E-ISSN: 2528-388X
P-ISSN: 0213-762X
INERSIA
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May 2023 Comparation Study of Wood Quality Influenced by Water Content with Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test Approach Darmono*.
Maris Setyo Nugroho, and Rama Aji Pupus Pamungkas Department of Civil Engineering.
Faculty of Engineering.
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, 55281.
Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Keywords:
Wood Quaility Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Water content In general, the building evaluation requires a sample from the building being tested.
However, this cannot be done in cultural heritage buildings such as Masjid Gedhe Mataram.
Because of that reason, an Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test (UPV) is applied.
This test aims to determine the strength of the wood quality due to the influence of its water content using the ultrasonic pulse velocity direct method.
In the UPV test, the results are in the form of wave propagation which is influenced by several factors such as the type and the water content of the wood.
There were 3 types of tested wood, 9 specimens each.
The types of tested wood were kruing (KR), sengon (S), and teak wood (JTB).
The water content was set at 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%.
The results showed a strong correlation between MoE and MoEd values of kruing wood with an R2 value of 0.
8405, a weak correlation of sengon wood with an R2 value of 0.
31, and a strong correlation of teak wood with an R2 value of 0.
The differences in wood quality based on modulus of elasticity between bending testing and UPV were 0.
9 - 4.
43% for kruing wood, 3.
- 23.
4% for sengon wood, and 3.
4 - 33% for teak wood.
This is an open access article under the CCAeBY license.
Introduction Wood has been used as building material since ancient This can be observed that so many cultural heritage buildings built in wood as the main material such as Masjid Gedhe Mataram.
Until now Masjid Gedhe Mataram is still used as it should be.
However, a building should be evaluated to assess its Considering the main material used in Masjid Gedhe Mataram is wood, there are some items could be used to assess the wood quality of the building.
One of the most important factor of wood is the water content, the higher the wood water content the weaker the tested wood .
Generally to conduct such test needs samples from the building.
However this can not be done for the cultural heritage buildings.
To solve this problem, it needs another approach as an alternative, such as Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test, a test being able to test the wood mechanical propertis without damaging the tested objects .
Non-destructive test is used to detect the failure of an object when it is being constructed or after it is used.
*Corresponding author.
E-mail: darmono@uny.
https://dx.
org/10.
21831/inersia.
Received May 16th, 2023.
Revised May 28th, 2023.
Accepted May 30th 2023 Available online May 31st, 2023 Some methods being used are ultrasonic, radiography, magnetic particle, eddy current, dye penetrant, and visual methods.
This assessment is depended on the non-destructive test technique to prepare accurate information of characteristic, capability or condition of the material.
The researcher also argues that nondestructive test for wood is very different when compared to homogenous and isotropic materials such as metal, glass, plastic, and ceramic, because the nonwood materials have known mechanical properties and have been strictly controlled during manufacturing process .
For such materials, non-destructive test technique is only used to detect the existence of discontinuities, voids, and inclusions.
Non-destrucite test technique for wood, however, is used to measure the appearing irregularities because of natural factors.
The results of UPV test are wave propagation speed and MoEd score of the wood.
Beside the non-destructive test, the destructive test was also conducted as the flexural strengthtest, to compare with the UPV test.
This study aims to analyse the wood INERSIA.
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strength quality affected by the wood water content with the UPV approach.
There were three wood types tested in this test, namely kruing, sengon, and teak woods.
Water content test Wood water content is the amount of water existing in wood expressed in percentage of dry weight of its furnace .
Therefore before being tested, the tested wood should be dried to be in furnace dry condition (Figure .
After the wood weight in the furnace dry condition is obtained, a wood weight plan is then established for the water contents of 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, can be observed on Table 1 to Table 3.
The used of water content based on a testing have been conducted by .
After a weight plan being set, the wood is soaked in water until a planned weight is obtained Figure 3.
To calculate the wood water content applys this equation formula .
Materials and Method Materials and equipments This study tested 3 wood types, namely kruing (KR), sengon (S), and teak woods (JTB).
There were 9 specimens for each of the wood types, so the total specimens were 27.
The dimension of the specimens was 5 cm x 5 cm x 76 cm .
The equipments used in this tudy were the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and the Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
Testing Scheme In order to make the implementation of the research more focused.
a research flow chart is made as Figure 1.
MC%=
A-B
where MC is wood water content.
A is soaked weight, and B is dry weight.
Start Preparation:
Equipments Materials Material Tests:
Wood Water Content Wood Specific Gravity Wood water content conditioning Non Ae Destructive .
Direct Method Destructive test .
Flexural strength Figure 2.
Wood drying Testing Data Processing:
Data analysis and discussion Data presentation in tables and graphs Conclusions Report Figure 3.
Wood soaking Finish Figure 1.
Reserach flow chart Darmono, et al.
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KR 1
KR 2
KR 3
KR 4
KR 5
KR 6
KR 7
KR 8
KR 9
Table 1.
Table of weight plan for Kruing wood Weight Determination for Kruing (KR) Wood Wood Planned Weight A 12% .
A 15% .
A 20% .
A 25% .
A 30% .
Table 2.
Table of wieght plan for Sengon (S) wood Weight Determination for Sengon Wood Wood Planned Weight Wood Code Dry Weight .
A 12% .
A 15% .
A 20% .
A 25% .
A 30% .
Table 3.
Table of weight plan for Teak wood (JTB) Weight Determination for Teak Wood Wood Planned Weight Wood Code Dry Weight .
JTB1
JTB2
JTB3
JTB4
JTB5
JTB6
JTB7
JTB8
JTB9
A 12% .
A 15% .
A 20% .
A 25% .
A 30% .
where A is specific gravity.
BKO is oven dry weight.
K is a conctant of 1000 .
eight in gr and dimension in m.
, and V is volume based on puncture diameter dan hole depth.
Wood specific gravity test The wood specific gravity test was conducted referred to Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Densit.
of Wood and Wood-Based Materials .
The wood specific gravity formula can be seen on formula .
and the testing documentation shown in Figure 4.
A=Kx BKO INERSIA.
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Notes:
The tested wood experienced a damage pattern of cross-grain tension where there are cracks on the crossing of grain direction.
The tested wood experienced a damage pattern of splinter tension where there are cracks forming flake shape on the wood surface.
Figure 4.
Wood specific gravity test Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test The specimens were tested by UPV test using direct method (Figure 5.
) In this application the specimens were marked on the parts being tested, and before the test being conducted, the specimens were given gel and then two tranducers were placed, so the wave reading will be better.
After gel was givern, the tranducers were placed on the tested wood so the reading results On the display unit.
The UPV was conducted for the water content of 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% .
The data in the form of wave velocity value were then used to calculate the wood stiffness value .
lasticity modulus.
MoE.
using the equation .
MoEd = Figure 6.
Damage pattern of kruing wood V2 xA a.
AA.
AA.
MoEd is dynamic elasticity Modulus (N/m.
A is wood specific gravity .
/cm.
, v is ultrasonic wave propagation velocity .
/de.
, and g is specific gravity constant .
,81 m/det.
Figure 7.
Damage patterns of jati .
and sengon .
The elasticy test applying UTM for Teak wood shows the damage pattern of splinter tension, where flakes exist on the wood surface .
The graph of plasticity test loading Based on the obtained by elasticity test for kruing, sengon, and teak wood, the correlation graphs between existing load and deflection during the test can be seen on Figure 8 to Figure 16.
Figure 5.
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test Flexural strength test Based on the UTM test the following damage patterns were obtained as Figure 6 and Figure 7.
Darmono, et al.
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P .
N) Load.
P .
N) KR1
KR2
KR3
9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Deflection .
Figure 8.
Correlation graph between load and deflection for kruing wood with 12% water content
-1 0
KR5
KR6
9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Load.
P .
N) Load.
P .
N) KR8
KR9
Figure 12.
Correlation graph between load and deflection of sengon wood with 20% water content
KR7
Deflection .
Figure 9.
Correlation graph between load and deflection for kruing wood with 20% water content Deflection .
Figure 11.
Correlation graph between load and deflection of sengon wood with 12% water content
KR4
Deflection .
Load.
P .
N) Load.
P .
N) -1 0
9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Deflection .
Deflection .
Figure 13.
Correlation graph between load and deflection of sengon wood with 30% water content Figure 10.
Correlation graph between load and deflection for kruing wood with 30% water content INERSIA.
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values can be calculated using the equations of .
Load.
P .
N) MoE = JTB1
JTB2
JTB3
4OIbh3 Where MoE is elasticity modulus (MP.
P is test maximum load (N).
L is test span length.
OI is deflection .
, b is test specimen width .
, and h is test specimen height .
-1 0
PL3
Deflection .
Figure 14.
Correlation graph between load and deflection of jati wood with 12% water content Load.
P .
N) JTB4
JTB5
Figure 17.
The UTM equipment JTB6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Deflection .
Figure 15.
Correlation graph between load and deflection of jati wood with 20% water content Figure 18.
Flexural strengthtest Load.
P .
N) Results and Discussion JTB7
JTB8
JTB9
Water content test The following tables show the results of the conducted tests for Kruing.
Sengon, and Teak wood.
Water content test for Kruing wood Table 4 shows the water content test results of Kruing Figure 19 shows the actual water content resulted from soaking that has different values to the arranged water content.
It could be caused by achieving the same as the arranged water content is difficult to be done.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Deflection .
Figure 16.
Correlation graph between load and deflection of jati wood with 30% water content The test for flexural strength was conducted for 12%, 20%, and 30% water contents.
The plasticity test was conducted referred to SNI .
This test uses UTM where the specimen is placed on a platform spanning 710 mm, the equipment is then pressed with a speed of 5 mm/minute (Figure 17 and Figure .
By this test the plasticity elasticity modulus (MoE) and break plasticity stress (MoR) values are obtained.
Those .
Water content test for Kruing wood Table 5 shows the conducted test results of water content for sengon wood.
Figure 20 shows the actual water content resulted from soaking that has different values to the arranged water content.
It could be caused by achieving the same as the arranged water content is difficult to be done.
Darmono, et al.
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Taek wood water content test results Wood Dry Weight Soaked Water Code .
Weight .
Content (%) .
The teak wood water content test Table 6 shows is the teak wood water content test Figure 21 shows the actual water content resulted from soaking that has different values to the arranged water content.
It could be caused by achieving the same as the arranged water content is difficult to be JTB1
JTB2
JTB3
Mean
JTB4
JTB5
JTB6
Mean
JTB4
JTB5
JTB6
Mean
JTB7
JTB8
JTB9
Mean
JTB7
JTB8
JTB9
Mean Table 4.
Kruing woods water content test results Wood Dry Weight Soaked Water Code Weight .
Content (%) KR 1
KR 2
KR 3
Mean
KR 4
KR 5
KR 6
Mean
KR 4
KR 5
KR 6
Mean
KR 7
KR 8
KR 9
Mean
KR 7
KR 8
KR 9
Mean
Water Content (%) Water Content Variation Actualy Content
Kadar AirWater Aktual
(%)
Kadar airWater (%) Design Content Figure 19.
The graph of the test results of water content for kruing wood Water Content (%) Table 5.
Sengon woods water content test results Dry Wood Soaked Weight Water Weight Code Content (%) .
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
Water Content Variation Designair
Water
Content(%) Actualy Water
Content
Kadar Air
Aktual
(%)
Kadar Figure 20.
The graph of the test results of water content for sengon wood INERSIA.
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Water Content (%) Table 8.
The value of propagation velocity for kruing wood
Water Content
(%)
Mean V (Km/.
Kruing Wood Type
Kadar Air
Aktual
(%)
Actualy Water Content Propagation speed .
Water Content Variation Designair Water Content(%) Kadar Figure 21.
The graph of the test results of water content for teak wood Specific gravity test The specific gravity test results for Kruing.
Sengon, and Teak Wood is displayed on Table 7 and Figure 22.
Wood Code
Mean
Kruing Sengon
Jati
JTB
Mean of specific gravity Wood type
1,653
1,548
1,087
1,237
Water Content (%) Figure 23.
The propagation velocity graph of kruing wood Table 7.
Specific gravity test results No.
The wave propagation velocity for the water content of 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% respectively 1653 m/s, 547 m/s, 1086.
67 m/s, 1236.
85 m/s, and 899.
21 m/s.
The decrease percentage of wave propagation velocity for the water content between 12% and 15% is 6.
4%, for the water content between 15% and 20 % is 29.
For the water content of 20% and 25% an increase of wave propagation velocity 13.
82% occurs, for the water content of 25% and 30% a decrease of 27.
3% occurs.
increase of wave propagation velocity for the water content of 25% occurs.
These could occur because of some causes such as innaccurate reading causing errors, and uneven distribution of vaselin coating on the tranducer surface and the specimens.
Kruing Sengon Jati Wood Type Figure 22.
Graph of specific gravity test results .
Wave propagation velocity of Sengon wood Table 9 and Figure 24 shows the wave propagation velocity test results of sengon wood for the arranged water content.
The graph shows the mean of specific gravity for kruing.
Sengon, and Teak wood respectively 0.
661, 0.
295, and Kruing wood has the highest specific gravity and the lowest specific gravity for sengon wood.
Table 9.
The value of propagation velocity for sengon wood Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test .
Wave propagation velocity value .
Wave propagation velocity of Kruing wood Table 8 and Figure 23.
shows the wave propagation velocity test results of kruing wood for the arranged water content.
Wood Type
Water Content
(%)
Mean V .
Sengon Propagation Speed .
Darmono, et al.
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18 km/s, 1.
66 km/s, and 1.
47 km/s.
decrease of wave propagation velocity of 9.
1% occurs for the water content between 12% and 15%a decrease 55% for the water content between 15% and 20%, an increase of 40.
39% for the water content of 20% and 25%, and a decrease of 37.
4% for the water content of 25% and 30%.
An increase of wave propagation velocity occurs for the water content of 25%.
These could occur because of some causes such as innaccurate reading causing errors, and uneven distribution of vaselin coating on the tranducer surface and the specimens.
1,336
1,010
1,040
Water Content Figure 24.
The propagation velocity graph of sengon wood The wave propagation velocity for the water content of 12%, 15%, 20%,25%, and 30% respectively 1009.
m/s, 1039.
93 m/s, 823.
06 m/s, 1335.
63 m/s, and 836.
m/s.
An increase of 2.
99% wave propagation velocity occurs for the water content of 12% and 15%, a decrease 85% for the water content between 15% and 20%, an increase of 62.
28% for the water content between 20% and 25 %, for the water content of 25% and 30% a decrease of 37.
4% occurs.
An increase of wave propagation velocity occurs for the water content of These could occur because of some causes such as innaccurate reading causing errors, and uneven distribution of vaselin coating on the tranducer surface and the specimens.
MoEd Value .
MoEd value of Kruing wood Table 11 and Figure 26.
shows the MoEd value of Kruing wood resulted from the conducted test of the arranged water content applying direct method.
Table 11.
The MoEd value of kruing wood
Wood Type
Water Content
(%)
MoEd (MP.
Kruing .
Wave propagation velocity of Teak wood Table 10 and Figure 25.
shows the wave propagation velocity test results of teak wood for the arranged water MOEd (N/mmA) 2000 1,815 Table 10.
The value of propagation velocity for teak wood
Wood Type
Water Content
(%)
Mean V .
Teak
1,764
1,036
Cepat Rambat .
1,820 The graph shows the MoEd value of Kruing wood for the water content of 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% 7 MPa, 1763.
5 MPa, 850.
2 MPa, 6 MPa 2, and 547.
6 MPa.
The highest MoEd value 7 MPa for the water content of 12% and the lowest MoEd value of 547.
6 Mpa for the water content of 30%.
1,465
Figure 26.
The MoEd value of kruing wood
1,659
1,654
Water Content (%) 1,182 Water Content .
MoEd value of Sengon wood Table 12 and Figure 27.
shows the MoEd value of Sengon wood resulted from the conducted test of the arranged water content applying direct method.
Figure 25.
The propagation velocity graph of teak INERSIA.
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Table 12.
The MoEd value of Sengon Wood
Water Content
(%)
MoEd (MP.
Sengon MOEd (N/mmA) Wood Type The graph shows the MoEd value of teak wood for the water contents of 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% 3 MPa, 1867.
1 MPa, 944.
1 MPa, 2 MPa, and 1445.
MPa.
The highest MoEd value is for 12% water content of 2129.
3 MPa, and the lowest MoEd value is for 20% water content of 944.
1 MPa.
Flexural strength test .
Modulus of elasticity value (MoE) .
MoE value of Kruing wood The Table 14 and Figure 29.
shows the MoE value of Kruing wood, from the conducted test for the arranged water content.
Water Content Table 14.
The MoE value of kruing wood Wood Type Water Content (%) MoE (MP.
Kruing Figure 27.
The graph of MoEd value for sengon wood The graph shows the MoEd value of Sengon wood for water content of 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% respectively 315 MPa, 350.
2 MPa, 211.
9 MPa, 655.
MPa, and 218.
MPa.
The highest MoEd value is for 25% water content of 655.
8 MPa and the lowest MoEd value is for 30% water content of 218 MPa.
8,000
MoE (MP.
6,336 .
MoEd value of Teak wood Table 13 and Figure 28.
shows the MoEd value of Teak wood from the conducted test for the arranged water content using direct method.
5,890
6,000
5,215
4,000
2,000
Kruing Wood Figure 29.
The graph of MoE value for kruing wood Table 13.
The MoEd value of Teak wood
Wood Type
Water Content
(%)
MoEd (MP.
Teak
2500 2,129
MoEd (MP.
1,891 1,867 The graph shows the MoE value of Kruing wood for the water contents of 12%, 20%, and 30% respectively 89 MPa, 5889.
79 MPa, 5214.
52 MPa.
The highest MoE value is for 12% water content of 6335.
89 MPa and the lowest MoE is for 30% water content of 5214.
MPa.
The MoE value of Sengon Wood Table 15 and Figure 30.
shows the MoE value of Sengon wood from the conducted test for the arranged water Table 15.
The MoE value for sengon wood
1,446
Wood Type Water Content (%) MoE (MP.
Sengon Water Content Figure 28.
The MoEd value of teak wood Darmono, et al.
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and to obtain a formula used to set the real value of the UPV test.
4,000
2,344
Correlation of Kruing Wood Figure 32 shows the graph of the scatter plot.
2,142
1,567
2,000
Sengon Wood Figure 30.
The graph of MoE value for sengon wood MoE (MP.
The graph shows the mean MoE value of Sengon for the water contents of 12%, 20%, and 30% respectively 04 MPa, 2142.
34 MPa, and 1567.
15 MPa.
The highest MoE value is for 12% water content of 2344.
MPa and the lowest MoE value is for 30% water content 15 MPa.
Teak MoEd (MP.
Figure 32.
The Scatter Plot Graph for Kruing Wood The graph shows a rightward trendline, meaning that there is a positive correlation.
The R2 value is 0.
8405 so the two variables have a strong correlation.
It is also obtained a formula of y = 0.
1 meaning that the real MoE values of the UPV test results are 0.
times the MoEd value plus a constant of 4976.
1, so the real value of the UPV test for kruing wood shown in Table 17.
MoE (MP.
Table 17.
The Converted Table of MoEd Value for Kruing Wood Water MoEd Converted MoE Value Content (%) (MP.
(MP.
2,933 .
Correlation for Sengon Wood Figure 33 shows a graph of the scatter plot.
4,895
MoE (MP.
Table 16.
The MoE value for Teak wood Water Content y = 0.
RA = 0.
MoE value of Teak wood Table 16 and Figure 31.
shows the MoE value of Jati
wood from the conducted test for the arranged water
Wood Type
4,000
2,493
2,000
y = 14.
053x - 1130.
RA = 0.
Teak Wood MoE (MP.
Figure 31.
The graph of MoE value for teak wood The above graph shows the mean MoE value of Teak wood for the water contents of 12%, 20%, and 30% 9 MPa, 2492.
58 MPa, 2932.
98 MPa.
The highest MoE value is for 12% water content of 9 MPa and the lowest MoE value is for 20% water content of 2492.
58 MPa MoEd (MP.
Figure 33.
The scatter plot graph for sengon wood The graph shows a rightward trendline, meaning that there is a positive correlation.
The R2 is 0.
31 so the two variables have a weak correlation.
It is also obtained a formula of y = 14.
053 Ae 1130.
1 meaning that the real MoE values of the UPV test 14.
053 times the MoEd Correlation Between MoE Value and MoEd Value Using UPV Correlation test was conducted applying a computer The test aims to identify a trend of the graph.
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values minus a constant of 1130.
1, so the real values of the UPV test for kruing wood shown in Table 18.
nergy weakenin.
will be larger causing a decrease of wave propagation velocity on the wood .
Table 18.
The Converted Table of MoEd Value for Sengon Wood Water Content MoEd Converted MoE Value (%) (MP.
(MP.
The Influence of Wood water Content to Wood MoEd Value This study conducted analysis of the influence of wood water content to the wood MoEd value for five water content variations.
The results shows that the wood MoEd values will be smaller due to the larger wood water contents.
The wood MoEd values are in line to the wave propagation velocity because the two are directly The decrease of the MoEd values for Kruing wood is -21 Ae 47.
13%, for sengon wood is 200.
48 Ae 66%, and for Teak wood is -100 Ae 49.
There are minus (-) values in the percentage canges showing that there are increases of the MoEd values.
Correlation of Teak Wood Figure 34 shows the graph of the scatter plot.
y = 2.
RA = 0.
MoE (MP.
Comparison of Flexural Strength Result and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity This study tested the flexural strength for three variation of water content.
The analysis results in the wood MoE and MoR values.
Table 20.
show the water content and the wood MoE and MoR values of the tested:
MoEd (MP.
Figure 34.
The scatter plot graph for teak wood Table 20.
Comparison of Wood Quality Based on Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) and Modulus of Elasticity Dynamic (MoE.
Water Differences Wood MoE MoEd Content of MoE and Type (MP.
(MP.
(%) MoEd (%) Kruing Sengon Teak The graph shows a rightward trendline, meaning that there is a positive correlation.
The R2 svalue is 0.
9331 so the two variables have a strong correlation.
It is also obtained a formula of y = 2.
31 meaning that the real MoE values of the UPV test are 2.
0769 times the MoEd values plus a constant of 310.
31, so the real UPV test for kruing wood shown in Table 19.
Table 19.
The Converted Table of MoEd Value for Jati Wood Water MoEd Converted MoE Value Content (MP.
(MP.
(%) 6,336 5,890 6,000 5,215 MoE (MP.
4,895 The Influence of Wood Water Content to Wave Propagation Velocity This study conducted the UPV test for five water content The results of the conducted tests are the wave propagation velocity will be smaller due to the larger water content of the wood.
According to them, this is caused by th e UPV will be larger for solid materials .
ell wal.
when it is compared to liquid .
On the other hand, for the water content above the fiber saturation point .
-30% water conten.
, there is water inside both hollow and wall of the cell.
It means 4,000 2,344 2,493 2,142 2,933 1,567 2,000 Kruing Sengon Jati Water Content Figure 35.
The Graph of MoE Value Comparison Based on Figure 35, it could be identified that there is a decrease of the wood MoE value due to the wood water This conforms with the research .
on the Darmono, et al.
INERSIA.
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May 2023 Jatoba wood, there were decreases of the MoE value for the water contents of 12%, 20%, and 30% respectively in 17204 MPa, 15682 MPa, and 15257 MPa.
This is shown on Kruing and Sengon wood, but this does not occur for Teak wood that the MoR and MoE values increase only for the water contents between 20% and This occurs for the random samples of Teak wood, the samples were originated from the different parts of Each part of the trees has different mechanical properties also called anisotropic properties of wood.
The MoE value of the Kruing wood decrease of 7.
9%, while the MoE score decreases between -8 to 1% with the minus (-) score shows the increase of the MoR value.
The MoE value of Sengon wood decreases 7%, while the MoR value decreases of 12.
The MoE value of the Teak wood decreases 1 and 96.
57%, with the minus (-) value shows an increase of the MoE value, while its MoR value decreases of 9-13.
Darmono.
Nugroho.
Widodo, and F.
MaAoarif.
AuAnalysis Of Decreasing Wood Quality In Cultural Heritage Building Using The NonDestructive Test Method (Case Study of the Mosque Cultural Heritage Building.
Mataram.
Special Region of Yogyakart.
,Ay INERSIA lnformasi dan Ekspose Has.
Ris.
Tek.
Sipil dan Arsit.
, vol.
16, no.
2, pp.
191Ae199.
Dec.
Accessed: May 29, 2023.
[Onlin.
Available:
https://journal.
id/index.
php/inersia/article/ view/36905 .
William D Callister et al.
Materials Science and Engineering, 10th ed.
Accessed: May 30, [Onlin.
Available: https://ftp.
id/wpcontent/uploads/ebook/tdg/Teknologi Rekayasa Material Pertahanan/Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction by William D.
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-lib.
BSN.
SNI 03-3959-1995 Methods for testing the flexural strength of wood in the laboratory.
1Ae9.
Conclusions A series of tests for Kruing.
Sengon, and Teak woods concludes as follows.
Based on the MoE value of the jati wood, there was a quality decrease, at the beginning the quality code of E8 decreased to E5.
Based on the MoE value of the sengon wood, the tested value was too low to be included in the existing quality codes.
Based on the MoE value, the kruing wood experienced the quality decrease from E12 wuality code to E5.
Correlation between MoE value and MoEd value is directly proportional, shown in the scatter plot graph that tends to tilt to the right.
The MoE value for kruing wood compared to the converted MoEd value was 0.
9 Ae 4.
The MoE value for sengon wood compared to the converted MoEd value was 3.
23 Ae 23.
The MoE value for teak wood compared to the converted MoEd value 4 Ae 33%.
The influence of water content on the MoEd value of Kruing wood decreases of -21 Ae 47.
13%, for Sengon woof of -21 Ae 47.
13%, and for Teak wood of -100 Ae 49.
The minus (-) value of the change percentages shows the increase of MoEd .
Arzola-Villegas.
Lakes.
Plaza, and J.
Jakes.
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Silva.
Lahr.
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AuInfluence of wood moisture content on the modulus of elasticity in compression parallel to the grain,Ay Mater.
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ASTM D4442-16.
AuStandard Test Methods For Direct Moisture Content Measurement Of Wood And Wood-Base Materials,Ay Annu.
ASTM
Stand.
, vol.
4, no.
10, pp.
1Ae6, 2016.
ASTM D729.
Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Densit.
of Plastics by Displacement.
2008, p.
doi: 10.
1520/D239517.
Karlinasari.
Suljokusumo.
Nugroho, and Hadi.
AuNon-Destructive Testing of Three Indonesian Plantations Wood Beam,Ay J.
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