Griya Widya: Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 3.
Available at: https://journal.
id/index.
php/griyawidya EISSN: 2809-6797 Literature Review of Socio-Cultural Studies on Incidence of Early Childhood Marriage Maharani Nurul Haryanti1.
Bethari Mukti Kusumaningtyas2.
Ayu Khoirotul Umaroh3* 1,2,3 Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Surakarta.
Indonesia *Email & Phone: aku669@ums.
Submitted: 2024-04-02 Accepted: 2024-05-11 Published: 2024-06-29 Keywords:
Early Marriage Social Factors Economy Knowledge Role of Parents Abstract Background: Early childhood marriages that occur in Indonesia are caused by the existence of norms that apply in traditional societies, which are closely related to socio-economic relations between generations.
Early marriage is still a serious problem faced in Indonesia.
Method: This research method is a literature review, which is a research method that summarizes various research journals from the Google Scholar.
PubMed, and Scopus databases.
With inclusion criteria, namely research subjects adolescents before the age of 18 years, articles using quantitative methods with a cross-sectional survey design on publications with ISSN or indexed in SINTA or SCOPUS, articles using Indonesian and English, articles accessed in full text, and are publications from the last 5 years.
Result: The results of this literature review research, obtained from ten journals related to socio-cultural factors that influence the occurrence of early marriage in adolescents.
Of the ten journals, there are four variables from social factors, namely: economics, knowledge, the role of parents, promiscuity, and one variable from cultural factors, namely customs or traditions.
Of the several variables that most influence early marriage, namely, social factors of knowledge and cultural factors.
Implication: The implications of this study are researcher can further expand the variables of social factors related to early childhood marriage, and cultural factors can be explored in more detail that explain the culture related to early marriage using quantitative and qualitative methods.
Novelty: This literature review aims to determine the socio-cultural factors that influence the occurrence of early marriage in adolescents.
A 2024.
This work is licensed under a CC BY-SA 4.
DOI: 10.
53088/griyawidya.
Griya Widya: Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 3.
INTRODUCTION
Early marriage refers to both formal and informal marriages involving children under the age of 18 (BPS & BAPPENAS, 2.
According to United Nations International ChildrenAos Emergency Fund The prevalence of child marriage before the age of 18 has reduced by more than half over the past three decades from 35% in 1987 to 16% in 2017.
Indonesia is ranked in the top 10 countries with child marriage cases in the world (Badan Pusat Statistik & UNICEF.
According to United Nations Development Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) Indonesia at the ASEAN level ranks 2nd with the highest number of early marriages after Cambodia in first place (Damayati, 2.
Early marriage is still a serious problem faced in Indonesia.
Indonesian women who married before the age of 18 in 2022 were 8.
West Nusa Tenggara Province has the highest prevalence .
23%).
Followed by the second province, namely Central Kalimantan .
72%), and Gorontalo Province .
65%) (Peanta, 2.
Early marriage often occurs due to parents who marry their daughters to avoid adultery, fear of being labeled as old virgins, maintain social status, economic problems, and cover up shame if their child is pregnant out of wedlock (Rizka & Prasetyo, 2.
Early marriage occurs as a result of internal factors and external factors.
Internal factors consist of adolescent education factors (S.
Handayani et al.
, 2.
, adolescent knowledge and attitudes (Anggraini, 2.
, and religion (Indanah et al.
, 2.
External factors consist of parental education (E.
Handayani, 2.
, parental economics (Satino et al.
, 2.
, residence (Roslina, 2.
, culture (Mahendra et al.
, 2.
, parental roles (Putra et al.
, 2.
, mass media (Saleheen et al.
, 2.
, promiscuity (Hastuti & Aini, 2.
, unwanted pregnancy (Aprianti et , 2.
, premarital sexual relations (Lowe et al.
, 2.
, and peers (Arikhman et al.
, 2.
Socio-cultural is often the reason for early marriage.
Socio-culture is a tradition that develops in the community and persists over time.
Based on previous research, the social factors that affect early marriage consist of the economy, environment, promiscuity and unwanted pregnancy.
Meanwhile, cultural factors consist of customs that become the habits of the community.
The social factor that affects early marriage is economic.
According to UNICEF, the practice of marriage in society is closely related to economic underdevelopment.
Underprivileged families make early marriage a strategy for parents to reduce the family's economic vulnerability, because the burden of parenting and finances will be passed on to the husband.
The percentage of poverty in rural areas is 6.
2 million .
7%), greater than in urban areas of 98 million .
9%) (BAPPENAS & UNICEF, 2.
The residence factor also affects the occurrence of early marriage.
Residence indirectly affects the way of thinking and the way of life.
A person who lives in a peaceful environment that supports positive and caring things, usually they feel comfortable doing something.
Likewise with association, when children associate with friends who have no restrictions in dating even to have free sex, then they will also be affected (Rahmawati et al.
, 2.
Promiscuity is closely related to early marriage caused by uncontrolled adolescent Promiscuity is caused by a high curiosity about sexuality in adolescents where they do not know the impact of having sexual intercourse before marriage (Rahawa & Mouliza, 2.
In West Africa, the Mandika and Wolof ethnicities have also been surveyed that the majority of women have had their first sexual intercourse, generally before marriage (Lowe et al.
, 2.
One of the consequences of promiscuity that engages in premarital sex behavior is unwanted pregnancy (KTD) (Arnita et al.
, 2.
Unwanted pregnancies are a global social and health challenge.
Globally, 38% of unwanted pregnancies occur .
about 80 million pregnancies per yea.
Unwanted pregnancies have health and economic risks for children, women, men and families.
Unwanted pregnancies are one of the most important factors contributing to schoolgirl dropouts in Kenya (Ikamari et al.
, 2.
Griya Widya: Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 3.
2024 Cultural factors also affect the occurrence of early marriage cases.
The thick culture among the community has caused early marriage which is generally carried out by children who are still in school, and caused many of the children in Potil Village.
Banggai.
Central Sulawesi to drop out of school (Fuadi & Ripursari, 2.
Early marriage in Mahak Baru village.
Malinau.
North Kalimantan has been happening since they were children because they had been matched by their parents.
The existence of an agreement to match children between the child's parents is a driving factor for early marriage.
Most parents in the village marry their children at a young age just because they follow existing customs.
Because parents are worried if their child becomes an old virgin (Sardi, 2.
In addition, many early marriages also occur for the reason of their own desire to avoid adultery and avoid unwanted things such as getting pregnant out of wedlock .
Early marriage also has an impact on reproductive, physical, mental, and social health.
The reproductive health impacts of early marriage on adolescent girls are sexually transmitted diseases (STD.
, cervical cancer, preeclampsia, and complications during pregnancy and Early marriage has an impact on mental health, including stress, anxiety disorders, low self-efficacy being a parent, low autonomy in parenting.
The social impact of early marriage is discrimination gender, dropping out of school, and domestic violence (KDRT) (Nisa et al.
, 2.
In addition, early marriage can have an impact on the quality of households that are not at superior performance in terms of psychological readiness, reproductive health, and family economics so that they are prone to divorce and the quality of children's education is neglected (Julijanto, 2.
The urgency of this research is to find out the socio-cultural factors that affect the occurrence of early marriage in adolescents under 18 years old.
Socio-cultural factors are important to be researched because humans cannot be separated from the socio-cultural influences that already exist in the surrounding environment and become a habit that develops in society.
Social factors come from the relationship between society and the surrounding environment such as knowledge, the role of parents and promiscuity which is important to be researched in order to know the existence of these factors that underlie children to marry early.
Customs and traditions that still occur in the community environment also underlie this.
Several efforts have been made by the Indonesian government to prevent early child Among them are changes in the minimum age of marriage for women, child marriage as a priority in the RPJMN, and national campaigns.
In addition, government partner institutions have also developed several intervention programs, such as the national campaign to stop child marriage.
Child-Friendly City.
Community-Based Integrated Child Protection (PATBM) and reproductive and sexual health education.
The government's target in the RPJMN in 2024 is to reduce the prevalence of child marriage to 8.
Based on BPS data in 2023, women who marry before the age of 18 have decreased by 8.
Preventive efforts can be made by paying attention to the social and cultural picture related to early childhood marriage cases.
Efforts to reduce the rate of early marriage include, first, strengthening laws and policies that protect girls.
Second, ensuring quality education and health services that are accessible to all children to prevent child marriage.
Third, overcoming community poverty which is one of the factors for early marriage.
Fourth, a change in mindset regarding sexual and reproductive health and the protection of children's access to sexual and reproductive health rights (HKSR).
Fifth, support research that focuses on interventions given to married girls (BPS & BAPPENAS, 2.
Therefore, this research is important to find out the picture of factors directly related to the social and cultural aspects of the community that cause there are still cases of underage marriage in Indonesia.
A 2024.
This work is licensed under a CC BY-SA 4.
Griya Widya: Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 3.
METHOD
Type and Design This type of research is a literature review .
iterature revie.
, which is a research method that summarizes various research journals to find out the picture of social and cultural factors that occur in early childhood marriage in Indonesia.
This literature review research aims to find out the social and cultural factors that affect the occurrence of early childhood marriage.
Data collection technique The search for literature review articles was computerized using Google Scholar.
PubMed, and Scopus databases.
The literature search began in the 2017-2022 publication year .
ast 5 year.
for review.
Keywords using the oolean search strategy are "AND" "OR" in Indonesian, while "AND" "OR" is for English.
The "AND" "AND" operators are placed among the keywords used in the search function is to narrow down the search results so that it will bring up results that contain the combination of those words in them.
While the "OR" "OR" operator between keywords means that it will expand the search results so that it will bring up results that contain a combination of those words in it.
Table 1.
Pico Kazian Literatura Akronim Definition Patient atau Intervention Description It can be a single patient, a group of patients with a specific condition or describing a specific group of patients, it may include a major problem, disease, or condition that coexists Describe an intervention on a topic of interest Control atau Outcome Defined as standard, most commonly used or no intervention intervention Expected results PICO Teens under 18 years old Social and Cultural Factors Early Marriage Data and Data Sources The samples used in this study were national and international journals that were screened in accordance with inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria.
The inclusion criteria of this study are publication articles that are taken containing independent variables from the research .
ocial factors and cultural factor.
and bound variables from early childhood marriage research, the research subjects are adolescents who marry before the age of 18, articles of the original research type with a quantitative method with a cross sectional survey design published in ISSN research journals or indexed in SINTA and SCOPUS, articles in Indonesian and English, and articles can be accessed in full text within the last 5 years .
As for the exclusion criteria for this research article, the research location is not in Indonesia, the article is in the form of a thesis, thesis, or dissertation, and the article cannot be accessed completely or paid.
Griya Widya: Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 3.
2024 Journal databases used in the library search:
Google Scholar.
PubMed, and Scopus Google Scholar PubMed Scopus Overall Article Selection Results .
A total of 7,462 literature was issued A total of 11,381 articles screened .
esearch title is inappropriate and there is A total of 11,357 literature was issued A total of 24 abstracts were screened .
oes not meet the inclusion criteri.
A total of 5 literature was issued A total of 19 literature was assessed for feasibility using the Critical Appraisal Form .
bstract does not contain the variables studie.
A total of 9 literature was issued .
ot meeting the Critical Appraisal Strobe criteria 75%) A total of 10 literature were included in the literature review Figure 1.
Article Selection Flow
RESULT
From the results of the research, ten journals were obtained from Google scholar.
PubMed and Scopus searches.
Eight of them are from the Google Scholar database, 1 of them is from the PubMed database and 1 of them is from the Scopus database.
A 2024.
This work is licensed under a CC BY-SA 4.
Griya Widya: Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 3.
2024 Table 2.
Journal Source Yes Author.
Year Eva Erna Juliawati.
Astrid Novita.
Rita Ayu and .
Nova Arikhman.
Tri Meva Gusliani EP Heading Determinants of Early Marriage in Adolescents Reni Sumanthi.
Handayani.
Desi Ari Lena Sri Diniyati Dan Irma Jayatami .
Agi Yulia and Vina Febriani, .
The Correlation Between Knowledge Of Marriageable Age.
Education.
Matchmaking And Child Marriage In Females In Banjarnegara Indonesia The Influence of Four Variables on Early Marriage Behavior of Coastal Women The Relationship of Adolescent Girls' Knowledge of Maturity of Marital Age to the Risk of Early Marriage Determinants of Early Marriage in One District in South Lampung Regency Sri Idawati .
Nurlia Catur Utami and Herlin Y.
Nurjanah .
Sri Latifah Taher .
Nona Intan.
Nisaul H.
Laili R.
Tetti .
Nurlaila Firtianis .
Factors Affecting Early Marriage in New Village.
Kerinci Regency Factors Related to the Perception of Early Marriage in Students at SMK Pancasila Palu The Relationship Between Culture.
Knowledge and Socioeconomics With Early Marriage The Socio-Cultural Environment.
Parental Perception.
Adolescent Knowledge.
And Attitude Toward EarlyAge Marriage Decision The Relationship between Adolescent Knowledge Level and Social Environment on Early Marriage in Samili Village in Journals.
Volumes Symposium of the Indonesian Midwifery Journal Volume 01.
Number 02.
November 2021 Journal of Endurance: A Scientific Study of Health Problems.
Vol 4.
October Belitung Nursing Journal.
Volume 4.
Issue 5.
September Ae October 2018 Health Scientific Journal.
Vol.
No.
2 of 2017 Journal of Health.
Vol.
11 No.
Journal of Nursing.
Volume Xi.
No.
April 2017Volume 01.
Number 02.
November 2021 Collaborative Journal Science.
Volume 05.
Number 08.
August 2022 Indonesia Journal of Midwifery Sciences.
Number: 01 Volume:
03 Year 2022 Journal of Maternity Care and Reproductive Health.
Vol.
Issue 3 Fondatia: Journal of Basic Education Volume 2.
Number 1.
March 2018 Responsive Characteristics Based on the results of the research, the literature review of the characteristics of respondents in ten journals was divided into various different locations.
Some are located in junior high and high school school institutions, others are located in villages, sub-districts, and districts.
In the gender indicator from the ten journals with the number of female gender as many as 538 respondents while the male gender was 123 respondents.
The majority of respondents' genders, namely women, are found in nine out of ten existing The age range of respondents ranged from 12 years to 19 years old, but the majority of respondents were in the age range of 16-18 years.
Griya Widya: Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 3.
2024 Table 3.
Responsive Features Woman Man Range 16-17 years old Sum Level Education Jenis Sum 18-19 years old 14 years SMP Reni S.
Sri H.
Dhesi A, .
Lena SD and Irma J, .
By Y and Vina Idawati, .
< 18 years old
Low
18 years old
14-16 years old
Tall
SMP
17-19 years old
14 years SMA
SMP
16-19 years old Low Nurlia CU and Herlin Y.
Nurjanah, .
16 years old
SMK
17 years Sri LT, .
18 years old Nona INH.
Laili R.
Tetti, .
Nurlaila F
12-15 years Low
15-18 years old
>16 years old
Tall
SMP
<16 years old
SMA
Yes Author.
Year Eva EJ.
Astrid Rita AY, .
Nova A.
Tri ME.
Gusliani EP, .
Gender Age Research Location West Pontianak District New Village.
West Air Warmat District.
Kerinci Regency Punggelan.
Bajarnegara
Regency Coastal port of Karangantu
Serang
SMPN 9
Cirebon City In Kalianda District.
Lampung Regency SMK pankasila In 6 RWs Sukadamai Village.
Dramaga District.
Bogor Regency Punggelan.
Bajarnegara Regency In Samili Village Remark: (-) means it has no indicator Method Based on the results of the literature review, the research method used in the research article is the cross sectional method.
The sample acquisition could not be separated from the sampling process where six journals used simple random sampling, two journals used accessory sampling, one used systematic random sampling, and one used total sampling for the sampling process.
The data that has been obtained will then be tested using various statistical tests, most of the data will be tested using chi-square statistical tests, namely in eight journals.
While the remaining two use the r-square test and the spearman rank test.
A 2024.
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Griya Widya: Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 3.
2024 Table 4.
Research Methods Journal
ISSN
SINTA
Author.
Year By Y and Vina Sampling Technique Accidental Sampling Population Sample All young women in grades 8 A-I at SMPN 9 Cirebon City .
Years Ol.
Married women Knowledge Statistical Test Uji Spearman Rank Peer Cultural Knowledge Test Chi Square Knowledge of the social Behaviour.
Education.
Socioculture.
Employment.
Health worker Knowledge Lifestyle Role of Economics Environment Socioculture mass media Views and beliefs Socio-Economic Knowledge Parental Attitudes Culture of SocioEconomic Knowledge Test Chi Square Matchmaking Knowledge Test Chi Square Socio-cultural, knowledge and Test Chi Square Nova A.
Tri ME.
Gusliani EP Nurlaila F Simpel random Total sampling Teenage boys and girls FEEL Idawati .
Simpel Random Sampling Married couples under the age of FEEL Lena SD and Irma J Accidental Sampling ISSN Eva EJ.
Astrid Rita AY Simpel random All women fishermen at the Karangantu fishing port Married young women aged SCOPUS Nurlia CU and Herlin Y.
Nurjanah Sri LT, .
Random sampling Students of SMK Pancasila Systematic Random Sampling FEEL Reni S.
Sri H.
Dhesi A .
Simple random
SINTA
Nona I.
Nisaul Laili R.
Tetti Simple random Residents in RW Sukadamai village.
Dramaga Bogor Regency Married woman in Punggelan.
Banjarnegara
Regency Adolescent SINTA
ISSN
Variable Test Chi Square Test R Square Test Chi Square Test Chi Square Test Chi Square Influencing Factors Of the ten journals analyzed, there were five factors that were researched and in accordance with the inclusion criteria, namely from social factors there are economy, knowledge, the role of parents, promiscuity, and cultural factors there are customs or Griya Widya: Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 3.
2024 Table 5.
Results of Literature Review Analysis Writer By Y and Vina F, .
Nova A.
Tri ME.
Gusliani EP Nurlaila F Idawati .
Lena SD and Irma J Eva EJ.
Astrid N.
Rita AY Variable Bivariate Analysis P= 0.
Knowledge Culture Knowledge Social environment Socio-cultural Parental Income Knowledge The role of the family Economics P= 0.
P= 0.
P= 0.
P= 0.
P= 0.
P= 0.
T-statistik = 1.
T-statistik = 22.
P= 0,013
OR= 5.
P=0,026
OR= 4.
P= 0,027
OR= 4.
P=0,031
P= 0,038
P=0,027
OR= 2.
P= 0,022
OR= 2,320
P= 0, 027
OR= 2.
P= 0,007
P= 0,148
52,8%
Knowledge Social Environment Socio-cultural Nurlia CU and Herlin Y.
Nurjanah Sri LT, .
Knowledge Socio-economic Culture Knowledge Socio-economic Reni S.
Sri H.
Dhesi A .
Nona I.
Nisaul H.
Laili R.
Tetti Knowledge Matchmaking Socio-cultural Knowledge DISCUSSION Economic Factors Economics is a factor that affects the occurrence of early marriage.
Economic factors were analyzed in four journals, (Idawati, 2.
namely with the variables of parental income, (Juliawati et al.
, 2.
with economic variables, and with socioeconomic variables in the journal (Utami et al.
, 2.
and (Taher, 2.
However, in the study of .
, parents' income, no relationship was found with early marriage, where the p-value was 0.
179 which means that Ho was rejected.
In the other three journals, economic factors have a relationship with the occurrence of early marriage.
In the study in the village area, there were 27 respondents .
%) who married at the age of 16-17 years with (Juliawati et al.
, 2.
a p-value of 0.
013 which means that there is a significant relationship between economic factors and early marriage in The condition of families in this study lived in the poverty line, namely parents with low income as much as 60%.
Then in the research conducted by (Utami et al.
, 2.
those in the Palu City area with the perception of students and students of SMK Palu towards early marriage.
The low level of economic status in this study with the perception that early marriage is good to be done is approved by 6 students of SMK Palu.
Meanwhile, the high level of economic status in this study with the perception that early marriage is good, is more approved by 28 students and students of SMK Palu.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the perception of early marriage in the urban area for students and students of SMK Palu is not only based on the level of knowledge that is considered good or bad and also the good and bad attitude of parents, but it is influenced on the basis of the personal thoughts and opinions of each individual regarding whether or not to agree with the practice of early marriage.
A 2024.
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Griya Widya: Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 3.
2024 It was found that economic status with early marriage in adolescent girls was interrelated with a p-value of 0.
The research was also conducted in (Taher, 2.
a village with 54.
3% of respondents who married early and 60.
8% who married early with a low economy.
The p-value is 0.
027 which means that there is a relationship between socioeconomic and early marriage.
According to (Taher, 2.
, economic factors have been one of the main triggering factors for many cases of early marriage.
Improving the economic status of the family, not having school fees, demanding that children who are ill help their parents in the rice fields to help the family economy, ensuring that the daughters they have can get a decent life, and providing guarantees for a decent life for their children are the reasons for the justification of parents who marry their children at an early age.
From the three articles contained in the urban and village areas, it can be concluded that there is a difference in economic status in villages and cities.
The economic status in the village is lower than in the city and those who carry out early marriage in the village are also still quite high.
This is influenced by the low economic factors of parents so that they cannot finance their children's school.
Meanwhile, in cities with a high economic level and able to pay for children's schooling, there are still many who have the perception that early marriage is good to do.
One of the efforts to minimize the occurrence of early marriage at a low economic level is the role of parents who provide understanding of reproductive health to their children and children must also be busy with other positive activities.
If school is not possible because the economy is very low, children can be directed to work according to their age.
For example, by making skills or creating things that produce in order to help the family economy and divert from the occurrence of early marriage.
Meanwhile, the economic status of those in cities with a high economic level by having a perception of early marriage is good to do.
This can be anticipated by providing teachers with an understanding of reproductive health, the impact of early marriage and also the appropriate age limit for men and women based on government rules.
Knowledge Factor There are eight journals that analyze the knowledge factor and have a p-value of <0.
which means that there is a relationship between knowledge and early marriage.
According to (Arikhman et al.
, 2.
those in the village, 25 people .
%) who have early marriage with a low level of knowledge are 25 people .
%) higher than those who have high knowledge and only 7 people who have early marriage.
Low knowledge occurs due to a lack of knowledge about the consequences of early marriage.
Such as not knowing the age limit for marriage, the result is problems with reproductive health and causing an impact on the baby they are carrying, can also experience complications during pregnancy, and not knowing that early marriage can cause problems of domestic violence caused by the mental unpreparedness of both parties.
Another thing that causes low knowledge is due to low education factors, namely only up to the elementary and junior high school levels which are also related to the low economy, so that when knowledge is low, it cannot apply the information obtained about early marriage is well understood.
According to (Sumanti et al.
, 2.
the proportion of respondents who married early less than 18 years old with a low level of knowledge was quite high, namely 32 people .
7%).
The factor that causes low knowledge is because respondents do not know the health impact that occurs on mothers and babies when pregnancy occurs when the mother is not physically and mentally ready.
This is due to the low level of education in the respondents as many as 78 people .
25%).
According to (Dini & Nurhelita, 2.
the perception of young women about the lack of knowledge about the risk of early marriage in SMP 9 Cirebon City as many as 11 people, higher than those who have good knowledge and marry early as many as 8 people.
This is Griya Widya: Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 3.
2024 due to factors of education, information/mass media, socio-cultural and economic, and environmental factors that cause early marriage.
Knowledge is due to the respondent's educational background, namely the junior high school level, so that the respondent's lack of knowledge about the risks of early marriage is obtained According to (Diniyati & Jayatmi, 2.
the village, the perception of early marriage with a low level of knowledge has a direct influence with a T-statistic value of 3.
0 higher with a critical T-statistic value .
According to (Utami et al.
, 2.
the students and students of SMK Palu who have good knowledge is higher, namely 49 people and 29 female students who have a perception of early marriage is not good.
According to (Taher, 2.
the frequency of respondents who married early with less knowledge, it was higher at 56 people .
5%) compared to those who married early with good knowledge, which was only 20 people .
8%).
Low knowledge of matters related to early marriage that occurred in this study will make adolescents not aware of the dangers, impacts and risks posed when adolescents marry under the proper age without knowing the cause and effect that occurs when it occurs.
According to (Fitrianis, 2.
those in the village with less knowledge and early marriage under the age of 16, as many as 24 people.
This happens because many teenagers whose last education is only up to the junior high school level so there is a lack of information they In this study, it is considered that knowledge greatly influences the life prospects of adolescent girls who lack knowledge and lack understanding about the risks posed by early It can be concluded from the eight articles on the perception of early marriage to those who do early marriage, and those in rural and urban areas have a knowledge relationship with early marriage.
In the village area, knowledge is considered low and results in early marriage due to lack of knowledge and is also related to the low level of education of the Meanwhile, in the city, the knowledge of teenagers is quite high so they do not think that marriage is good to do.
The factor of low knowledge is the low level of education.
Children who have higher education will be more likely to accept new information and understand new knowledge related to early marriage.
The high knowledge of children affects decision-making such as to marry early.
Children with high knowledge will be more considerate of the good and bad.
Parental Role Factors The role of parents in the study (Diniyati & Jayatmi, 2.
had a statistical T-value of 70 with a critical T value of 1.
96 so it was concluded that there was a significant relationship between the role of the family and the perception of early marriage.
The family has a very important role in efforts to develop children's personalities.
The role of parents who are full of affection and education about life values, both religious and socio-cultural.
The role of parents in the growth and development of children, about the child's attitude and behavior in the future depends on how in the family, in childhood and in adolescence is related to the role of parents and the incidence of early childhood marriage.
Parents have a very important role in preventing early marriage.
Parents must have the firmness to say no to early marriage.
A good role as a parent by giving children religious moral instilling from an early age, so as to prevent promiscuity when children are teenagers.
Parents do have to work to meet the needs of their children, but sometimes parents forget to supervise their children's associations, give attention and affection to their children (Arianto, 2.
Promiscuity Factors The promiscuity factor is also based on a bad social environment.
According to research, the number of bad associations is more than good, as evidenced by the number of 26 people A 2024.
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Griya Widya: Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 3.
8%) and a (Fitrianis, 2.
p-value of 0.
000 which means that it is related to the perception of early marriage.
In line with the research (Juliawati et al.
, 2.
, the proportion of people who have a bad social environment and are married at the age of 16-17 years is 20 people .
%).
Bad associations occur because of the lack of closeness between parents and their children and children prefer to hang out with friends outside the home and try new things outside that are far from religious values.
Factors that affect the occurrence of promiscuity are environmental factors that are not good due to lack of parental attention, lack of understanding of religious values will have an impact on promiscuity and result in adolescents easily falling into promiscuity and resulting in marriage at an early age.
Cultural Factors Culture influences the occurrence of early marriage according to the article, which is in the region in the village that has culture and supports the occurrence of early marriage as many as 26 people .
2%) compared to those who do not have culture and 6 people marry The (Arikhman et al.
, 2.
p-value is 0.
000 which means there is a relationship between culture and early marriage.
The culture that supports early marriage in this study is by the practice of matchmaking following the traditions of parents that have existed for The culture of matchmaking in this study has been carried out when girls are still children and must be married quickly to avoid promiscuity and parents' thoughts that come from the habits of society, namely that girls are not required to continue their higher education because they are considered to be old virgins and it is believed that it is difficult to get offspring.
This culture is believed by children because of girls' lack of knowledge about the impact of early marriage.
According to research (Juliawati et al.
, 2.
in villages with negative cultures and marriages at the age of 16-17 years, as many as 20 people .
%).
The p-value is 0.
027 which means that there is a relationship between culture and early marriage.
The culture that occurs and supports early marriage is the existence of a tradition of matchmaking that is often carried out following the traditions of parents.
According to research in (Taher, 2.
the village area and supporting culture towards early marriage, there were quite 59 people .
8%) with a p-value of 0.
027, namely there was a relationship between culture and early marriage.
In this study, the culture that supports early marriage is carried out because it follows the existing traditional traditions of parents regarding matchmaking, there is pressure from the community who already think negatively that if they marry for a long time, they will become old virgins.
Parents and the surrounding community still consider that information about reproductive health is considered taboo and this also encourages early marriage because they do not know information related to it.
According to research conducted by (Wadjaudje et al.
, 2.
West Java on the perception of early marriage, respondents supported early marriage as many as .
8%).
Parents in this study supported early childhood marriage because they lived in existing traditions and low economic status, forcing children to marry at an early age.
Adolescents who are not aware of the potential risks posed will support and follow their parents' willingness to marry early.
The culture states that women are taught to marry as early as possible to appreciate existing traditions.
Culture is also used by parents to cover economic reasons, because parents hope that when girls marry, the burden will be reduced by the existence of this culture as well as used as an excuse for parents to their children.
According to research conducted by (Sumanti et al.
, 2.
Punggelan Village.
Banjarnegara Regency, respondents who were matched by parents were .
2%) at the age of <18 years.
Banjarnegara Regency is one of the districts in Central Java Province that is included in the top five highest rates of child marriage.
In this village, many parents think Griya Widya: Journal of Sexual and Reproductive Health, 3.
2024 that women are only in charge of serving their husbands, children, and spending time in the kitchen they consider continuing their education as a futile thing.
However, the research conducted by (Idawati, 2.
was not in line with the others and the p-value was 0.
898 which means that there is no connection between culture and early marriage carried out in Kalianda District.
Lampung.
Based on statistical tests, the p value was indeed rejected, which is that there was no relationship with early marriage.
The Lampung tribe does not have the habit of early marriage, but because this study is in a rural area for children who drop out of school and do not work, they finally also marry early before they are adults but without the culture that is the habit of the community.
Early marriage in rural and urban areas both supports early marriage and has a culture related to early marriage, most of whom believe that there is an arranged marriage that is carried out from generation to generation following traditions that already exist in the community with respondents who commit early marriage and the perception of early Although the research is in a village area in Kalianda District.
Lampung does not have a culture related to early marriage, children with low parental economics and school dropouts still marry early due to economic conditions.
In overcoming culture and customs that have been going on for generations, the community needs further thinking to overcome the culture that is still being applied needs to be reviewed so that the young generation and the next generation of the nation will not fall into it (Saskara, 2.
CONCLUSION
Based on this literature review research, ten journals related to socio-cultural factors that affect the occurrence of early marriage in adolescents were obtained.
These factors are economy, knowledge, the role of parents, promiscuity, and culture.
It is hoped that the researcher can further expand the variables of social factors related to early childhood marriage and cultural factors can be explored in more detail that explain the culture related to early marriage using quantitative and qualitative methods.
REFERENCES