Effect of Locally Extracted Phytase on Blood Hematological and Serum Biochemistry of Broiler Chickens Lemma M1.
Girma M2.
Ameha N2.
Beker A3.
Zeryehun T4.
Yirgalem M4 Department of Animal Sciences.
Wachemo University.
P O Box 667.
Hossana.
Ethiopia School of Animal and Range Sciences.
Haramaya University.
P O Box 138.
Dire-Dawa.
Ethiopia Department of Animal and Food Sciences.
Oklahoma State University.
Stillwater.
OK 74078 USA *Corresponding author:mengekb2014@gmail.
eceived 19-10-2023.
revised 18-09-2025.
accepted 18-09-2.
ABSTRAK Lemma M.
Girma M.
Ameha N.
Beker A.
Zeryehun T.
Yirgalem M.
Pengaruh fitase yang diekstrak secara lokal dalam hematologi darah dan biokimia serum ayam broiler.
JITV 30.
:140-149.
DOI:http://dx.
org/jitv.
Penelitian dilakukan untuk menguji pengaruh fitase yang diekstraksi secara lokal pada performa ayam pedaging dengan atau tanpa suplementasi fitase pada hematologi darah dan biokimia serum ayam pedaging.
Sejumlah ayam pedaging Cobb 500 umur 180 hari secara acak dikelompokkan ke dalam empat perlakuan pakan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang direplikasi tiga kali dengan masing-masing sebanyak 15 ekor anak ayam.
Rancangan percobaan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dan ayam diberi pakan yang mengandung fitase pada laju dosis 0, 300, 600, dan 1200 FTU/kg selama 42 hari.
Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (P<0,.
di antara perlakuan terhadap persentase volume darah yang terdiri dari sel darah merah (PCV).
Hb, dan WBC.
Namun, tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan (P>0,.
dalam jumlah RBC.
MCV.
MCH, atau MCHC pada ayam dengan pakan yang disuplementasi dengan enzim.
Nilai total protein, albumin, dan globulin tidak meningkat secara signifikan (P>0,.
pada kelompok yang diberi suplemen dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol T1 selama seluruh periode Konsentrasi kalsium berkisar antara 1-1,49% dan 0,75-0,89%, sedangkan fosfor berkisar antara 0,37-0,52% dan 0,28-0,44% pada pakan starter dan finisher, masing-masing, dan berada dalam kisaran yang direkomendasikan dalam ransum Berdasarkan hasil analisis anggaran parsial ini, ayam broiler T4 .
0 FTU/k.
mencapai keuntungan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan ayam yang diklasifikasikan sebagai T2.
T3, dan T1.
Penggunaan fitase mungkin lebih menguntungkan daripada pemberian pakan kontrol.
Tidak terdapat perbedaan mortalitas yang signifikan antar perlakuan (P>0,.
Kata Kunci: Broiler.
Hematologi.
Mortalitas.
Serum.
Fitase.
Fitat
ABSTRACT
Lemma M.
Girma M.
Ameha N.
Beker A.
Zeryehun T.
Yirgalem M.
Effect of locally extracted phytase on blood hematological and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens.
JITV 30.
: 140-149.
DOI:http://dx.
org/jitv.
Experiments were conducted to examine the effect of locally extracted phytase on the performance of broilers with or without phytase supplementation on the blood hematological and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens.
A total of 180-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to four treatment diets in a completely randomized design (CRD), with 15 chicks per replicate and three replications.
The experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD), and the birds were fed experimental feed containing phytase at 0, 300, 600, and 1200 FTU/kg for 42 days.
There were significant differences (P<0.
among treatments for Packed cell volume (PCV).
Hb, and WBC.
However, there were no significant (P>0.
differences in RBC count.
MCV.
MCH, or MCHC of broilers fed the diet supplemented with enzymes.
Total protein, albumin, and globulin values did not increase significantly (P>0.
in the supplemented groups compared with the T1 control group throughout the growth period.
The calcium concentration ranged from 1-1.
49% and 0.
89% in starter and finisher diets, respectively, whereas phosphorus ranged from 0.
52% and 0.
44% in starter and finisher diets, respectively, and it is within the range recommended in the broiler ration.
According to the results of this partial budget analysis.
T4 .
0 FTU/k.
broiler chickensachieved higher profits than chickens classified as T2.
T3, and T1, respectively.
Using phytase may be more profitable than feeding control.
There was no significant difference in mortality between treatments (P>0.
Key Words: Broiler.
Hematology.
Mortality.
Serum.
Phytase.
Phytate INTRODUCTION The poultry industry in developing countries faces challenges due to the high costs of conventional feed ingredients, such as yellow corn and soybean meal, which are primarily used in poultry rations (Alagawany & Attia 2.
Thus, there is an urgent need for nutritious and affordable feeds.
Nowadays, feed accounts for about 75% of total animal production costs.
Most poultry feed ingredients have historically been of plant origin, with the anti-nutritional factor phytate present as mixed phytate salts (AOAC 2.
Lemma et al.
Effect of locally extracted phytase on blood hematological and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens Feedstuffs such as corn and soybean meal have low phosphorus bioavailability due to phytate (Adeola Phytate has low solubility in the small intestine, poultry poorly absorb it, and its negative charge makes it a potent mineral chelate that forms insoluble salts with minerals.
Birds do not produce the enzymes needed to digest NSP.
Supplementing with NSPdegrading enzymes not only reduces the anti-nutrient effect of NSP but can also release nutrients available to birds from NSP (Balamurugan & Chandrasekaran.
Phytase is the only known enzyme that can initiate the phosphate hydrolysis at carbon 1, 3, or 6 in the inositol ring of phytate.
The removal of the phosphate group by phytase results in the release of calcium, iron, zinc, and other metals (Konietzny & Greiner 2.
Phytase increased feed intake and body weight in poultry (Murugesan et al.
The inclusion of phytase in broilers' diets with a low concentration of non-phytate phosphorus increased phosphorus retention with concomitant reduced excretion (Juanpere et al.
As more phosphorus is released from phytate, leading to more breakdown of intact IP-6, the less able it is to bind or chelate minerals, starch, or proteins directly or via ionic bridges (Selle 2.
However, the effects of extrinsic enzymes vary and depend on a variety of factors, including the age of the bird and the quality and type of the diet (Bedford 2000.
Acamovic 2.
To solve this problem, phytase is commonly used as a feed additive to release P bound to phytic acid.
Extrinsic phytase dietary supplements are effective in improving P digestibility (Walk et al.
Selle & Ravindran 2007.
Adeola & Cowieson 2.
Many commercially available multienzyme complexes can improve the nutritional value of protein-rich plantbased feed ingredients.
However, imported commercial phytase is expensive and unavailable in Ethiopia.
Therefore, to replace the commercial phytase enzyme, this research is locally extracting a phytase enzyme from available material .
The immune system in poultry can be identified from hematological profiles of the animal's blood.
Hematological testing is used not only for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes but also for monitoring treatment responses (Oloche 2.
Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of phytase supplementation on hematology profiles in MATERIALS AND METHODS Description of the study area The study was carried out at the Poultry farm of Haramaya University of Agriculture, which is located at a distance of 510 km east of Addis Ababa, at 42A3' east of longitude, 9A26'north latitude, and an altitude of 1980 meters above sea level.
The mean annual rainfall of the area is 780 mm, and the average minimum and maximum temperatures are 8.
5 and 24.
4AC, respectively (Fedis Agricultural Research Centr.
Experimental work was conducted at Haramaya University's poultry farm for 42 days, from September to October 2021.
Ethical approval The protocols for this experiment, use, and care of broilers were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Care and Use Committee of Haramaya University.
Ethiopia.
Name of the approving committee: 1.
Dr.
Mulatu Wagari .
Mr.
Bacha Daba (Secretar.
Dr.
Sisay Girma 4.
Mr.
Nega Baraki 5.
Dr.
Anteneh Belayneh 6.
Dr.
Dereje Tadese 7.
Dr.
Hirut Yirga 8.
Dr.
Teshome Seyum Extraction procedure of phytase from rye Rye grains were bought from a nearby market in Harar town.
Ethiopia.
The average phytase activity in rye kernels will be around 3.
7 U/g.
Based on this, 81 grams of rye were used to extract 300 U/g, 162 grams of rye were used to extract 600 U/g, and 324 grams of rye were used to extract 1200 U/g.
In total, 568 g of rye yielded 2100 U/g of phytase.
Small amounts of rye germ were ground in an Ultra-Turrax .
-10 mi.
at 4 AC in ice-cold 100 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.
whereas larger amounts were ground in a kitchen blender in the same buffer.
Afterward, the soluble compounds were extracted by shaking for 2 h at 40AC.
The cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 20,000 g for 30 min.
Samples were weighed and placed in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, then extracted using the procedures described by Harland and Oberleas .
The enzyme extraction was conducted at the Biotechnology Laboratory of Haramaya University.
The effect of pH on enzyme stability was tested over the pH range 1.
0 at 4AC.
In the pH range from 0 to 7.
5, the phytase was relatively stable, while below pH 3.
0 and above pH 7.
5, a rapid decline in activity was observed.
Within 10 days, more than 90% residual activity was measured at pH 4.
At pH 2.
0, 70% and 46% of the original activity were lost over 24 h of incubation, respectively.
Purification of the phytase The cell-free culture supernatant was dialyzed and concentrated using the Lab scale TFF filtration system (Millipore.
Bedfor.
The dialyzed and concentrated culture was then applied to an anion-exchange chromatographic column .
HiPrep 16/10 DEAE-Sepharose FF.
Pharmacia.
Swede.
JITV Vol.
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equilibrated with 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.
After washing the column, the bound enzyme was eluted at a flow rate of 1 ml/min using a linear gradient from 0 to 100% of 1 M NaCl in 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.
Fractions were collected in volumes of 5 ml.
Fractions containing phytase activity were pooled, dialyzed, and concentrated using the Labscale TFF filtration system (Millipore.
Bedfor.
The concentrated enzyme was applied to a gel filtration column (HiPrep 16/60 Sephacryl S-100 HR.
Pharmacia.
Swede.
preequilibrated with 50 mM phosphate buffer and 200 mM NaCl at pH 8, and eluted using the same buffer at a flow rate of 1 ml/min.
Fractions were collected every 5 min, and those with high phytase activity were pooled.
The pooled fractions were dialyzed using ultrafiltration tubes at 5000 rpm for 20 min at 4AC in Centricon 10 (Amicon.
USA) ultrafiltration concentrators .
embrane cutoff of 10 kD.
During all the purification procedures, all collected and pooled fractions were tested for absorption .
avelength 280 n.
, total protein .
avelength 595 n.
, and phytase activity .
avelength 355 n.
Seed germination Rye grains were soaked in the following solutions:
1% Tween-80 for 5 minutes, .
5% NaOCl for 2 minutes, .
75% H2O2 for 1 minute.
After soaking, the rye grains were thoroughly rinsed in sterile water.
The seeds were then allowed to germinate in a sterile box in a dark place at 20AC.
Once a day, the seeds are washed with sterile water.
after rinsing, the water is completely removed (Gibson et al.
, 1.
The seeds were culled for broken seeds, then weighed out for sprouting.
For each time segment, samples of each seed were placed in quart glass jars.
The mouths of the jars were covered with flexible plastic screening held in place with a string.
The grains had been soaked in deionized water for 12 hours before sprouting was considered underway.
After 12 hours, the deionized soaking water is drained, and half a liter of deionized water is dispensed into the jar.
Seeds were rinsed with sterile water once a day.
the water was removed entirely after each rinse.
Excess water is shaken out of the bulb before placing the bulb, mouth facing down, to empty the The seeds were then allowed to germinate in sterile trays indoors in the dark at 20AC.
Every afternoon, the grains are rinsed with sterile water, which is then removed.
One hundred milliliters of 1.
2% HCl is delivered to every flask.
The flask becomes sealed with plastic wrap.
The flasks were shaken at 2 hundred rpm for 2 hours at 26AC.
The samples had been vacuum filtered with #1 Whatman Filter paper.
The filtrate was stored for no more than 1 week at 1 AC in the During the first 7-10 days, phytase activity Experimental animals and management The experiment was conducted at Haramaya University poultry farm for 42 days.
Before starting the actual experiment, the experimental house was cleaned and washed, and the floor was covered with a 7cm layer of wood shavings, which was thoroughly disinfected before placement of the experimental birds.
Two infrared lamps, each providing 250 watts, were fitted for each pen as a source of heat and light.
A circular plastic feeder and waterer were placed in each pen a day before the birds were placed.
A total of one hundred eighty .
day-old unsexed broiler chicks were purchased from available farms around Debre Zeit's private farm.
Water was available at all times, and the experimental ratio was measured on an ad libitum basis twice a day at 8:00 and 16:00 hrs.
The refusals were recorded every morning to determine feed and nutrient intakes.
Broilers were weighed by pen at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of age using a sensitive balance.
There are three phases: 0 to 10, 11 to 24, and 25 to 42 days of age.
Standard biosecurity protocols were employed throughout the experimental period, and the chicks were vaccinated against viral diseases.
Design of the Experiment and Ingredients A total of 180-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to four treatment diets in a completely randomized design (CRD), with 15 chicks per replicate and three replications.
The treatment rations were formulated using FeedWin Interactive software to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous, meeting the nutrient requirement standards for broilers (NRC, 1.
, as shown in Table 1 below.
Accordingly, each of the starter treatment rations contained about 3100 kcal ME/kg of energy and 22% crude protein, while each of the finisher's treatment rations contained 3200 kcal ME/kg of energy and 20% crude protein.
The starter phase lasted until 3 weeks of age .
ays 1st to 21s.
, and the finisher phase lasted from the beginning of the third week until slaughter .
ays 22nd to 42n.
The starter and finisher diets were formulated separately.
The treatments consisted of a control diet for each phase, and three other diets were formulated, each with increasing levels of the phytase enzyme added to the feed at 0, 300, 600, and 1200 FTU/kg for T1.
T2.
T3, and T4, respectively.
Hematological parameter Blood samples were collected from the wing vein of 2 birds per replication into a 5 ml sterile syringe using a 23-gauge needle for hematological and bioche- Lemma et al.
Effect of locally extracted phytase on blood hematological and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens Table 1.
Composition of ingredients fed to broilers from 0-3 weeks and 4-6 weeks of age Ingredients (%) 0-3 weeks (Starter Phas.
4-6 weeks (Finisher Phas.
Maize Soyabean Wheat Methionin Dicalcium Nougseed cake Salt Premix Limestone Lysine Total mical parameters at the finisher phase .
days of ag.
From each chicken, 1-2 mL of blood was collected aseptically through the brachial .
vein as described by Kelly .
Each blood sample was immediately transferred into a tube containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as an anticoagulant.
The red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts were determined using a hemocytometer (Irizaary-Rovira 2.
The hemoglobin (H.
concentration was evaluated by matching the acid hematin solution to a standard colored solution in the Sahlis hemoglobinometer.
Packed cell volume (PCV) was measured by the microhaematocrit method.
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV).
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were computed as = (Ross et al.
Irizaary-Rovira.
These parameters were determined using blood harvested into the tube containing EDTA.
Serum biochemical parameters Serum was separated after centrifugation at 3,000 .
pm x .
for 15 min and stored at -20A C until used.
Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, cholesterol, glucose, and triglycerides concentrations were measured by using enzyme/ buffer and substrate kits, such as AP (Alkaline Phosphatas.
, at Haramaya University Health Center Laboratory.
Total serum protein was determined by refractometer (George 2.
Total serum immunoglobulin concentration was determined by the serum zinc sulfate turbidity test, measuring the optical density of the test and the control separately at 545nm using a spectrophotometer (Kassaye et al.
Economic efficiency analyses The net profits from broilers were calculated based on the cost of broiler birds and the feed each bird consumed in the respective treatments, along with other To estimate the net benefit of phytase feeding, a partial budget was prepared, accounting for full feed costs according to the principles developed by Upton .
The partial budget analysis involves calculating variable costs and benefits.
Partial budget measures the cost of the chicken, feed, and other inputs .
f an.
, and the profit after the experimentAithe difference between gains and losses from the proposed change.
The costs of experimental feed ingredients and basal feeds were used to calculate the feed cost for each Total variable cost includes feed and other The total rate of return (TRR) was calculated as the difference between the sale and purchase prices in the partial budget analysis.
The net income (NI) was expressed by subtracting the total variable cost (TVC) from the total return between the changes in the total rate of return .
TRR) and total variable cost .
TVC).
The marginal rate of return (MRR) measures the increase in net income .
NI) per additional unit of expenditure .
TVC), as shown below.
ycAycIycI = iNI iTVC JITV Vol.
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The chick sale price-to-feed cost ratio was also calculated as an additional parameter to evaluate the efficiency of the change in feed ingredients.
Statistical analysis All data collected in this study were analyzed using SAS .
Differences between treatment means were separated using Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
The following model was used for data analysis.
Yij= Ti eij, where Yij= represents the jth observation in the ith treatment level, = overall mean.
Ti= treatment effect, and eij= random error.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The chemical composition of the experimental feed ingredients was presented in Table 2 and determined by proximate analysis, which analyzed the dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and crude fiber (CF).
Two experiential diets used in the experiment are chick starter and finisher diets.
They were made from local feed ingredients commonly used in poultry feeding in Ethiopia.
The diets were formulated to meet the NRC .
The metabolizable energy of the experimental diets was determined by the indirect method using the formula given by Wiseman .
: ME (Kcal/kg DM) = 3951 54.
4 EE - 88.
7 CF
- 40.
8 Ash.
The formulation, calculated, and determined analyses of the diet are shown in Tables 2 and 3 below, respectively.
The experimental birds were fed on the starter diet for the first three weeks .
-21 day.
of the experiment.
Thereafter, they were fed on the finisher diet .
-42 day.
supplemented with four levels of phytase enzyme 0 FTU/Kg, 300 FTU/Kg, 600FTU/Kg, and 1200FTU/Kg, for the last four weeks of the experiment .
-42 day.
The phytase has been added to the feed in powder form, and it should be added from the starter to the finisher phase.
The feed was formulated twice, once at the starter phase and once at the finisher phase.
the chickens were fed with phyase for 42 days.
The calcium concentration ranged from 1-1.
49% and 0.
89% in starter and finisher diets, respectively, whereas phosphorus ranged from 0.
52% and 0.
44% in starter and finisher diets, respectively, and are within the range recommended in the broiler ration (NRC Haematological profiles The effects of phytase supplementation on the blood hematological parameters of the broiler chickens are listed in Table 4.
Packed cell volume (PCV).
Hb, and WBC values were significantly (P<0.
influenced by the dietary treatments, while all other parameters were not significantly (P>0.
The values for PCV ranged from 27.
783 Ae 33.
Hb from 9.
Ae 11.
05g/dl, and WBC from 4.
8 Ae 6.
09y109/L.
It was observed that PCV.
Hb, and WBC values were reduced across dietary treatments.
PCV,
Hb, and WBC were significantly (P<0.
influenced by the dietary treatment.
the values obtained were within the normal range for broiler chicken reported by (Oloche et al.
Table 4 shows that white blood cell counts in the control and treated groups were 6.
31, 6.
17, 5.
92, and 62 y 10^9/l at T0.
T1.
T2.
T3, and T4, respectively.
The experimental birds were fed on different groups that were significantly different from one another.
This indicates a potential effect of diet on white blood cell levels, as the treated groups showed lower average counts than the control group, and there were statistically significant differences between the diet The present results were in disagreement with the findings of Shareef and Al-Dabbagh .
, and Alkhalf et al.
observed a non-significant (P>0.
difference in PCV of broilers fed the diet supplemented with enzymes.
In contrast.
Cowieson et .
Rahman et al.
, and Kaushal et al.
Table 2.
Chemical composition of ingredients and treatment diets .
ercentage on DM basi.
Ingredient
(%)
Chemical Composition Maize Soyabean Wheat Short Nougseed cake Phytase ME= Metabolizable energy.
DM= total dry matter.
CP= Crude protein.
EE= Ether extract.
Kcal= Kilocalorie.
Kg= kilogram Lemma et al.
Effect of locally extracted phytase on blood hematological and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens Table 3.
Chemical composition of ingredients and treatment diets (% on DM basi.
Ingredients Item Chemical composition %DM ME(Kcal/K.
Maize Wheat short
Soybean meal
Nougseed cake
Phytase Starter phase
%DM
ME(Kcal/kg ) Finisher phase
%DM
Ash ME(Kcal/kg ) T1.
T2.
T3, and T4 0, 300, 600, and 1200 FTU/Kg, respectively.
DM= dry matter.
CP= crude protein.
EE= ether extract.
CF= crude fiber.
Ca= calcium.
P= phosphorus.
ME= Metabolisable Energy.
Kcal= kilocalorie.
Kg= kilogram .
found a significant (P<0.
increase in PCV and Hb content of broilers fed the diet supplemented with enzymes.
Ferdous et al.
noted a significant (P<0.
increase in PCV and Hb in broilers fed a diet supplemented with enzymes and multivitamins.
Hosseini .
noted a significant (P<0.
increase in Hb of broilers fed the diet supplemented with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisia.
Ahmed et al.
found a significant (P<0.
increase in PCV and Hb values in broilers fed a diet supplemented with enzymes (Alquerzi.
Milanovic et al.
noted an increase in PCV and Hb of broilers fed the diet supplemented with organic iron.
The analyzed data show that there were no significant differences (P>0.
in MCV.
MCH, and MCHC among broilers fed the enzymesupplemented diet.
The present results were consistent with those of Shehab et al.
, who observed nonsignificant (P>0.
differences in MCV in broilers fed a diet supplemented with enzymes.
Chuka .
found no significant differences (P>0.
in MCV.
MCH, and MCHC in broilers fed a diet supplemented with enzymes and probiotics.
The results of hematological variables in this study suggest that the test diets did not pose any severe effects on the health status of the experimental birds.
Serum biochemistry The effects of phytase supplementation on the blood serum biochemistry parameters of the broiler chickens are listed in Table 5 below.
Total protein, albumin, and globulin values did not increase significantly (P>0.
in the supplemented groups compared with the T1 control group throughout the growth period.
The results of the present experiment were in accordance with the findings of Chuka .
noted non-significant (P>0.
differences in serum globulin, and serum albumin of broilers fed the diet supplemented with enzymes and in contrast with the findings of Hassen & Chauhan .
who found a significant (P<0.
increase in serum globulin levels in broilers fed a diet supplemented with enzymes.
Paryad and Mahmoudi .
and Yazhini et al.
noted a significant (P<0.
increase in total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations in broilers fed the diet supplemented with probiotic (S.
Shareef and Al-Dabbagh .
and Chaudhary et al.
observed a significant (P<0.
increase in serum total protein of broilers fed the diet supplemented with probiotics.
Chuka .
and Kaushal et al.
found a significant (P<0.
increase in total protein in broilers JITV Vol.
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fed a diet supplemented with enzymes.
The dietary treatment did not influence all measured serum biochemical parameters, indicating that the animals well tolerated the diets.
more beneficial than feeding control.
T4 was the most cost-effective diet per chick reared in this study.
Mortality The death is recorded in Table 7 below.
According to the present study, there was no significant difference in mortality rate between the treatments (P>0.
The cause of chicken deaths during this period was transportation stress and the inability of individuals to adapt to the environment.
Examination in all phases of dead chicken showed the presence of watery fluid in the abdominal cavity and pericardial sac and sudden death.
this may be due to the high growth rate of broiler chicken and rapid growth, which causes the heart and lungs not to develop well enough to support the remainder of the body, resulting in congestive heart failure and tremendous death losses (Martin 1.
Partial budget analysis The economic returns associated with subbudgets are shown in Table 6.
A producer's goal in poultry production is to achieve the highest growth rate at the lowest feed cost per unit of live weight gain.
According to this partial budget analysis.
T4 broiler chickens achieved higher profits than those classified as T2.
T3, or T1.
T4 birds had the highest cost of selling chicks for feed compared to other treatments.
Therefore, the results of this study suggest that using phytase may be Table 4.
Effects of phytase supplementation on the blood hematological parameters of broiler finishers from .
-42 Treatments Parameters PCV (%) Hb.
/d.
SEM RBC.
10 /L) WBC.
10 /L) MCV.
MCH.
MCHC (%) PCV= Packed cell volume.
Hb= Hemoglobin.
RBC= Red blood cell.
WBC= White blood cell.
MCV= Mean Corpuscular Volume.
MCHC=
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration.
fL= femtoliters, pg= picograms, dl= deciliter.
T1.
T2.
T3, and T4= 0, 300, 600, and 1200 FTU/Kg, respectively Table 5.
Effects of phytase supplementation on the blood serum biochemistry parameters Parameters Treatments SEM Total protein.
/d.
Albumin .
/d.
Globulin .
/d.
Total immunoglobulin.
/d.
T1.
T2.
T3, and T4 = 0, 300, 600, and 1200 FTU/Kg, respectively.
SEM = Standard Error of Mean.
dl = deciliter Table 6.
Economics of phytase supplementation in broiler chicken Particulars Treatments Purchase price/bird .
Total feed consumed.
/chick Lemma et al.
Effect of locally extracted phytase on blood hematological and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens Particulars Treatments Selling price/bird.
Feed cost/bird .
Other cost /bird .
TVC/bird .
TR .
NR .
OITR.
OINR.
iTVC
MRR
Chicks sale/feed cost Feed cost/Chick sale ratio Meat price @ Rs 150 per kg of live weight.
Feed price @ Rs 14.
5 per kg.
Net Return, iTVC = Change in total Variable Cost, iNR = Change in Net Return.
MRR = Marginal Rate of Return.
T1.
T2.
T3 and T4 = 0, 300, 600 and 1200 FTU/Kg, respectively.
TR= Total Return.
NR = net Table 7.
Effect of adding phytase on the mortality percentage of broilers Treatment Parameters (%) SEM P value Mortality of the starter Mortality of finisher Mortality of the entire Meat price @ Rs 150 per kg of live weight.
Feed price @ Rs 14.
5 per kg.
T1.
T2.
T3, and T4 = 0, 300, 600, and 1200 FTU/Kg, respectively.
SEM= Standard error of the mean
CONCLUSION
There were significant differences (P<0.
among treatments for Packed cell volume (PCV).
Hb, and WBC.
However, there were no significant (P>0.
differences in RBC count.
MCV.
MCH, or MCHC of broilers fed the diet supplemented with enzymes.
Total protein, albumin, and globulin values did not increase significantly (P>0.
in the supplemented groups compared with the T1 control group throughout the growth period.
The calcium concentration ranged from 49% and 0.
89% in starter and finisher diets, respectively, whereas phosphorus ranged from 0.
52% and 0.
44% in starter and finisher diets, respectively, and it is within the range recommended in the broiler ration (NRC, 1.
According to the present partial budget analysis, broiler chickens in T4 yielded higher profits than those in T2.
T3, and T1.
Using phytase may be more profitable than feeding control.
No significant difference (P>0.
in mortality percentage between the treatments in all phases.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Mengistu Lemma came up with the idea and wrote the paper.
Negasi Ameha.
Meseret Girma, and Ali Beker, who also authorized the final version for publication, critically edited the manuscript for key intellectual content.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors state that they have no conflicts of ACKNOWLEDGMENTS