An Annotated Checklist Macrofungi Bio Palembanica 2.
: 19-26 .
This journal is available online at: https://ejournal.
An Annotated Checklist of the Macrofungi (Fungi: Dikary.
of Pelawan Forest.
Bangka Island.
Sumatra GUSTI AYU WIDAYANTI1*.
ZAHRIAL EFFENDI2.
DIAH KOMALA SARI1.
NUR
ARIFAH1.
MONICA KHARISMA SWANDI3.
GITA CINDY ASYAVIRA4 &
MUHAMMAD IQBAL1
Department of Biology.
Universitas Indo Global Mandiri.
Jalan Jend.
Sudirman No.
Palembang 30129.
South Sumatra.
Indonesia *Corresponding Author.
E-mail: gustiah@uigm.
https://orcid.
org/0009-0001-7336-8581 E-mail: diah@uigm.
https://orcid.
org/0009-0001-3623-0508 E-mail: nura@uigm.
https://orcid.
org/0009-0002-2105-5775 E-mail: miqbal@uigm.
https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-6657-0183 Flora Fauna Bangka.
Jalan Sisingamangaraja RT 06 Air Ruai Pamali.
Bangka 33255.
Indonesia E-mail: zahrial@gmail.
https://orcid.
org/0009-0004-7250-9698 Department of Biology,Universitas Bangka Belitung.
Kampus Terpadu Balunijuk.
Kecamatan Merawang.
Bangka33172.
Bangka Belitung Islands.
Sumatra.
Indonesia E-mail: monica@ubb.
https://orcid.
org/0000-0003-1670-5307 Biology Program.
Universitas Indo Global Mandiri.
Jalan Jend.
Sudirman No.
Palembang 30129.
South Sumatra.
Indonesia E-mail: 2023150001@students.
https://orcid.
org/0009-0004-7870-5390 Received 20 March 2025iCAccepted by I.
Aprillia: 7 May 2025iCPublished online 27 June 2025 Abstract This study provides an annotated checklist of macrofungi in Pelawan Forest.
Bangka Island.
Indonesia.
A total of 59 species of macrofungi from 22 families were documented, highlighting the presence of macrofungi in the The families Polyporaceae.
Agaricaceae, and Marasmiaceae were the most diverse, accounting for over 50% of the total species recorded.
The most common family found was Polyporaceae, with 13 species.
Our findings indicate that Pelawan Forest has significant economic potential related to macrofungi, such as species used as food or medicine.
This study can serve as a reference for developing effective conservation and management strategies for the forest ecosystem in Bangka Island.
Keywords: Bangka Island, biodiversity.
Indonesia, macrofungi.
Pelawan Forest.
Introduction Spanning from Sumatra to the Indonesian Papua, the varying physical landscapes and island sizes are the primary factors shaping the Indonesia's remarkable high biological diversity, particularly macrofungi (Supratman et al.
Yusran et al.
Macrofungi are a group of fungi that have large and visible fruiting bodies, such as mushrooms, brackets, and conks (Chang & Miles 1.
They play a crucial role in ecosystems, including as decomposers, antibiotic producers, and food sources for animals (Zotti et al.
Niego et al.
Additionally, macrofungi have potential applications as sources of medicine, food and industrial materials (Lu et al.
Bangka Island, located off the eastern coast of Sumatra.
Indonesia, is a region of high conservation value due to its unique geology, diverse ecosystems, and rich biodiversity (Iqbal et al.
2012, 2.
The island's tropical forests, mangrove swamps, and coral reefs support a wide range of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world (Syahputra & Iqbal 2016.
Syafutra et al.
2018, 2.
Despite its unique geology and high biodiversity.
Bangka Island has received relatively little scientific attention, particularly with regards to macrofungi (Lingga et al.
Putri et al.
The Pelawan Forest in Bangka Island.
Indonesia, is a tropical forest ecosystem that harbors a rich biodiversity (Henri et al.
The unique environmental conditions in Pelawan Forest, including WIDAYANTI ET AL.
rainfall and stable temperatures throughout the year, create an ideal habitat for various fungal species (Helbert et al.
Widayanti et al.
While the fungi are considered edible, particularly famous known Kulat Pelawan or Jamur Pelawan (Heimioporus sp.
), it is essential to exercise caution when foraging for wild mushrooms (Octaviana 2017.
Henri et al.
Putri et al.
In this paper, we provide checklist of species diversity of macrofungi to contribute to our understanding of macrofungi diversity in Pelawan Forest.
Bangka Island.
Indonesia.
Methods A visit to Pelawan Forest or Hutan Pelawan was conducted on 7 December 2024.
Administratively.
Pelawan Forest was located in Namang Village .
A22'S, 106A11'E).
Central Bangka District.
Bangka Belitung Islands Province.
Indonesia (Fig.
The Pelawan Forest has a total area are 300 ha, and there 47 ha has been allocated as a Biodiversity Park of Pelawan Forest in 2013 (Henri 2.
This area is managed by POKDARWIS (Kelompok Sadar Wisat.
or a community-based volunteer organization in increasing tourism development in the village.
The area is dominated by Pelawan Tree Tristaniopsis merguensis, a species from family of Myrtaceae (Fig.
In general, the Pelawan Forest is important area for public education to introduce the profile of biodiversity in Bangka Belitung Province (Akbarini et al.
The method used in this research was a direct survey or exploration method, involving direct observations in the field.
During our visit to Pelawan Forest, we observed and documented macrofungi The macroscopic fungi found were identified morphologically based on characteristics such as shape, size, color, texture, and substrate, and were documented with photographs (Fig.
To review species diversity of macrofungi in Pelawan Forest, we combine our observation and previous reports of macrofungi in this area (Table .
Results and Discussion A total of 59 species of macrofungi from 22 families was documented in Pelawan Forest.
Bangka Island.
Indonesia (Table .
The survey results show that Pelawan Forest in Bangka Island has a high diversity of macrofungi.
Several notable genera were identified, including: Marasmius, characterized by its small size, spaced lamellae, and growth on dead leaf litter and wood (Putra 2.
Lentinus, with a fruit body resembling a curved umbrella, white lamellae on the bottom, and a hard central stem, typically growing on rotten wood or dead trees (Oktaviani 2.
Collybiopsis, featuring a light brown cap with a darker center, lamellae on the bottom, and growth on dead stems (Nugroho, 2.
Marasmiellus, generally small in size with white caps, soft and thin fruit bodies, and growth on dead tree trunks or branches (Nugroho 2024.
Oktaviani 2.
Phallus, a hooded fungus with a brown, slightly slimy hood that can grow up to 12 cm, typically found in soil (Widayanti 2.
and Microporus, with a fruit body resembling a crust, board, or umbrella, and a strong, hard, corky, and woody texture, characteristic of the Polyporaceae family (Saputra 2.
Table 1.
The list of the species of macrofungi reported in Pelawan Forest.
Namang Village.
Central Bangka District.
Bangka Belitung Islands Province.
Sumatra.
Indonesia.
No.
Species Agaricus sp.
Macrolepiota albuminosa Lepiota sp.
Termitomyces albuminosus Amanita vaginata Auricularia sp.
Auricularia auricula-judae Auricularia sp.
Boletus sp.
Heimioporus sp.
Phylloporus sp.
Phylloporus rhodoxanthus Corticioid fungi sp.
Leucocoprinus sp.
Family Agaricaceae Agaricaceae Remarks Octaviana 2017 Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs.
Agaricaceae Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Agaricaceae Agaricaceae Amanitaceae Auriculariaceae Auriculariaceae Auriculariaceae Boletaceae Boletaceae Boletaceae Boletaceae Corticiaceae Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs An Annotated Checklist Macrofungi Clavaria sp.
Clavaria fragilis Clavaria rosea Dacryopinax spathularia Ganoderma applanatum Ganoderma sp.
Ganoderma sp.
Geastrum saccatum Hygrophorus sp.
Hygrocybe sp.
Hygrocybe cantharellus Marasmius sp.
Marasmius sp.
Marasmius sp.
Marasmius rotula Collybiopsis sp.
Rigidoporus microporus Gymnopus sp.
Gymnopus dryophilus (Collybia dryophil.
Marasmiellus sp.
Phallus indicus Phallus indusiatus Pleurotus sp.
Pleurotus sapidus Pleurotus ostreatus Hohenbuehelia sp.
Polyporus gayanus Polyporus gramocephalus Polyporus arcularius Hexagonia sp.
Lentinus sp.
Lentinus sajor-cajor Lentinus squarrosulus Lentinus strigosus Trametes versicolor Microporus xanthopus Microporus affinis Microporus vernicipes Russula sp.
Russula fragilis Russula xerampelina Tremella mesenterica Xylaria hypoxylon Cookeina tricholoma Schizophylum commune Clavariaceae Clavariaceae Clavariaceae Dacrymycetaceae Ganodermataceae Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Ganodermataceae Ganodermataceae Geastraceae Hygrophoraceae Hygrophoraceae Hygrophoraceae Marasmiaceae Marasmiaceae Marasmiaceae Marasmiaceae Marasmiaceae Meripilaceae Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Octaviana 2017 Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Omphalotaceae Omphalotaceae Omphalotaceae Phallaceae Phallaceae Pleurotaceae Pleurotaceae Pleurotaceae Polyporaceae Polyporaceae Polyporaceae Polyporaceae Polyporaceae Polyporaceae Polyporaceae Polyporaceae Polyporaceae Polyporaceae Polyporaceae Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Octaviana 2017 Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Widayanti et al.
Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Polyporaceae Polyporaceae Russulaceae Russulaceae Russulaceae Tremellaceae Xylariaceae Sarcoscyphaceae Schizophyllaceae Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 Widayanti et al.
Pers.
Obs Octaviana 2017 Octaviana 2017 WIDAYANTI ET AL.
Figure 1.
Map of Bangka Island (Sumatr.
, showing the location of Pelawan Forest .
ndicated by a black circle at 2A22'S, 106A11'E).
Figure 2.
The typical habitat of Pelawan Forest.
The area is dominated by Pelawan Tree Tristaniopsis merguensis, a species from family of Myrtaceae (Photograph: Muhammad Iqba.
An Annotated Checklist Macrofungi Figure 3.
Photographic documentation of macrofungi from Pelawan Forest.
Bangka Island.
Sumatra.
Indonesia: 3a.
Marasmius sp.
1, 3b.
Lentinus sajor-cajor, 3c.
Marasmius sp.
2, 3d.
Marasmius sp.
3, 3e.
Collybiopsis sp.
, 3f.
Marasmiellus sp.
, 3g.
Gymnopus sp.
, 3h.
Phallus indicus, 3i.
Microporus xanthopus, and 3j.
Microporus affinis (Photographs: Gita Cindy Asyavir.
WIDAYANTI ET AL.
Research conducted in December 2024 found that there were 59 species of macroscopic fungi in the Pelawan Forest.
The large number of fungi species found in this study is thought to be due to the rainy season, which creates more humid forest conditions.
According to Hu et al.
, the presence of macrofungi species in topography, vegetation and environmental conditions, such as temperature and Based on the PPID .
Namang Subdistrict is located in lowland forest at a height of 0-10 meters sea level, the average rainfall is above 1,200 mm/year and has a fine to coarse soil texture.
The combination of these factors are affected the presence of high number of macrofungi species in Pelawan Forest.
The most diverse families are Polyporaceae.
Agaricaceae, and Marasmiaceae, which together account for more than 50% of the total species recorded.
The Polyporaceae family is the most dominant, with 13 species recorded, representing 22% of the total species.
This family includes many species of bracket fungi, which are common in tropical forests.
According to (Adarsh et al.
, a study was conducted to document the diversity and distribution of macrofungi in wet evergreen and shola forests of Silent Valley National Park.
India, suggest Family Polyporaceae was the dominant family with 30 species, followed by Hymenochaetaceae with 16 species, and Fomitopsidaceae and Meripilaceae with three species each The Agaricaceae family, which includes many species of mushrooms, was the second most diverse family in Pelawan Forest, with 8 species recorded.
The Marasmiaceae family, which includes many species of small to medium-sized fungi, was the third most diverse family, with 6 species The abundance of fungi from the Agaricaceae.
Marasmiaceae, and Polyporaceae families is likely due to the forest environment's rich substrate of litter and dead trees.
According to Widayanti et .
, leaf litter, dead trees, and rotting twigs provide a favorable environment for the growth of these fungi.
During our survey in Pelawan Forest, some species were not identified to the species level due to various reasons.
One of the main reasons is the lack of distinctive morphological characteristics that can be used to distinguish between closely related species.
Many fungal species, especially those in the genera Agaricus.
Marasmius, and Polyporus, have similar morphological characteristics (Desjardin et Zhao et al.
, making it difficult to identify them to the species level without additional Another reason for not identifying some species to the species level is the limited availability of reference materials and expert knowledge.
Fungal taxonomy is a complex and constantly evolving field, and many species are still undescribed or poorly understood (Hawksworth & Rossman Blackwell 2011.
Hawksworth 2.
In some cases, the survey team may not have had access to the necessary reference materials or expert knowledge to accurately identify certain species to the species level.
The study results also show that some of the macrofungi species found have high economic potential, such as species that can be used as food or medicine.
Previous study was recorded 19 to 33 species of 17 known edible macroscopic fungal families around Pelawan Forest (Octaviana 2017.
Putri et al.
For example, the species Heimioporus sp.
ocally called as AuKulat PelawanAy or AuJamur PelawanA.
has been famous as a delicious and nutritious food ingredient (Putra & Hafazallah 2020.
Putra et al.
Kulat Pelawan is a symbiosis macrofungi with the roots of the Pelawan tree Tristaniopsis merguensis that a quite popular with the community in village around Pelawan Forest as well as other villages in Namang Subdistrict (Putri et al.
According to Hasibuan .
, the presence of AuKulat PelawanAy in Pelawan Forest can improve the economy community because of the high selling price c.
IDR 1.
000 to IDR 2.
USD 61 to USD .
In addition, the local village around Pelawan Forest takes advantage of AuKulat PelawanAy for a side dish in a traditional ceremony, wedding and other culinary purpose (Putri et al.
Unfortunately, this study did not encounter any pelawan mushrooms, likely because the survey was conducted after their peak growing period.
This result can be used as a reference for the development of macrofungi-based industries in Bangka Island.
The species and family composition in Pelawan Forest suggests that the forest supports a diverse range of fungal taxa, including saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal species, such as those from the Ganodermataceae.
Phallaceae, and Boletaceae families.
The dominance of the Polyporaceae family suggests that the forest has a high level of decaying organic matter, which provides a habitat for many species of bracket fungi.
In order to conserve and manage the forest ecosystem in Bangka Island, the survey results can be used as a reference for the development of effective conservation strategies.
According to Akbarini et al.
Pelawan Forest has an important function for conservation, ecotourism and research in the Central Bangka District.
Protection of habitats and sustainable management of natural resources can help maintain the diversity of macrofungi in Pelawan Forest and An Annotated Checklist Macrofungi increase the economic potential associated with macrofungi.
Further research is needed to understand the ecological roles of these fungal species and their interactions with other organisms in the forest Acknowledgments We are very grateful to Universitas Indo Global Mandiri (UIGM) and Yayasan Flora Fauna Bangka for facilitating us to conduct field survey to Pelawan Forest.
Namang.
Bangka Island.
Bangka Belitung Islands Province.
References