relationship between self-reported criminal activity and psychiatric disorders in a sample representative of the United States.
The study found that young people with ADHD and comorbid conduct disorder had significantly higher crime rates than those without these conditions (MacCormick et al.
, 2.
Numerous studies have demonstrated that children with ADHD are more likely to engage in criminal activity, according to the findings of Fletcher and Wang .
In contrast.
Sibly et al.
conducted a large study in children with ADHD to investigate the risk for conduct disorder and a variety of other long-term negative outcomes, such as criminal activity.
Similarly, studies have shown that integrated therapy is a successful approach for co-occurring disorders such as ADHD and anxiety, as well as ADHD and substance use issues (Coghill et al.
, 2.
There is sufficient evidence to suggest that ADHD increases the likelihood of oppositional defiant disorder as a precursor to conduct disorder, which in turn increases the risk of early-onset conduct disorder (Boitt, 2.
Examine how conduct disorders among young offenders at Manga Institution are impacted by drug and substance METHODS The study used a descriptive research design, which included both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the research.
The study target population was 250, which consisted of 225 juvenile offenders aged between 13 and 17 years old, 5 administrators, 12 trainers (Wardens, mechanics, electrical, carpentry, teacher.
, and 8 Welfare officers/ counselors from this study center as indicated.
The study utilized both a simple random sampling and a census sampling approach (Kombo & Tromp, 225 juvenile offenders made up the unit of analysis out of the total number of juvenile For the research, 68 juvenile delinquents were chosen at random from the pool of 225 available in order to participate.
The researcher designed a questionnaire consisting of closed-ended questions for the questionnaire and verbal interviews that were conducted with the respondents in order to gather source information that would assist the researcher in corroborating the findings obtained from the One focus group discussion was also carried out for this study, and seven participants were recruited from a variety of Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were applied in the analysis of the collected data.
A regression analysis was carried out in order to ascertain and verify the nature of the connection that exists between the variables that are considered independent and the variables that are considered dependent.
According to Saunders et al.
, the t-test was utilized in multiple regressions to determine the probability of the relationship between each of the individual independent variables and the dependent variable.
Ethics and Consideration The introduction letter was acquired from Pwani University's post-graduate studies school and the National Commission for Science.
Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI) granted a research letter and permission to conduct the study.
The Nairobi headquarters of the Department of Prisons granted the researcher authorization to conduct a study in the chosen Borstal institutions.
Parental Indonesian Journal of Community Services, 4 .
, 61-69 consent was also given to conduct a study on their Because this response rate supports Haerle, .
, claim that a response rate of 50% or more is enough for data analysis, it was sufficient to analyze the study.
According to Creswell, data analysis can be done with a response rate of 50% or The trainers, welfare/counselors, and administrators all participated 100% of the time, as shown in Table 1.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondent's Response Rate There were 63 .
65%) responses from juvenile offenders, and the surveys were correctly completed and sent back.
Five of the questionnaires were filled out incorrectly or with missing Table 1.
Response Rate Target group Instruments issue duly filled Incomplete Return rate (%) Juvenile offenders Welfare officers/counselors Trainers Administrators Source: Field data, 2023 findings of the study, 83.
9% of the juvenile Respondents' Age The study sought to establish the age of the delinquents with conduct disorders who were 9% of the juvenile offenders were housed at Manga Institution were between the ages between the ages of 13 and 17 years old, 10.
8% of 13 and 17 years old.
The results are presented in were over the age of 20, and 5.
4% were between the Table 2.
ages of 11 and 15 years old.
According to the Table 2.
Age of respondents at Manga Institution Age (Year.
Frequency Percent Over 20 Total Source: Field data, 2023 RespondentsAo Level of Education at Manga 57% of the respondents had finished their primary This suggested that CD was more Institution The study sought to find out the juvenile common among juvenile offenders in the Borstal offendersAo level of education.
41% of the institution than among students in elementary, respondents had finished their secondary school, middle, and high school, respectively.
The findings 2% had finished their elementary education, and are presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The highest level of education attained by the juvenile offenders College Secondary Primary Source: Field data, 2023 Indonesian Journal of Community Services, 4 .
, 61-69 sentences that were less than 1 year, and 4.
8% had sentences that were between 5-10 years.
This suggests that juvenile offenders have a propensity to commit additional offenses that are in violation of the law.
The findings are presented in Figure 2.
Percentage Length of Sentence Among Young Offenders at Borstal Institution The study sought to find out the length of sentences of the respondents in Manga Institution.
Shows that 87.
1% of the juvenile offenders had sentences that ranged between 1-5 years, 8.
1% had Figure 1.
RespondentsAo length of sentence Below 1 year 1-5years 5-10years Below 1 year 1-5years 5-10years Duration in years Source: Field data, 2023 Percentage relatives .
9%), then, those who were brought up Parenting of Children at Manga Institution The goal of the study was to ascertain how the by their fathers only .
3%), and finally, those who juvenile criminal at the Manga institution was were brought up by both parents .
7% of the The study found that those juvenile juvenile offender.
had the second-highest level of offenders at Manga institution who were brought up conduct disorder at Manga institution.
The findings by foster care .
8%) experienced conduct disorder are illustrated in Table 3.
the least, followed by those who were brought up by Figure 2.
Parenting of young offenders at Borstal institution Father Both parents Mother Father Both Mother Relatives Foster Relatives Foster care Caregiver Source: Field data, 2023 The study's conclusions showed that the juvenile offenders at Manga institution with the greatest degrees of behavior disorder were those who held the middle rank in their families.
Lola.
Belete.
Gebeyehu.
Zerihun.
Yimer, and Leta .
found a strong correlation between ADHD, low family status, and having a birthing order.
Figure 4 presents the outcome.
Family Position of Juvenile Offender and Conduct Disorder The study sought to find out the position of the young offenders at the Borstal institution in their families about conduct disorder.
According to research, the majority of young offenders at Manga Institution were middle-aged .
%), firstborn .
%), lastborn .
%), and only child .
%) in their Indonesian Journal of Community Services, 4 .
, 61-69 Figure 4.
Young offendersAo position in the family Only child Last born 7% Firstborn Firstborn Middle position Last born Only child Middle position Source: Field data, 2023 residing at the Manga institution had never been Previous History of Detention The study wanted to determine whether the imprisoned for a conduct problem before.
juvenile offenders had a history of detention.
Consequently, among other reasons for their According to the report, 31.
7% of the juvenile incarceration, they were first-time offenders offenders at Shikusa Borstal's facility had prior because of behavior problems.
Figure 5 illustrates incarceration, whereas 68.
3% had none at all.
As a the results of the study.
result, the great majority of young criminals Figure 3.
Previous history of detention of young offenders Yes Yes Percentage Source: Field data, 2023 Examine the Influence of Drug and.
Substance abuse and substance use had a mean of 2.
79 with a standard deviation of 1.
Taking drugs and.
Abuse and.
Conduct Disorder The study sought to assess the influence of substances in larger amounts or longer than you are drug and substance abuse on conduct disorder.
The meant to in the Manga institution had a mean of research found that the individuals incarcerated at 2.
22 with a standard deviation of 1.
These Manga had a mean level of 2.
40 for their desire to findings were consistent with those found by use drugs or substances, with a standard deviation Hopfer et al.
, who discovered that increased Using drugs and substances even when it use of all substances was linked with increased puts one in danger in the Manga institution had a instances of behavioral disorders among community mean of 2.
13 with a standard deviation of 1.
Neglecting other aspects of life because of drug Table 3.
Drug and substance abuse on conduct disorder Mean Std.
Deviation Craving to use drugs or substance use.
Take drugs and substances in larger amounts or longer than you are 63 2.
meant to.
Using drugs and substances even when it puts one in danger.
Neglecting other parts of life because of drug abuse and substance use.
Source: Field data, 2023 Indonesian Journal of Community Services, 4 .
, 61-69 Association between drugs and substance abuse and conduct disorder At Manga Institution, the hypothesis examined the relationship between drugs, substance misuse, and conduct disorders among young offenders H0: The conduct disorder of juvenile offenders at the Shikusa Bistro facility is not significantly impacted by drugs or substance usage.
H1: Substance abuse and drug use have a major impact on the conduct disorder of young offenders at Shikusa Bistro.
Simple regression between drug use and substance abuse and behavioral disorders in juvenile offenders was used to explore this hypothesis as shown in table 6.
Table 4.
Goodness of fit model for drug and substance abuse on conduct disorder Model Summary Model R Square Adjusted R Square Std.
Error of the Estimate Predictors: (Constan.
Drug and substance abuse Source: Field Data, 2023 The results indicate a link between substance account for 18.
4% of the conduct disorder.
This addiction, including drug abuse, and behavior indicates that 81.
6% of the conduct disorder may be In the univariate version, the independent explained by the independent variable.
Drug and variable .
rugs and substance misus.
may account other substance misuse and behavior disorders are 6% of the conduct disorder, according to an positively correlated, according to a correlation adjusted R-Squared of 0.
In contrast, other coefficient of 0.
factors that are not part of this model can only Table 5.
ANOVA table for drug and substance abuse on conduct disorder ANOVA Model Sum of Squares Mean Square Sig.
Regression 32.
Residual Total Dependent Variable: Conduct disorder, b.
Predictors: (Constan.
Drug and substance abuse Source: Field Data, 2023 Regression Coefficients (Drugs and Substance considerably higher than zero, as indicated by the pvalue of 0.
Consequently, a significant amount Abus.
An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was of the variability linked to conduct disorder can be performed to ascertain whether the regression explained by our predictor.
The significance of the model is statistically significant overall.
The null p-value enables the study to reject the null hypothesis for this test was that the independent hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis, variables had no capacity to explain anything .
leading us to conclude that the predictor has Table 8 presents the results of the Analysis of explanatory power .
Consequently, the Variance (ANOVA) for the regression coefficient.
regression model's significance may be verified (F The research revealed that R-squared is .
, .
= 279.
25, p 0.
Indonesian Journal of Community Services, 4 .
, 61-69 Table 6.
Regression coefficients (Drugs and substance abus.
Coefficients Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients Model Sig.
Std.
Error Beta (Constan.
Drug and substance abuse (DSA) Dependent Variable: Conduct disorder Source: Field Data, 2023 X2= Drug and substance abuse (DSA).
misuse and conduct problems among juvenile Y= Conduct disorder Y = 0.
In order to counsel and encourage young The results of the linear regression showed that people to behave in a constructive way, the substance misuse and drugs had an impact on government and other officials should collaborate to conduct disorder.
Accordingly, while all other create programs and methods.
As a result, there variables remain the same, a unit increase in drug would be fewer juvenile offenders since it would be and substance misuse would result in a 0.
863-point simpler for young people to alter their social rise in conduct disorder.
This is why, if at all possible, primary prevention or secondary or tertiary prevention, depending on the situation must be achieved CONCLUSIONS According to the study's findings, young through further research, as well as the development offenders had a desire to use drugs or other and application of reliable strategies that are Because of this, the researchers adapted to the socio-family and environmental concluded that the third goal was not achieved context in general.
Further study is necessary to .
ean score of 2.
Additionally, the study accomplish effective primary prevention, as is the discovered that the juvenile offenders were abusing development and application of reliable drugs and substances in greater amounts or for interventions that are adapted to the broader sociolonger periods than is advised .
, using drugs family and environmental context.
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