SINERGI Vol.
No.
October 2023: 333-342 http://publikasi.
id/index.
php/sinergi http://doi.
org/10.
22441/sinergi.
Project managers competency on project performance of green toll road development project in Indonesia Mairizal1,2*.
Rahmat Alifiardi1,3.
Gilang Ardi Pratama2,4.
Mohd Zaimi Abd Majid1.
Shek Poi Ngian1 School of Civil Engineering.
Faculty of Engineering.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Malaysia Department of Industrial Engineering.
Faculty of Engineering.
Universitas Pamulang.
Indonesia Department of Civil Engineering.
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Design.
Universitas Bung Hatta.
Indonesia Department of Civil Engineering & Environment.
Faculty of Engineering.
Universitas Indonesia.
Indonesia Abstract The Green Road Construction development program is a program that has the potential to reduce carbon emissions from road Currently, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia through the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing together with the Toll Road Business Entity continues to strive to provide the best service to the community using Toll Roads that are applied to all Toll Roads in Indonesia, especially Green Toll Roads.
At the implementation stage, it has not been able to run smoothly because there are several constraining factors such as social and environmental aspects.
For this reason, this study aims to find out what factors are needed by a Project Manager who carries out the References are taken from various journals and articles that discuss green toll roads around the world and in Indonesia.
This research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative .
ixed method.
by distributing questionnaires to several respondents.
The results of the factor analysis show that the Project Performance factor (Y) is strongly influenced by the determinant factors namely Knowledge (X.
in terms of Time (X1.
Cost (X1.
and Procurement (X1.
Henceforth, project performance (Y) is also influenced by Knowledge (X.
Skill (X.
, and Tools & Techniques (X.
Meanwhile, on the other hand, the Project Performance factor (Y) is also influenced by the Green Toll Road (Z).
Keywords:
Competency.
Green Toll Road.
Project Manager.
Project Performance.
Article History:
Received: November 14, 2022 Revised: January 12, 2023 Accepted: February 1, 2023 Published: October 2, 2023 Corresponding Author:
Mairizal Industrial Engineering Department.
Universitas Pamulang.
Indonesia School of Civil Engineering.
Faculty of Engineering.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Malaysia Email:
dosen01742i@unpam.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license INTRODUCTION According to Rothenberg et.
stated that there has been a lot of literature discussing the benefits of a new transportation network, but we know very little about the value of road This research sheds new light on the welfare impact of upgrading and maintaining toll roads in Indonesia.
They are also stated that road maintenance and construction in Indonesia will always increase in the future.
Therefore, the negative impacts of road construction activities, namely increased emissions, need to be reduced, because they are very influential to climate change.
This emission reduction is expected to significantly reduce the negative impact of the road infrastructure works.
Indonesia will experience many significant losses due to climate change because Indonesia is an archipelagic country.
longer dry season will increase the frequency of extreme weather, and more frequent heavy rains will increase the chance of flooding.
According to research Djalante et.
stated that Road construction projects can have a direct impact on environmental degradation by causing emissions, pollution and congestion.
The green road rating is a tool to measure the Mairizal et al.
Project managers competency on project performance of green toll road A SINERGI Vol.
No.
October 2023: 333-342 performance of green practices and the degree of greenness in road development projects.
However, the implementation of tools to identify the extent to which green concepts are applied in road construction projects is still lacking in Indonesia.
So, it is necessary to make some policies or strategies such as regulations concerning material standards and planning related to road design based on the local context.
In research by Willy and Winoto .
which was tested based on the Determination test of the competency factors of the Green Building Project Manager, namely Knowledge.
Attitude, and Skill, it showed a positive relationship.
It can be seen that each factor has a positive influence and among them the dominating factor is the Attitude factor of 80.
For this reason, more extensive research is needed in this study.
The study includes Competency for a Project Manager in addition to these attitudes which include elements of Knowledge and Skill.
The purpose of this research is to see how far the Toll Road Project Manager is competent in implementing the Green Toll Road Concept in Indonesia.
This is because the Project Manager Competence is very influential in the implementation of environmentally friendly concepts in Green Toll Road Works with various criteria, policies, strategies and regulations that need to be implemented.
The role of the Project Manager is highly demanded to master all component aspects of Project Management in carrying out their duties to implement the real Green Toll Road Development Concept.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In supporting research needs, it will be described according to previous research on performance and green toll road as descripted Competency Approaches to defining the concept of competency are diversified in the related literature, whereby diversified approaches have contributed to the development of constantly new competency definitions that are fundamentally different from one another .
Based on .
states that knowledge and skills are considered the "surface" of competency, because they can be easily identified and developed through In addition .
explain that competency builds knowledge, skills and attitudes acquired through basic academic education and initial professional training and perfected through professional practice.
In addition, competence is defined as ability or skill.
It is a set of related but distinct behaviors organized around an underlying construct, which we call "intentions".
Behavior is an alternative manifestation of intention, which is appropriate in various situations or times.
In other words, if a competency is an Auunderlying characteristic of the person that leads to or causes effective or superior performanceAy .
, then: an emotional, intelligence competency is an ability to recognize, understand, and use emotional information about oneself that leads to or causes effective or superior performance.
social intelligence competency is the ability to recognize, understand and use emotional information about others that leads to or causes effective or superior performance.
and a cognitive intelligence competency is an ability to think or analyze information and situations that leads to or causes effective or superior performance .
Project Manager A Project Manager is an individual who applies knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to describe, supervise, and control the organization of various project processes.
In this case it confirms that the roles and responsibilities of the Project Manager differ from one company to another.
It is very important to understand what the role of a particular Project Manager is in a particular company or organization.
In addition, a Project Manager is the person who has overall responsibility for making the planning and execution of the project successful.
He must also possess a combination of skills such as the ability to ask questions, detect unstated assumptions and resolve conflicts, as well as more general management skills .
, 11, .
Project Performance In project management according to .
, there are studies conducted to identify aspects of competency that characterize effective or high-performing Project Managers.
The research is based on the opinion of project management practitioners.
Research and publications in project management aspects tend to focus more on reviewing practical experience and literature, as opposed to some interesting papers on empirical data and even theoretical and model-based contributions .
Green Toll Road The development of the concept of ordinary toll road infrastructure has been directed to become a sustainable toll road as part of the business transformation in the toll road sector developed by the Ministry of Public Works & Mairizal et al.
Project managers competency on project performance of green toll road A p-ISSN: 1410-2331 e-ISSN: 2460-1217 Public Housing (PUPR), so that all PUPR infrastructure development, both carried out by contractors and investors, pays attention to environmental sustainability in order to become environmentally friendly infrastructure .
Green roads are an umbrella concept focused on research and development of sustainable road development projects .
The green road aspect focuses on: .
watershed and watershed management, .
energy and emission reduction, .
recycled materials, which can be reused and renewable, .
conservation and ecosystem management, and .
social benefits .
which the developer continued in his research .
The definition of the green environmental protection construction concept is a standardized, environmentally friendly and efficient technical scheme, process or method .
, where the impact is aimed at reducing carbon emissions, reducing energy consumption, and strengthening environmental protection .
It can also improve overall economic efficiency.
It is also an important embodiment of the development of green roads in our country and the implementation of strong roads .
Jaralee et.
defines a green road as a road project that is designed and constructed at a sustainable level that is higher than current According to the opinion .
, that a green road is a road that is designed and built by following the requirements and applying the green road criteria according to the principles of sustainable construction.
In addition, according to .
, that sustainable roads have the principles of efficiency, mobility, accessibility, safety, comfort, community participation, emission restrictions, natural resources, habitats, and ecosystems.
Overall, the green road is an integration of transportation and technology functions by realizing the goal of sustainable transportation in a natural and humane way .
Methods This study uses two types .
ixed method.
of approaches in the statistical analysis process, namely starting with the data collection process and continuing with data processing.
addition, the approach used is a quantitative approach method and a qualitative approach method .
, .
, .
Referring to the two types of approaches used .
ixed method researc.
, they have several different methods and techniques as seen from the form of objectives, basic concepts, research approaches, data collection methods, data analysis processes, and sampling .
, 28, 29, 30, .
From several forms of references related to the competency factors of Project managers are collected and how they perform in various toll road projects in Indonesia which have also been discussed by many previous researchers to be used as follow-up The various forms of reviews that are carried out are not only limited to a number of articles published in peer-reviewed journals, but also from a number of papers published by various well-known publishers, various types of theses, various kinds of dissertations, and various basic theory books.
Starting from the first stage is to collect a number of references published in the last 20 years, in which to see and explore various significant impacts and at the same time reveal new findings.
In the second stage, the factors or aspects related to the impact of the competency of the Project Manager on the construction of toll roads in Indonesia are collected.
All the factors obtained were distributed in the form of interviews with several respondents using purposive sampling method.
A number of respondents were selected from various parties related to toll road project management in Indonesia who have experience in toll road work activities in various toll road projects in Indonesia.
All respondents were given a form to fill out containing data in the form of background as well as data on the importance of Project Manager Competencies performance of green toll road implementation in Indonesia which have been identified through the literature as taken from Table 1.
Refer to three components above, namely Competency (X).
Performance (Y) and Green Toll Road (Z) along with their elements will show a direct and indirect relationship between the 7 hypotheses as shown in Figure 1.
Mairizal et al.
Project managers competency on project performance of green toll road A SINERGI Vol.
No.
October 2023: 333-342 Table 1.
Project Manager Competency and Performance of Green Toll Road Project
Factor
Competency (X) Performance (Y) Green Toll Road
(Z)
Sub-Factor Knowledge (X.
- Integration (X1.
- Scope (X1.
- Time (X1.
- Cost (X1.
- Quality (X1.
- Resources (X1.
- Procurement (X1.
- Risk (X1.
- Communication (X1.
- Stakeholder (X1.
Skill (X.
- Communicating (X2.
- Leading (X2.
- Managing (X2.
- Cognitive ability (X2.
- Effectiveness (X2.
- Professionalism (X2.
Tools & Techniques (X.
- Expert judgement (X3.
- Data analysis (X3.
- Meeting (X3.
- Schedule (Y.
- Cost (Y.
- Quality (Y.
- Safety & Health (Y.
Environment (Y.
- Watershed (Z.
- Energy reduction (Z.
- Emission reduction (Z.
- Recycle materials (Z.
- Conservation (Z.
- Ecosystem (Z.
Social benefit (Z.
Author .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
Figure 1.
Hypothesis Model between Competency of Project Manager.
Green Element & Performance Mairizal et al.
Project managers competency on project performance of green toll road A p-ISSN: 1410-2331 e-ISSN: 2460-1217
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Furthermore, for data processing carried out in this study.
SPSS version 24.
0 was used and referred to Supriyadi .
From the sampling method using purposive sampling, questionnaires were distributed to 50 respondents who had at least a Bachelor of Engineering degree and had more than 15 years experience in Toll Road Development Project Management and came from various toll road development companies in Indonesia.
All questionnaire answers have been received from a total of 50 respondents with a return rate of 100%.
Factor measurement is carried out using a Likert Scale consisting of five points to measure project performance (Y) based on 3 components of the Project Manager competency factor (X1.
X2 and X.
and green/environment friendly factor components (Z1.
Z2.
Z3.
Z4.
Z5 .
Z6 and Z.
All data received were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and shown on Table 2.
The calculated reliability value was found to be on a scale of 0.
(Cronbach's Alpha above 0.
, while the validity value was obtained between 0.
984 which must exceed the AurAy value in the reference table .
esult of r table = 0.
367 for N-2 at 5% level of significan.
From all these results, the highest factor value will be the determining factor for the Competency Aspect of Project Managers in carrying out the construction of Toll Road projects based on Green elements which have an impact on the performance of Green Toll Road Projects in Indonesia.
The next stage is carried out by processing data using structural equation modeling (SEM) with Smart PLS version 3.
7 tools, to see the relationship between the Competency Aspects of Project Managers (X).
Green Elements (Z) and Project Performance (Y) and produce reliability and validity values.
which is still above the The final stage is data processing with Boostraping from Smart PLS as shown in Figure 2 and Table 3.
From Figure 2 will show 7 hypotheses, including the following:
Hypothesis-1 (H-.
between Knowledge Competence (X.
and Green Element (Z).
Hypothesis-2 (H-.
between Competency Skills (X.
and Green Element (Z).
Hypothesis-3 (H-.
between Competency Tools & Techniques (X.
and Green Element (Y).
Hypothesis-4 (H-.
between Knowledge Competence (X.
and Project Performance (Y).
Hypothesis-5 (H-.
between Competency Skills (X.
and Project Performance (Y).
Hypothesis-6 (H-.
between Competency Tools & Techniques (X.
and Project Performance (Y).
Hypothesis-7 (H-.
: a direct relationship between Green Element (Z) and Project Performance (Y) which has been influenced by 3 Competency components (X1.
X2 & X.
Table 2.
Reliability & Validity Test Item-Total Statistics Scale Corrected Variance Item-Total if Item Correlation Deleted Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted Mairizal et al.
Project managers competency on project performance of green toll road A X1.
X1.
X1.
X1.
X1.
X1.
X1.
X1.
X1.
X1.
X2.
X2.
X2.
X2.
X2.
X2.
X3.
X3.
X3.
Scale Mean if Item Deleted SINERGI Vol.
No.
October 2023: 333-342 Figure 2.
Results of the Hypothesis Model between Competency of Project Manager.
Green Element & Performance Table 3.
Path Coefficient by Bootstrapping X1 Ie Z
X2 Ie Z
X3 Ie Z
X1 Ie Y
X2 Ie Y
X3 Ie Y
Z IeY
Original Sample (O) Sample Mean
(M)
To obtain the value of the results of the hypothesis, it must refer to the level of confidence used is 95% or in other words, the inaccuracy limit () = 5% = 0.
05 and must also produce a ttable value of 1.
96 or more.
Referring to Figure 2 and Table 3, an explanation of the results of the hypothesis can be given as follows:
X1IeZ: means that Green Element Factors (Z) are strongly influenced by the Knowledge Factors (X.
with t-statistic value = 13.
96 and p-value = 0.
000 < 0.
X2IeZ: means that Green Element Factors (Z) are strongly influenced by the Skills Factors (X.
with t-statistic value = 9.
121 > 1.
96 and p-value = 0.
000 < 0.
X3IeZ: means that Green Element Factors (Z) are strongly influenced by the Tools & Techniques Factors (X.
with t-statistic value = 10.
839 > 1.
96 and p-value = 0.
000 < 0.
Standard Deviation (STDEV) T Statistics (IO/STDEVI) Values X1IeY: means that Performance Factors (Y) are influenced by the Knowledge Factors (X.
with t-statistic value = 3.
562 > 1.
96 and pvalue = 0.
000 < 0.
X2IeY: means that Performance Factors (Y) are influenced by the Skills Factors (X.
with t-statistic value = 3.
463 > 1.
96 and p-value = 001 < 0.
X3IeY: means that Performance Factors (Y) are influenced by the Tools & Techniques Factors (X.
with t-statistic value = 3.
96 and p-value = 0.
000 < 0.
ZIeY: means that Performance Factors (Y) are influenced by the Green Toll Road Factors (Z) with t-statistic value = 2.
661 > 1.
96 and pvalue = 0.
000 < 0.
Apart from the seven main hypotheses, it can also see the sub-hypotheses for all the subfactors shown in Table 4.
Mairizal et al.
Project managers competency on project performance of green toll road A p-ISSN: 1410-2331 e-ISSN: 2460-1217 Table 4.
Path Coefficient by Bootstrapping .
X1 Ie X1.
X1 Ie X1.
X1 Ie X1.
X1 Ie X1.
X1 Ie X1.
X1 Ie X1.
X1 Ie X1.
X1 Ie X1.
X1 Ie X1.
X1 Ie X1.
X2 Ie X2.
X2 Ie X2.
X2 Ie X2.
X2 Ie X2.
X2 Ie X2.
X2 Ie X2.
X3 Ie X3.
X3 Ie X3.
X3 Ie X3.
Y Ie Y1
Y Ie Y2
Y Ie Y3
Y Ie Y4
Y Ie Y5
Z Ie Z1
Z Ie Z2
Z Ie Z3
Z Ie Z4
Z Ie Z5
Z Ie Z6
Z Ie Z7
X2 Ie Z
X3 Ie Z
X1 Ie Y
X2 Ie Y
X3 Ie Y
Z IeY
Original Sample (O) 0,114 Sample Mean
(M)
According to Table 4 above, five items very strong relationships between factors and sub-factors can be sorted as follows:
X1IeX1.
4: means that Cost Competency Factors (X1.
are strongly influenced by the Knowledge Factors (X.
with t-statistic value = 465 > 1.
96 and p-value = 0.
000 < 0.
X1IeX1.
3: means that Time Competency Factors (X1.
are strongly influenced by the Knowledge Factors (X.
with t-statistic value = 565 > 1.
96 and p-value = 0.
000 < 0.
X1IeX1.
Procurement Competency Factors (X1.
are strongly influenced by the Knowledge Factors (X.
with t-statistic value = 76.
566 > 1.
96 and pvalue = 0.
000 < 0.
ZIeZ1: means that Watershed Factors (Z.
are strongly influenced by the Green Toll Road Factors (Z) with t-statistic value = 148 > 1.
96 and p-value = 0.
000 < 0.
ZIeZ5: means that Conservation Factors (Z.
are strongly influenced by the Green Toll Road Factors (Z) with t-statistic value = 110 > 1.
96 and p-value = 0.
000 < 0.
Standard Deviation (STDEV) T Statistics (IO/STDEVI) P Values Analysis From the seven hypotheses generated from the above processing, it can be explained as follows:
Hypothesis-1 (H-.
with the results of the analysis between X1IeZ: means that Green Element Factors (Z) are strongly influenced by the Knowledge Factors (X.
The above hypothesis is supported by the research of Rothenberg et.
who said that the evaluation results in the development of road construction indicated that road administrators were reluctant to apply new green technologies because they required human resources who had knowledge and were able to implement and be able to monitor its implementation.
Hypothesis-2 (H-.
with the results of the analysis between X2IeZ: means that Green Element Factors (Z) are strongly influenced by the Skills Factors (X.
The above hypothesis is supported by the research of Willy and Winoto .
who said that on the Skill factor that influences the success Mairizal et al.
Project managers competency on project performance of green toll road A SINERGI Vol.
No.
October 2023: 333-342 of a construction project, 3 variables are taken with their respective predicates, namely Professionalism.
Regulatory Ability, and Project Management Mastery.
Hypothesis-3 (H-.
with the results of the analysis between X3IeZ: means that Green Element Factors (Z) are strongly influenced by the Tools & Techniques Factors (X.
The above hypothesis is supported by the research of Djalante et al.
which states that the Indonesian road project needs to be some to create some polices or strategies such as regulation related to standard of materials and planning related to road design based on the local context.
Hypothesis-4 (H-.
with the results of the analysis between X1IeY: means that Performance Factors (Y) are influenced by the Knowledge Factors (X.
The above hypothesis is supported by Willy and Winoto's research .
which states that the factors that dominate the success of Construction Projects in each variable are taken from the highest variables on the partial test which are described as: Knowledge.
Skill and Attitude.
Hypothesis-5 (H-.
with the results of the analysis between X2IeY: means that Performance Factors (Y) are influenced by the Skills Factors (X.
The above hypothesis is supported by Willy and Winoto's research .
which states that the factors that dominate the success of Construction Projects in each variable are taken from the highest variables on the partial test which are described as: Knowledge.
Skill and Attitude.
Hypothesis-6 (H-.
with the results of the analysis between X3IeY: means that Performance Factors (Y) are influenced by the Tools & Techniques Factors (X.
The above hypothesis is supported by the research of Djalante et.
which states that the human value related to the performance of safety needs to be improved in the areas of The achievement on natural goals is supported by more availability of guidelines on construction rather than on materials and pavement technology.
Hypothesis-7 (H-.
with the results of the analysis between ZIeY: means that Performance Factors (Y) are influenced by the Green Toll Road Factors (Z).
The above hypothesis is supported by Rotherberg et.
which states that the implementation of green roads is intended to support the implementation of low-carbon construction, especially in the field of road There is potential to reduce carbon in road construction projects in Indonesia if green road principles or green elements are applied, although this still faces challenges on the ground.
Based on the results of all the hypotheses above, it can be seen that Aspect of Project Manager Competence (X) is quite influential on Project Performance (Y) on the implementation of the Green Toll Road Concept (Z) in Indonesia.
The results of the factor analysis show that the Project Performance factors are strongly influenced by the determinant factors namely Knowledge (X.
in terms of Time (X1.
Cost (X1.
and Procurement (X1.
Henceforth, project performance (Y) is also influenced by Knowledge (X.
Skill (X.
, and Tools & Techniques (X.
Meanwhile, on the other hand, the Project Performance factor (Y) is also influenced by the Green Toll Road (Z) aspect.
Separately, project performance (Y) is strongly influenced by Health and Safety (Y.
and Environment (Y.
Meanwhile, the Green Tool Road (Z) itself is heavily influenced by Watershed (Z.
and Conservation (Z.
CONCLUSION
The results of all hypotheses obtained in this study are that the Project Manager's Competency Aspects have quite an influence on Project Performance in the implementation and development of the Green Toll Road Concept in Indonesia.
The factors that indicate that the Project Performance factor is strongly influenced by several determinants, such as more detailed knowledge of the Time.
Cost and Procurement Meanwhile in terms of Project Performance internally, it is strongly influenced by Knowledge.
Skills, and Tools & Techniques What also influences the Project Performance factor is the Green Toll Road Aspect itself.
Separately, project performance is greatly influenced by two factors namely Health and Safety and Environment.
Meanwhile, from the aspect of the Green Tool Road itself, it is strongly influenced by factors that must be an important concern, namely Watersheds and Conservation.
The suggestions that need to be considered for further research are the seven
hypotheses and the five dominant subhypotheses so that each implementation of the Green Toll Road can be successfully implemented in Indonesia
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was partially supported by University of Pamulang.
We thank our colleagues Mairizal et al.
Project managers competency on project performance of green toll road A p-ISSN: 1410-2331 e-ISSN: 2460-1217 from Industrial Engineering Department who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research, although they may not agree with all of the interpretations/conclusions of this paper.
REFERENCES