https://dinastires.
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DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
38035/jlph.
https://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.
Protection off Bird off Paradise Wildlife From Extinction Due to Poaching Decky D.
Wospakrik Cenderawasih University.
Jayapura.
Indonesia Corresponding Author: dwospakrik@gmail.
Abstract: The hunting of wild birds of paradise results in a decrease in population and damages the ecosystem that has been created by nature.
The increase in the hunting of birds of paradise continues to rise year after year, indicating that wildlife protection regulations have not yet effectively and strictly enforced and provided benefits such as a deterrent effect.
On the other hand, the development of wildlife trade models follows the advancement of digital technology, namely social media, where wildlife trade no longer recognizes national borders.
Thus, changes in regulations and increased multi-sector cooperation between state institutions.
NGOs, and international organizations are necessary to enhance law enforcement against the poaching of birds of paradise.
This research discusses the protection of birds of paradise from extinction caused by wildlife hunting.
This research uses a normative research method with a regulatory approach.
The results of this study show that the hunting of wild animals continues to increase year by year, as well as the development and changes in the methods of marketing wild animal hunting results.
Therefore, amendments to Law No.
5 of 1990 on the Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems can be made in accordance with technological advancements and to enhance cooperation among state institutions.
NGOs, and international relations in law enforcement.
Keyword: Protection.
Birds Of Paradise.
Poaching INTRODUCTION Indonesia is recognized as a country with extraordinary biodiversity.
As noted by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
Indonesia's biodiversity includes 3,305 different species of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles.
Among these species, 31.
1% are classified as endemic, meaning they are exclusively found in Indonesia.
additionally, 9.
9% are categorized as endangered.
Indonesia has a maritime area of approximately 5.
8 million kmA, which harbors a diversity of life including 590 varieties of coral reefs, collectively representing 37% of global marine species and 30% of mangrove ecosystems (Hanif, 2.
Birds dominate the vertebrates of Papua, with more than 600 recorded species.
The special bird fauna includes 25 species of birds of paradise, three species of cassowaries, and about two dozen parrots, pigeons, raptors, and kingfishers.
The number of mammal species is smaller, mainly due to continuous hunting and their nocturnal nature.
Flying foxes, tree 295 | P a g e https://dinastires.
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kangaroos, possums, and rats are the most represented among the 180 or more species present (Kartikasari et al.
, 2.
The bird of paradise itself has already been classified as a protected bird species by the state due to its decreasing numbers in the wild or its natural habitat.
Protected wildlife refers to all animals whose populations have begun to decline and are at risk of extinction, so these protected animals receive special attention from the government to prevent them from becoming endangered (Fitricia et al.
, 2023.
Wildlife crime in Indonesia is increasing in line with the rising global demand for In its development, wildlife crime has now become organized crime and transnational crime, which is also based on electronic crime (Raynaldo Sembiring & Wenni Adzkia, 2.
Crimes against wildlife have been increasing every year along with the rising global demand for wildlife.
Moreover.
Asia is the center of wildlife trade as it serves as a source, transit route, and market for endangered wildlife.
The crime continues to occur because of the high economic profit in each execution, reaching Rp.
13 trillion per year (Zakariya, 2.
Alongside the response of elevating forms The of Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) to more serious crimes is the frequent listing of species affected by new forms of IWT to one of the appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
CITES stands as a cornerstone in the global effort to regulate wildlife trade and safeguard biodiversity.
Established in the 1970s.
CITES has played a pivotal role in ensuring that international trade in wild species of plant, wildlife, and fungi does not lead to overexploitation and, ultimately, extinction.
This is achieved through its system of appendices, which categorize species based on their conservation status and the degree to which trade must be regulated or prohibited (Hybschle & Margulies, 2.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement that was ratified by the Indonesian government on December 15, 1978, through Keputusan Presiden Nomor 43 Tahun 1978 tentang Pengesahan on the Ratification of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, which is a form of Indonesia's commitment to the protection of existing wildlife and fauna.
CITES has three appendices that correspond to the level of protection needed: Appendix I includes species that are endangered and prohibited from international commercial trade except under extraordinary circumstances.
Appendix II includes species that are not necessarily endangered and whose trade is controlled in the form of annual quotas to ensure long-term sustainability and requires official CITES import and .
export permits to avoid over-exploitation.
and Appendix i includes species that are protected in at least one country that has requested assistance from other CITES Parties in controlling trade.
After ratifying CITES, the Indonesian Government issued various regulations and laws to protect wildlife, one of which is Law No.
5 of 1990 on the Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems (UU No.
5 Tahun 1.
(Hafidzah et al.
, 2.
In Article 1 point 5 of Law Number 32 of 2009, an ecosystem is the arrangement of environmental elements that form a complete and comprehensive unity and mutually influence each other in creating balance, stability, and environmental productivity.
In an ecosystem, it is not only humans who have a role, but there are also other living beings such as animals and The existence of animals and plants is very important, so they need attention to ensure they remain.
The goal is for their role in maintaining the balance and stability of the living environment to continue functioning well.
Based on UU No.
5 Tahun 1990, the following prohibitions exist.
Everyone is prohibited from: 1.
capturing, injuring, killing, keeping, possessing, maintaining, transporting, and trading protected wildlife in a living state.
keeping, possessing, maintaining, transporting, and trading protected wildlife in a dead state.
removing protected wildlife from one place in Indonesia to another place within or outside Indonesia.
trading, keeping, or 296 | P a g e https://dinastires.
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possessing the skin, body, or other parts of protected wildlife or items made from these parts, or removing them from one place in Indonesia to another place within or outside Indonesia.
taking, damaging, destroying, trading, keeping, or possessing the eggs and/or nests of protected wildlife (Jenis TSL Dilindungi Berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah No 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa, n.
The increase in wildlife hunting continues to rise year after year, indicating that wildlife protection regulations have not yet maximally enforced strict measures and provided benefits, namely a deterrent effect aimed at protecting the hunting of birds of paradise in Papua from illegal hunting.
Thus, this research normatively examines the issue of how the protection of the wild bird of paradise can be improved to preserve the bird of paradise ecosystem in Papua from The purpose of protecting the wild bird of paradise is very important due to the cultural and natural connections in Papua that need to be preserved by all parties.
This is because the protection of wildlife ecosystems requires support from the government, both from state institutions and related national/international non-governmental organizations.
Additionally, illegal hunting usually aims for trade both within and outside Indonesia, so cooperation with international institutions is necessary.
The results of this research are expected to contribute to the effectiveness of legal system policies in the protection of wild birds of paradise in Papua.
METHOD
This Article places the normative juridical method as an analytical tool.
In this research, the rule related to the research topic is Law Number 5 of 1990 concerning the Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and Ecosystems.
In this research, materials from libraries, literature, scientific works, and legislation in hierarchy are used.
There are several approaches that can be used in normative research: the legislative approach.
the conceptual approach.
analytical approach.
and the case approach.
The conceptual method used in this research is the analytical method.
This research uses a normative research approach.
This approach refers to the researcher's perspective in selecting the discussion space that is expected to explain the substance of the scientific work (I Made Pasek Diantha, 2.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Importance Of Protecting The Bird Of Paradise From Extinction The protection of these birds of paradise is crucial for maintaining biodiversity, while also preserving cultural heritage.
The importance in culture.
In many indigenous communities in Papua, the bird of paradise is considered a symbol of spirituality and prosperity.
Their brightly colored and beautiful feathers are often used in traditional ceremonies and as head ornaments, signifying social and spiritual status.
This belief makes the birds of paradise an integral part of local culture and tradition, so protecting them also means preserving culture (Hasna Latifatunnisa, 2.
Birds of paradise are often hunted for their beautiful feathers, so hunters kill them to collect, whether alive or dead, and keep them for display.
Besides being hunted for personal collections, the bird of paradise is also very closely tied to customs because it is considered very special compared to other types of birds.
In Papuan tradition, the bird of paradise is used as a head ornament for the ondoafi or the oldest customary leader during major traditional events or special gatherings and is passed down through generations.
The Cendrawasih bird is made into a crown on the head because the Cendrawasih bird is considered the embodiment of the younger sibling, symbolizing the older sibling's love for the younger sibling, and vice versab (Fitricia et al.
, 2.
One of the most well-known groups of birds is the birds of paradise (Paradisaeida.
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(Macgregori.
However, there are also various other bird families that dominate in New Guinea, such as honeyeaters (Meliphagida.
and bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchida.
Two families of berry-eating birds, namely Melanocharitidae and Paramythiidae, have 12 There are 23 species of kingfishers in Papua .
species of Alcedinidae and 19 species of Dacelonida.
Other families rich in species include Columbidae .
Meliphagidae .
Megapodiidae .
Acanthizidae .
, and Psittacidae .
(Kartikasari et al.
, 2.
In the tropical rainforests of Papua, birds of paradise explore from tree to tree, displaying their captivating colorful feathers.
Known as "birds of paradise," they attract attention due to their physical beauty, while also serving as indicators of their environmental Although captivating, birds of paradise face serious threats from hunting and habitat The original habitat of the bird of paradise is the dense humid tropical forests of Papua.
These birds are usually found in lowland forests and mountain forests, where they reside in the high forest canopy (Hasna Latifatunnisa, 2.
In relation to habitat, ecologically, the loss of bird species from their habitat has a significant impact on forest regeneration.
Various types of birds actually play a role as seed Birds will excrete seeds through their droppings from the fruits they eat, and then the seeds will become new tree seedlings.
The greater yellow bird-of-paradise (Paradiseae minor jobiensi.
, for example, is a seed disperser of the "semang" or Jabon tree (Anthocephalus ) and the Sengon tree (Paraserianthes falcatari.
Both types of plants are the main materials for making boats, which are the primary mode of transportation for the people in the village of Sawendui.
In other words, beyond ecological factors, the loss of bird species also impacts the economic, social, and cultural life of the indigenous people in Papua, as their lives are heavily dependent on the condition of the surrounding natural resources (WWF-Indonesia.
The importance in the ecosystem,Ecologically, birds of paradise play an important role in maintaining the health of the forest.
As pollinators and seed dispersers, they help in forest regeneration and the maintenance of biodiversity.
The interaction of birds of paradise with various types of flora and fauna supports a balanced natural cycle, which is essential for the sustainability of tropical forest ecosystems (Hasna Latifatunnisa, 2.
Birds of paradise belong to the family Paradisaeidae and the order Passeriformes.
The bird of paradise weighs between 50Ae430 grams and measures 15Ae110 centimeters in This bird is divided into 14 genera and 43 species.
Quoted from various sources, here are 7 types of birds of paradise that live in Papua (Khumar Mahendra, 2.
Manukodia Kilap Manukodia kilap is a type of bird of paradise that can be found in CA.
Waigeo Barat.
This bird is difficult to find due to its shiny dark black feathers and agile movements.
The glossy manucode can only be identified when it emits its distinctive call.
At first glance, the manukodia kilap resembles a crow and a spangled drongo, but there are differences in the eye color and the base of the tail.
King Bird-of-Paradise (Cicinnurus regiu.
The Cendrawasih Raja has a relatively small size, with feathers that are very bright and strikingly Its characteristic is the tail feathers shaped like a fan that can be spread wide during courtship rituals.
Red Bird-of-Paradise (Cendrawasih Mera.
The red bird of paradise has a medium size of about 33 centimeters.
This bird can be identified by its red feathers and yellow beak.
This species is also easily recognizable by its dark emerald green facial feathers and two black bands on its tail.
The red bird-of-paradise is more commonly found in the habitat of hill ridges with tall trees.
This type of bird can be found in Raja Ampat and Papua.
Bald Bird of Paradise (Cendrawasih Bota.
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Quoted from petfoodindonesia.
com, the bald bird of paradise, or scientifically named Cicinnurus respublica, is classified as an endangered species in its natural habitat.
This type of songbird has a medium body size, measuring 21 centimeters from the tip of the tail to the tip of the beak.
The bald cendrawasih has an attractive and beautiful appearance.
They are covered in red and black feathers with a yellow neck.
Then, the mouth is bright green and the legs are blue.
The skin on its head is light blue and has a pattern of double black Meanwhile, its tail has two tail feathers with a circular purple color.
Panji's Bird of Paradise (Cendrawasih Panj.
The Cendrawasih Panji has a distinctive feature, which is the presence of head feathers on the adult male bird.
The male and female Cendrawasih Panji are very different from each The male bird has black feathers with yellow on the chest, abdomen, and armpits.
Meanwhile, the female bird has grayish feathers and a tail cover that is yellow and orange, resembling a sunbird.
This bird breeds throughout the season.
The male bird will attract a mate by singing and displaying complex movements.
Small yellow bird of paradise (Cendrawasih kuning-keci.
The small yellow bird of paradise, also known as the Lesser bird of paradise, has a length of about 32 centimeters.
This bird can be nicknamed "small but fierce.
"Because they are excellent dancers, surpassing other birds of their kind.
The little yellow bird of paradise has authentic yellow and brown colors.
Its beak is bluish-gray and its eye iris is yellow.
On its tail, there are black antennas.
The male bird has green feathers on its throat, while the female bird has a brown head and white on its chest.
Collared Bird of Paradise (Cendrawasih Kera.
The Superb Bird of Paradise has a smaller body posture than other birds of paradise.
This type of bird has a length of 26 centimeters.
The male crowned pigeon has a black crown and a multicolored green crown.
Meanwhile, the female has a brownish and reddish color.
This male bird is said to be polygamous.
He will dance gracefully to attract the attention of the opposite sex.
King of paradise (Cendrawasih raj.
The king of paradise or Cicinnurus regius has different colors between females and The female bird has a brown color with a striped pattern on the lower Meanwhile, the male has a bright dark red and white color.
Its legs are bright blue.
Its tail feathers are long and adorned with green carvings.
This male bird of paradise has a length of approximately 16 centimeters.
This bird is nicknamed the living jewel because of the color of its feathers, especially the male bird of paradise, which is very captivating.
Birds of paradise face various threats that jeopardize their survival in the wild.
The main threats to their existence include illegal hunting for feather trade, habitat destruction due to human activities, and the impact of climate change.
Threats to birds of paradise.
Hunting for feathers: The brightly colored and beautiful feathers of birds of paradise are highly valued for use in traditional ceremonies and as decorative materials, leading to excessive hunting.
Illegal trade: there is international demand for both live and dead birds of paradise, leading to the illegal trade of this species.
Habitat destruction: deforestation for agriculture, mining, and infrastructure development reduces the area of natural forests that are essential habitats for birds of paradise.
Habitat fragmentation:
road construction and other developments can divide forest habitats, isolating bird of paradise populations, making it more difficult for them to breed and find food.
Climate change: climate change has the potential to alter weather patterns and ecosystems, which can disrupt the availability of food and the quality of the bird of paradise's habitat.
Lack of food sources:
habitat destruction also leads to a decrease in natural food sources such as fruits and insects, which are necessary for the nutrition and development of birds of paradise (Hasna Latifatunnisa, 2.
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Efforts to conserve birds of paradise involve various strategies designed to address the threats they face and to ensure the continuity of their populations in the wild (Hasna Latifatunnisa, 2.
Legal protection: the Indonesian government has included various species of birds of paradise in the list of protected species, making their hunting and trade illegal.
Strict law enforcement is necessary to ensure these regulations are followed.
Habitat conservation: protecting and restoring natural habitats is an important step in the preservation of birds of paradise.
This includes the establishment of nature reserves and national parks that provide protection against logging and land clearing activities.
Education and public awareness: raising public awareness about the importance of preserving birds of paradise is key to reducing hunting and illegal trade.
Educational programs can involve schools, local communities, and the media to disseminate information about the value and importance of these birds.
Research and monitoring: conducting further research on the living habits, mating patterns, and habitat needs of birds of paradise is important to inform conservation policies.
Regular monitoring is necessary to assess the effectiveness of existing conservation efforts and identify areas that need more attention.
Threat Of Wildlife Hunting Of Birds Of Paradise Hunting is capturing and/or killing game animals, including taking or moving their eggs and/or nests.
Currently, hunting of game animals is not yet conducted in an orderly manner, and there are still many hunts without permits, which threatens the preservation of wildlife.
Such hunting clearly contradicts the principles of conserving biological natural resources and their On the other hand, along with the advancement of development and the increasing welfare of the community, public interest in hunting is also rising, necessitating efforts to accommodate and anticipate this through the provision of land that can be professionally managed for hunting areas such as game parks and hunting gardens.
(Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2.
The threat of wildlife extinction in Indonesia is caused by two main factors, namely habitat destruction and rampant illegal wildlife trade.
The destruction of the animals' habitat is caused by poor forest management, particularly in conservation areas in Indonesia.
World Resources Institute (WRI) stated that from 2001 to 2019.
Indonesia lost 9.
477 million hectares of primary forest.
6The decreasing forest area is causing wildlife habitats to become increasingly threatened with extinction.
The next factor contributing to extinction is the illegal wildlife trade, where according to the Wildlife Crime Unit (WCU) from 2012-2014, 80% of wildlife trade originates from illegal poaching in the wild.
(Zakariya, 2.
Poaching is a serious threat to the survival of various species around the world.
This activity directly causes a decline in wildlife populations, even leading to extinction.
The animals that are hunted often become targets because their body parts are considered valuable, such as elephant tusks, rhino horns, or tiger skins.
Moreover, poaching also disrupts the balance of the ecosystem.
The disappearance of apex predators, for example, can cause an explosion in the population of their prey and impact other species in the food chain.
Illegal hunting in Indonesia is a complex issue influenced by various interconnected factors.
The high economic value of wildlife body parts, such as elephant tusks, rhino horns, or tiger skins, is the main attraction for hunters.
High demand from both domestic and international markets for wildlife products This section contains data .
n brief for.
, data analysis, and interpretation of the wildlife increasingly drives the rise of hunting.
Poverty and the limited alternatives for livelihoods in rural areas often drive communities to engage in hunting as an additional source of income.
Weak law enforcement and corruption also exacerbate the situation.
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the belief in the efficacy of traditional medicine made from parts of wild animals, although not scientifically proven, remains strong among certain communities, thereby driving demand for wildlife products.
(Apa Itu Perburuan Liar, 2.
Cultural and social factors also play an important role.
Hunting is often considered a part of tradition or a symbol of social status in some communities, making it difficult to change.
Climate change and natural disasters can also worsen the situation by destroying wildlife habitats and reducing the availability of natural resources, thereby pushing humans to turn to other resources, including wildlife.
The lack of public awareness about the importance of preserving wildlife and ecosystems is also one of the main causes of the rampant poaching (Apa Itu Perburuan Liar, 2.
The United Nations OfAce on Drugsand Crime (UNODC) has attempted to standardize transnational organized crime as a serious offense due to its globalimplications.
(Hybschle & Margulies, 2.
(Hybschle & Margulies, 2.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which deals with drug and crime issues, said that cases of wildlife trafficking have not decreased in the last two "The overall wildlife trade has not substantially decreased over the past two decades," said UNODC, as reported by Reuters on Tuesday.
May 14, 2024.
UNODC also handles wildlife trafficking cases that occur worldwide.
World Wildlife (WWF) mentioned that wildlife crime is a big business, run by international and dangerous networks.
Usually, these crimes are committed by selling animal body parts in illegal markets (Alif Ilham Fajriadi, 2.
Because forests provide the main habitat for wildlife, the reduction in forest area is the primary factor causing the endangerment of wildlife in Indonesia.
In the 1950s, about 84% of Indonesia's land was forested, covering an area of approximately 162 million hectares.
However, currently, the government states that the area of Indonesia's forests is around 138 million hectares, although some sources claim that the area of Indonesia's forests is only 120 million hectares (Fakta Tentang Satwa Liar Indonesia, n.
Painful capture, inadequate transportation, small cages, and lack of food cause 40% of traded wildlife to die.
Wildlife trade is unfair.
About 60% of the mammals traded in bird markets are rare species protected by law.
Behavioral deviations and diseases afflict 70% of primates and cockatoos kept by the community.
Many diseases suffered by animals can be transmitted to humans (Fakta Tentang Satwa Liar Indonesia, n.
The UN World Wildlife Crime Report states that wildlife traffickers are adjusting their methods and routes in response to changing regulations and stricter controls.
"Recent cases of wildlife trafficking demonstrate increasingly sophisticated and diverse smuggling methods to evade detection, "There were 3,428 wildlife seizures recorded at customs in 2022 Ae up from 3,316 in 2021, according to the World Customs Organization (Navin Singh Khadka, 2.
There are three reasons why wildlife and plant crime (WPC) is increasing.
First, there is the opportunity.
Secondly, there is a high demand from the public for products related to protected wildlife.
"We hope the public will have the awareness not to use products related to rare animals or plants," he said.
Thirdly, the punishment for offenders is still relatively low.
Currently, the LKH is revising the law on plants and wildlife.
"The public now needs to be aware of the importance of wildlife for our environment.
"This crime exists all over the world, so we must tackle it firmly.
"At least we can reduce that crime.
"The implementation of stricter and more measurable sanctions provides a deterrent effect," he said (Bartanius Dony A, 2.
In 2017 Operation Thunderbird examined websites and social media posts offering wildlife products for sale.
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suspects and making 1,300 seizures of illicit products worth more than $5 million, including 300 tonnes of wood and timber.
In 2019.
Operation Thunderball saw 109 countries coordinate to identify 600 suspects, with seizures including 2,600 plants, and 2,500 m3 of timber.
reporting the operation.
INTERPOL highlighted the role that online investigations played in making 21 arrests in Spain, and the seizure in Italy of 1,850 illegally trafficked birds (Anita Lavorgna et al.
, 2.
The World Wildlife Crime Report 2020 The report estimated annual illicit gross income from elephant ivory trade of $400 million .
ange $310Ae570 millio.
during 2016Ae2018.
For rhinoceros horn the annual illicit gross income during the same period was estimated as $230 million .
ange $170Ae280 millio.
Considering a range of possible scenarios and numerical simulations, average estimates of associated annual illicit financial flows were $240 million for elephant ivory and $163 million for rhinoceros horn.
For the different stages of the supply chain, it was calculated that for ivory, within the total of $310Ae570 million annual illicit income, $260Ae490 million was generated at retail level, $38Ae60 million from international trafficking, $7Ae11 million by runners and brokers, and $8Ae13 million by poachers.
For rhinoceros horn it was calculated that within the total of $170Ae280 million annual illicit income, $120Ae 160 million was generated at retail level, $28Ae79 million from international trafficking, $7Ae15 million by runners and brokers, and $6Ae43 million by poachers.
(United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2.
The World Bank estimates that governments lose annually, on average, 15 million USD of tax revenues due to IWT (Mozer & Prost, 2.
The latest case on August 1, 2024.
Once again, an attempt to smuggle rare animals into India, and five Indian citizens were detained.
This time, the perpetrators used Malindo Air with the final destination of Bengaluru.
India.
The perpetrators were caught carrying six suitcases containing 26 protected animals, such as lesser bird-of-paradise, wire-tailed swallow, greater bird-of-paradise.
Sulawesi kingfisher, grey-headed fish eagle, tarsier, and cuscus.
The revelation of this case adds to the list of violations of the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) agreement.
Because, birds of paradise, grey-headed fish eagle, tarsiers, and cuscuses are protected wildlife, listed in Appendix II of CITES (Bartanius Dony A, 2.
Not only abroad, but the demand for rare animals domestically is also high.
Data from Garda Animalia states that illegal trade through the social media platform Facebook from 2018 to June 2024 has seen 77,357 animals monitored as being traded.
The large number of animals being traded has created high demand.
At least, there are 100,701 advertisements trading wildlife from 1,289 Facebook groups across eight mapped group zones.
In the category of traders, the majority are small traders at 56.
3%, followed by enthusiasts at 37%.
Almost 98% of the traders are male.
Period 2018-June 2024, 133 protected species were recorded as being monitored and traded through Facebook buy and sell groups (Irfan Maulana, 2.
To stop poaching, a comprehensive effort from various parties is needed.
Strict law enforcement against poachers is the main key.
In addition, raising public awareness through education and socialization about the importance of protecting wildlife is also very crucial.
International cooperation is greatly needed to combat cross-border illegal wildlife trade.
reduce the pressure on wildlife, alternative livelihoods need to be developed for communities that depend on natural resources.
Lastly, the preservation of wildlife habitats is an important step in providing a safe living environment for them.
With these efforts, it is hoped that poaching can be reduced and the preservation of nature can be maintained (Apa Itu Perburuan Liar, 2.
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Protection Of Wildlife Birds Of Paradise From Illegal Hunting Genetic diversity within populations is crucial for their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
Illegal wildlife trade reduces population sizes and genetic diversity and increases the vulnerability of species to diseases.
Populations with limited genetic diversity may struggle to adapt to environmental changes, like those induced by climate change or habitat alterations (Bobbi Brink, 2.
Illegal wildlife trade is a significant driver of biodiversity decline, as it directly targets a wide range of species, including those already facing threats from habitat loss and climate The removal of specific species through poaching disrupts the intricate web of interactions within ecosystems.
This disruption can lead to imbalances in predator-prey relationships, altered vegetation dynamics, and changes in the abundance of various species (Bobbi Brink, 2.
An initial line of investigation into illegal wildlife trade revealed significant involvement from "conventional" organized crime, namely vertically organized groups and large multinational smuggling networks.
This is also evident in the transnational ivory trade.
research report, for example, states that a global criminal enterprise controls the ivory trade from hunting to the hands of the final consumer.
The hunting of wild animals on a small scale has been taken over or displaced by illegal commercial trade monopolized by organized crime (Galuh Ratna Putri, 2.
UU No.
5 Tahun 1990.
Article 7.
Protection of life support systems is aimed at maintaining ecological processes that support the continuity of life to enhance the welfare of the community and the quality of human life.
Article 8 .
to achieve the objectives as referred to in Article 7, the Government establishes:
certain areas as life support system protection areas.
basic pattern of developing protected areas of the life support system.
regulation of the utilization methods of the life support system protection area.
UU No.
5 Tahun 1990.
Article 20 paragraph .
and paragraph .
, that animals classified as protected animals are those in danger of extinction and whose populations are rare.
Orang utan are classified as protected animals, whose existence is on the brink of extinction.
As stated in the annex of Government Regulation Number 7 of 1999 concerning the Preservation of Plant and Animal Species, both within and outside Indonesia.
As stated in the attachment of Government Regulation Number 7 of 1999 concerning the Preservation of Plant and Animal Species, both within and outside Indonesia.
Furthermore, it is reinforced that violations of UU No.
5 Tahun 1990.
Article 21 paragraph .
, are subject to criminal penalties as regulated in Article 40 paragraph .
, which reads: "Anyone who intentionally violates the provisions as referred to in Article 21 paragraph .
and paragraph .
and Article 33 paragraph .
shall be punished with imprisonment for a maximum of 5 .
years and a fine of up to Rp.
100,000,000.
ne hundred million rupia.
Furthermore, to reinforce the violation of UU No.
5 Tahun 1990.
Article 21 paragraph .
, the criminal penalty is regulated in Article 40 paragraph .
which states: "Anyone who intentionally violates the provisions as referred to in Article 21 paragraph .
and paragraph .
as well as Article 33 paragraph .
shall be punished with imprisonment for a maximum of 5 .
years and a fine of up to Rp.
100,000,000.
ne hundred million rupia.
An important element in environmental management and good natural resource management considers the principles (Listiyani et al.
, 2.
The Principle of Justice refers to the policy of natural resource management that must be planned, implemented, monitored, and evaluated sustainably to meet the interests of preservation and sustainability of the functions of natural resources and the environment, 303 | P a g e https://dinastires.
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for the benefit of both current and future generations, including justice in the allocation and distribution of natural resource utilization.
The principle of justice also refers to the principle of recognizing the rights of customary law communities, the principle of ease of access for marginalized communities .
isadvantaged peopl.
to access natural resources, and the principle of access to justice.
The principle of genuine public participation provides the widest possible opportunity for the community and all stakeholders to actively participate, starting from the stages of identification and inventory, planning, implementation, monitoring, and supervision of the implementation of natural resource management policies.
The principle of public accountability emphasizes the responsibility of natural resource management to the people, especially in the planning and implementation of policies that concern public interests, for all actions taken in the management of natural resources.
Coordination and integration between sectors provide space for the integrated management of natural resources by considering the interests of each sector, thereby fostering mutually supportive relationships and cooperation, with the priority placed on the preservation and sustainability of natural resources over sectoral interests.
Meanwhile, access to information is providing assurance to the public to give and receive information from the government regarding every decision and/or policy on the management of natural resources and the The principle of sustainability is that natural resource management policies must be able to ensure the sustainability of the functions and benefits of natural resources and the environment, both for the State and society in a balanced and proportional manner, as well as for the current and future generations in a sustainable way.
Furthermore, the principle of sustainability provides an understanding of the meaning and recognition of renewable and non-renewable natural resources, the limitations of the carrying capacity and support capacity of ecosystems, and therefore the precautionary principle becomes an important foundation for natural resource management, including the internalization of environmental impact externalities through various economic approaches, and the polluter pays principle.
Protection efforts are also supported by coordination between the government and related parties, uniting and aligning all activities and efforts.
Coordination is one of the management functions that cannot be separated from other management functions because its role is to connect other management functions.
By optimizing the coordination function, the organization will become better and avoid risks that threaten the organization.
Coordination will be more effective if each team member understands their position and responsibilities as well as their relationship with others.
Cooperation in wildlife law enforcement is carried out both on a national and international scale (Lingkungan & Dan Kehutanan, 2.
The term "legal protection" in English is "rechtsbescherming" in Dutch.
Both terms also contain different legal meanings to convey the true essence of legal protection.
According to Harjono, legal protection from the perspective of legal science has the meaning of protection using legal means or protection provided by law aimed at safeguarding certain interests that need to be protected within a legal right (Wospakrik & Hence Thesia, 2.
Legal protection according to Soerjono Soekanto.
Legal protection according to Soekanto is essentially the protection given to legal subjects in the form of legal instruments.
Further more.
Soekanto explains that besides the role of law enforcement, there are five other factors that influence the process of law enforcement and its protection as follows:(Wospakrik & Hence Thesia, 2.
Legal factor, namely written regulations that apply universally and are made by legitimate The law enforcement factor, which refers to the parties involved in law enforcement, both directly and indirectly.
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The factor of means or facilities that support law enforcement, such as skilled human resources or adequate tools.
The societal factor, namely the environment where the law is applied and enforced.
Acceptance of the prevailing law in society is believed to be the key to peace.
The cultural factor, which is the result of work, creation, and feeling based on human will in social interactions.
To prevent poaching, a multistakeholder partnership is necessary to address economic, social, and environmental issues through collaboration among parties, often by addressing institutional and regulatory gaps.
There for, multistakeholder partnerships emphasize the necessity of providing benefits to the broader community rather than specific interests.
Partnerships generally address the social responsibilities of participating organizations, either in response to external pressures .
, in anticipating potential social issues that may arise in the future .
, or as part of the interaction process by adapting to emerging issues .
Therefore, multistakeholder partnerships are expected to provide better and more innovative solutions to economic, social, and environmental issues through the combination of capacities and resources of stakeholders from various sectors (Songtiar & Naiborhu, 2.
The implementation of the partnership includes three main actions, namely First, the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Director General of KSDHE.
KLHK/LIPI and the Indonesian National Police for investigations, the Director General of Law Enforcement KLHK for investigations, and the Attorney General for prosecution.
The cooperation primarily relates to the purchase and maintenance of evidence or instruments of wildlife trafficking crimes, which involve wildlife that is dangerous to human safety and vulnerable to death or extinction.
Additionally, many law enforcement officers still lack understanding of the procedures for caring for wildlife.
Secondly, the Director General of KSDHE KLHK and LIPI collaborate to actively socialize the types of protected and endangered wildlife to various parties, especially to the public and policymakers (DPR and local government.
Thirdly, bureaucratic reforms are being implemented within the internal structure of the Director General of KSDHE and LIPI to move towards good institutional governance or Good Governance.
So that in carrying out the important tasks of protecting these protected wildlife, they can be conducted with greater integrity, professionalism, and accountability (Zakariya, 2.
CONCLUSION
The illegal hunting of birds of paradise has an impact on the wildlife ecosystem in Papua.
The weakness of law enforcement against illegal actions in UU No.
5 Tahun 1990 is very ineffective, so poaching continues to develop year after year by following technological advancements digitally using social media platforms.
With the development and changes in the way wildlife hunting products are marketed, amendments to UU No.
5 Tahun 1990 can be made in accordance with technological advancements, as well as enhancing cooperation between State Institutions and NGOs, and international relations in law enforcement.
This is because the wildlife trade based on market utilization of social media/internet does not recognize national borders.
With the amendment of UU No.
5 Tahun 1990 and the development of multisectoral cooperation between government agencies and national/international NGOs, it is hoped that there will be opportunities to curb the rate of wildlife trade from illegal hunting.
Context: With the amendment of UU No.
5 Tahun 1990 and the development of multisectoral cooperation between government agencies and national/international NGOs, it is hoped that opportunities will arise to curb the rate of wildlife trade resulting from illegal hunting.
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