Journal of Mechanical Engineering Vol: 2, No 4, 2025, Page: 1-13

Analysis and modeling of Stresses and Deflections
Generated on the Reversible Moldboard plow Attached to
the Angular Scraper Under various soil conditions
Rateeb Hussein Ali Abdul Haleem 1*, Adel Ahmed Abdullah Rajab2
1 General Directorate of Education in Kirkuk Governorate, Ministry of Education
2 Department of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47134/jme.v2i4.4767
*Correspondence: Rateeb Hussein Ali
Abdul Haleem
Email:
rateeb.22agp99@student.uomosul.edu.iq

Received: 24-08-2025
Accepted: 24-09-2025
Published: 24-10-2025

Copyright: © 2025 by the authors.
Submitted for open access publication
under the terms and conditions of the
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)
license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).

Abstract: This study was conducted theoretically using the (Inventor) software,
which relies on the finite element method to determine the values of both
maximum stress, principal stress, and deflection for both the angular scraper
and the moldboard plow under conditions similar to field conditions. The
study was conducted in two stages: the first stage involved fixing the
dimensions and measurements of the angular scraper and then manufacturing
it. The second stage involved field evaluation of the performance efficiency of
the locally manufactured reversible moldboard plow with the angular scraper,
comparing it with the reversible moldboard plow without the angular scraper,
and studying some field performance indicators through a practical experiment
that included the following factors: the use of the reversible moldboard plow
at two levels (with the locally manufactured angular scraper and without the
angular scraper), soil condition at two levels (with weed soil and without weed
soil), using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split-plot
design, and the effect of these factors on the studied traits, which included
stress, vertical deflection ratio, lateral deflection ratio, and performance
efficiency. The results showed that the angular scraper recorded higher values
for both maximum stress and principal stress, while the moldboard of plow
recorded the highest value for deflection. Moreover, untilled soil condition
significantly outperformed in providing higher values for performance
efficiency, while tilled soil condition significantly outperformed in providing
higher values for both vertical and lateral deflection ratios. As for the plow, the
plow with the angular scraper significantly outperformed in recording higher
values for performance efficiency, while the plow without the angular scraper
significantly outperformed in recording higher values for both vertical and
lateral deflection ratios.
Keywords: Reversible Moldboard Plow, Angular Scraper, Finite Element
Method, Maximum Stress.

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Introduction
Plowing is considered one of the important and primary operations for soil
preparation by breaking up the surface layer and forming small soil clods that facilitate the
movement of water and air into the soil, thereby improving its physical properties. The
qualitative characteristics of plowing depend on the operational speed of the machine, the
nature of the treated soil, and the optimal selection of plowing equipment. In case of
inappropriate selection of this equipment, it leads to negative results in soil properties,
which in turn negatively affects plant growth and yield production.
The reversible moldboard plow achieves most of the plowing objectives, including
cutting, flipping, and loosening the soil, as confirmed by (Hashim & Al-Naama, 1988). The
angular scraper is an auxiliary part of the plow body, and its function is to perform vertical
cutting in the soil to a depth approximately half the depth of plowing (according to the
adopted regulation), thereby reducing the lateral and vertical resistances of the soil that the
plow encounters by a percentage ranging from (10-15%) (Bernacki et al, 1972). Its use also
reduces the pressure on the surface of the plow's moldboard, and it scrapes or cuts a certain
angle of the soil transferred on the surface of the moldboard to fall before the main section
in the bottom of the previous furrow and fill the gap between the adjacent plowing lines,
giving a homogeneous appearance to the plowed soil with minimal undulations and fewer
soil clods, as indicated by (Ramu, 1990).
Studies have shown a positive effect of using the angular scraper with the reversible
moldboard plow in increasing the burial of surface furrows, as well as weeds and plant
residues [4]. The angular scraper closely resembles the shape of the moldboard of the
reversible moldboard plow. Its proper use and selection of the appropriate forward speed
can lead to increased operational productivity while achieving good quality work.
Therefore, obtaining good performance of the reversible moldboard plow during work in
different conditions and maintaining better stability of the plow came as a result of the lack
of in-depth local studies on the locally manufactured angular scraper and its importance as
an auxiliary part attached to the reversible moldboard plow in improving some
performance indicators.
Methodology
This study was conducted during the agricultural season of 2023 in one of the
agricultural fields in Al-Zab district, Kirkuk Governorate. The area of the experiment field
was 2 hectares, characterized by its flat topography. Soil texture analysis of the field
revealed clayey soil with clay content (480 g/kg), silt content (327 g/kg), sand content (193
g/kg). Soil moisture content of the experiment field was 17.6%. A Turkish-made tractor
(Massey Ferguson MF 285 S) with a horsepower of 75 was used for pulling and carrying the
plow, and all performance indicators were measured (power source). Additionally, an Iraqimade reversible moldboard plow (Alexandria) with a mass of 360 kg, a working width of
87 cm, and three shares, of moldboard type, was utilized. The angular scraper was
manufactured by the researcher at the Tolerance Machinery and Agricultural Equipment
Manufacturing Laboratory in Kirkuk. Furthermore, a metal test for the material used in

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manufacturing the angular scraper was conducted at the Mechanical Engineering
Department Labs, College of Engineering, University of Mosul.
Table (1) shows the mechanical properties and chemical composition of the metal used
in manufacturing the angular scraper, while Figure (1) illustrates the design map of the
angular skimmer. Values for maximum stress, principal stress, and deflection were obtained
using the Inventor software, which relies on the finite element method, under conditions
similar to field conditions. The experimental field was divided according to the randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot design (Dawood & Elias, 1990), where the
main plots were allocated for soil conditions, and each main plot was further divided into
two subplots allocated for the plow. Thus, the experiment was factorial with two factors:
soil condition at two levels (with weed soil, without weed soil) and plow type at two levels
(plow with angular scraper, plow without angular scraper), with a single treatment length
in the replicate of 30 m.
Statistical analysis of the data and variance analysis were conducted using the Duncan
multiple range test. After planning the experiment according to the designated design, the
experimental field was irrigated using surface irrigation, and the change in soil moisture content
was monitored using a soil moisture measuring device. The following traits were studied: stresses,
vertical deflection ratio, lateral deflection ratio, and performance efficiency.
1. Stresses: Maximum stress, principal stress, and deflection for the angular scraper of the plow
were determined using the Inventor software based on the finite element method (F.E.M) to
assess the angular scraper's stress tolerance and distribution on the working surfaces under
conditions similar to field conditions.
2. Vertical Deflection Ratio: This is the percentage by which the plow deviates from the designated
plowing depth (regulated depth). Three random readings were taken for each treatment, and
the average of these readings was calculated to determine the actual depth and calculate the
vertical deflection ratio using the following equation [2]:

asr= ∑ 𝑎𝑝/𝑛𝑝............................(1)
∆𝑎 = √∑(𝑎𝑝 − 𝑎𝑠𝑟)2 /𝑛𝑝 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(2)
𝛿𝑎 = (∆𝑎/𝑎𝑠𝑟) × 100……………………………(3)
asr= Average depth (m).
ap= Measured depth (m).
np= Number of replicates.
Δa= Average deflection (m).
δa= Vertical deflection ratio (%).
3- Lateral Deflection Ratio: This is the percentage by which the plow deviates from its
theoretical (design) width. This indicator is considered evidence of a fault in the
technical condition of the plow. Three random readings are taken, and the average of
these readings is taken to determine the actual working width of the plow. The lateral
deflection ratio is calculated using the following equation [2]: bsr= ∑ 𝑏𝑝/
𝑛𝑝............................(4)

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∆𝑏 = √∑(𝑏𝑝 − 𝑏𝑠𝑟)2 /𝑛𝑝 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(5)
𝛿𝑏 = (∆𝑏/𝑏𝑠𝑟) × 100……………………………(6)
bsr= Average width (m).
bp= Measured width (m).
np= Number of replicates.
Δb= Average deflection (m).
Δb= Lateral deflection ratio (%).
4- Performance Efficiency: The productivity of a machine can be expressed by its
performance rate, which depends on the type of machine and its production units.
This productivity is expressed in area units per unit of time, such as hectares per hour
or dunums per hour [6]. Field productivity can be categorized into two types:
a- Theoretical Field Capacity (TFC): The theoretical field capacity of a machine is defined
as the maximum (highest) productivity expected to be achieved at a certain speed,
assuming that the theoretical width of the machine is fully utilized during operation,
meaning the machine operates at 100% of its performance time, at the specified speed,
and with its full working width. The theoretical field capacity can be calculated using
the following equation:
TFC= S * W/ A…………. (7)
TFC= Theoretical Field Capacity (hectares per hour).
S= Theoretical Speed (m per hour).
W= Machine Width (m).
A= Area Unit (10,000 square m) or (hectares).
Theoretical field capacity yields higher values than the actual (practical) productivity of the
machine, which occurs in reality. This is not suitable for evaluating the performance rate of
agricultural machinery. Hence, it is necessary to calculate the actual field capacity, which
has lower values than the theoretical field capacity (Al-Tahan et al, 1991).
b- Actual Field Capacity (EFC): Actual field capacity is defined as the actual performance
rate of the machine in the field or during the processing of a certain crop within a specified
time. It is the actual area (number of hectares) completed by the machine within a specific
(defined) time. Actual field capacity can be calculated using the following equation:
EFC= S * W * E/ A ……………... (8)
EFC= Actual Field Capacity (hectares per hour).
S= Operational Speed (m per hour).
W= Machine Width (m).
A= Area Unit (10,000 m2) or (he).
E= Field Efficiency (%) with values ranging for the reversible plow from (70-90)% (Roth et
al, 1977) (Al-Nama & Al-Jubouri, 2011), taking it as (80%).

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Based on the foregoing, the performance efficiency of the machine can be calculated using
the following equation [6]:
FE= (EFC/TFC) * 100……………... (9)
FE= Performance Efficiency (%).
EFC= Actual Field Capacity (hectares per hour).
TFC= Theoretical Field Capacity (hectares per hour).
Table 1. The mechanical properties and chemical composition of the metal selected for manufacturing the
angular scraper.

Hardness (HRC)

Tillage-induced stress
(Mpa) (N/𝑚𝑚2 )

Elongation percentage
(%)

Carbon (c%)

Manganese (Mn%)

Chromium (Cr%)

Copper (Co%)

Sulfur (S%)

Phosphorous (P%)

Cutting
blade
scraper
body

Metal
type

The chemical composition

Tensile strength (Mpa)
(N/𝑚𝑚2 )

Angular scraper parts

The mechanical properties

700

40

430

10

0.7

0.85

0.003

0.003

0.01

0.01

AISI

1070
700

20

430

10

0.7

0.85

0.003

0.003

Figure 1. illustrates the design map of the angular scraper.

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0.01

0.01

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Figure 2. moldboard bottom.

Figure 3. model of a locally manufactured angle scraper and moldboard bottom.

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Result and Discussion
1. Stresses
The maximum stress, principal stress, and deviation for the plowshare and the locally
manufactured angled scraper were determined using the (INVENTOR) program, which
relies on the Finite Element Method (F.E.M), aiming to understand the tolerance of the
angled scraper to the applied stress and how it is distributed on the working surfaces under
conditions similar to field conditions. Table (2), supplemented with figures (4), (5), and (6),
illustrates this. Figure (4) shows the maximum stress for the angled scraper and the
plowshare, where the angled scraper recorded the highest maximum stress value of (45.36)
MPa compared to the plowshare, which recorded the lowest maximum stress value of
(38.63) MPa. Figure (5) illustrates the principal stress, where the angled scraper recorded the
highest principal stress value of (43.1) MPa, while the plowshare recorded the lowest
principal stress value of (35.55) MPa. The reason for this can be attributed to the design,
technical, and operational aspects between the angled scraper and the plowshare, as well as
the position of the angled scraper in front of the plowshare and its exposure to pressures
and stresses during field work. It absorbs pressures and forces as it penetrates the soil to
approximately half the depth of tillage, thereby reducing the amount of stress and force
required by the plowshare to perform soil penetration, disassembly, and overturning.
Figure (6) illustrates the deviation that occurs on the angled scraper and the plowshare
during operation, where the plowshare recorded the highest deviation value of (0.05056)
mm compared to the angled scraper, which recorded the lowest deviation value of (0.01699)
mm. The reason for this is that the surface area of the plowshare dealing with the soil is
larger during its penetration, disassembly, and overturning of the soil (Oude & Adelkhani,
2024) (He et al, 2022) (Garus et al, 2014) (Gheorghe, 2023).
Table 2. Results of stress analysis using the Inventor program for the angle planer and planer.
Variables
Factors
The angled scraper
The plowshare

Maximum stress (MPa)

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45.36
38.63

Principal stresses (MPa)
43.1
35.55

Deviation (mm)
0.01699
0.05056

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Figure 4. The distribution of the maximum stress for the angled scraper and the plowshare.

Figure 5. shows the distribution of the principal stresses for the angled scraper and the plowshare.

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Figure 6. shows the deviations (displacement) for the angled scraper and the plowshare.

2. Vertical deviation ratio
Table (3) indicates that there were significant differences in the vertical deviation ratio
depending on the soil condition. The lowest value of the vertical deviation ratio (2.77%) was
recorded for without weed soil condition, while the highest value (3.44%) was recorded for
the with weed soil condition. The reason for this is that the presence of vegetation in the soil
hinders the depth of the plowshare's penetration into the soil, resulting in reduced achieved
depth. The shallower depth leads to an increase in the vertical deviation ratio. This indicates
a reciprocal relationship between vertical stability and tillage depth, meaning that greater
depth results in greater vertical stability.
The table also demonstrates significant differences in the plows used, where the plow
with the angled scraper recorded the lowest value of vertical deviation ratio (2.58%), while
the plow without the angled scraper recorded the highest value (3.63%). The presence of the
angle scraper with the plow facilitated the penetration of the plow into the soil by cutting
the soil at an angle, thus reducing the pressure on the body of the plow and increasing the
depth. This maintained greater vertical stability, resulting in a lower vertical deflection ratio.
This is consistent with the findings (Hamoud, 2013) (Al-Khaldi, 2017) (Abdullah
& Abed, 2018) (Saleh et al, 2023).
Furthermore, the table shows significant differences in the interaction between soil
condition and type of plow. The lowest value of the percentage of vertical deviation (2.16%)
was recorded for the case of the soil without weed with the angle scraper, while the highest
value (3.87%) was recorded for the case of the soil with weed without the angle scraper.
angle scraper. This is because the absence of the angular scraper and the presence of
vegetation caused the plow to become unstable, resulting in a lower depth and a higher
vertical deviation ratio.

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Table 3. The impact of the studied factors and their interactions on the vertical deviation ratio (%).
Variables
factors

Plow effect
Soil condition

With

without

skimmer

skimmer

Effect of soil
condition

The interaction between soil

With weed

3.00 C

3.87 A

3.44 A

condition and the plow

Without weed

2.16 D

3.38 B

2.77 B

2.58 B

3.63 A

The effect of the plow
*The lower value is better.

3. Lateral deviation ratio
Table (4) demonstrates significant differences in the lateral deviation ratio depending
on the soil condition. The highest value of the lateral deviation ratio was recorded at
(0.630%) for the soil with weed condition, while the lowest value was recorded at (0.507%)
for the soil without weed condition. The reason for this is that the presence of vegetation in
the soil causes the plow to deviate from its path, directly affecting the working width of the
plow. Additionally, vegetation causes pressure on the plow, leading to a reduction in its
designed working width, hence increasing the lateral deviation ratio, i.e., reducing lateral
stability.
The table also indicates significant differences in the plows used, where the plow with
the angled scraper recorded the lowest value of lateral deviation ratio at (0.529%), while the
plow without the angled scraper recorded the highest value at (0.609%). The presence of the
angled scraper with the plow, positioned in front of the main plowshare, absorbs pressure
and reduces the lateral forces coming from the furrow wall, thus maintaining better lateral
stability. This aligns with the findings of (Hamoud, 2013) (Abdullah & Dahham, 2014)
(Amer, 2017).
Furthermore, the table illustrates significant differences in the interaction between soil
condition and the plow, where the lowest value of lateral deviation ratio was recorded at
(0.465%) for the soil without weed condition with the plow with the angled scraper, while
the highest value was recorded at (0.668%) for the soil with weed condition with the plow
without the angled scraper. This is due to the increase in compressive lateral forces on the
plow, leading to a decrease in its lateral stability and consequently an increase in the lateral
deviation ratio.
Table 4. The impact of the studied factors and their interactions on the lateral deviation ratio (%).
Variables
factors
The interaction between soil
condition and the plow
The effect of the plow
*The lower value is better.

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Soil condition

Plow effect
With
without
skimmer
skimmer

Effect of soil
condition

With weed

0.593 B

0.668 A

0.630 A

Without weed

0.465 D

0.550 C

0.507B

0.529 B

0.609 A

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4. Performance efficiency
Table (5) demonstrates that the soil condition has a significant impact on performance
efficiency, with the soil without weed condition showing the highest performance efficiency
at (76.83%), while the soil with weed condition exhibited the lowest performance efficiency
at (75.53%). The reason for this is that the presence of vegetation affects the lateral stability
of the plow, thus increasing lateral deviation, which directly affects the working width of
the plow, considered one of the actual productivity determinants.
The table also indicates significant differences in the plows used, with the plow with
the angled scraper showing the highest performance efficiency at (78.71%), while the plow
without the angled scraper exhibited the lowest performance efficiency at (73.65%). The
presence of the angled scraper with the plow enables the penetration of the soil slice to
approximately half the depth, reducing the vertical pressure of the soil on the plow body by
absorbing shocks and vibrations encountered during work. This ultimately reduces the
lateral deviation of the plow, resulting in higher lateral stability. Consequently, the plow
maintains its working width, leading to increased actual productivity. Since actual
productivity is one of the determinants of performance efficiency and has a reciprocal
relationship with it, this leads to increased performance efficiency. This aligns with the
findings of (Hamoud, 2013) (Swain et al, 2022).
Furthermore, the table highlights significant differences in the interaction between soil
condition and the plow, with the soil without weed condition with the plow with the angled
scraper showing the highest performance efficiency at (79.24%), while the soil with weed
condition with the plow without the angled scraper exhibited the lowest performance
efficiency at (72.89%). The reason for this is the increase in soil pressure on the plow and the
deviation of the plow from its working width, resulting in decreased performance
efficiency.
Table 5. The impact of the studied factors and their interactions on performance efficiency (%).
Variables
Factors
The interaction between soil
condition and the plow
The effect of the plow
*The lower value is better.

Soil condition

Plow effect
With
without
skimmer
skimmer

Effect of soil
condition

With weed

78.17B

72.89 D

75.53 B

With weed

79.24 A
78.71 A

74.41 C
73.65 B

76.83 A

Conclusion
This study demonstrates the collaborative efficiency between the angular scraper and
the reversible moldboard plow. Finite element analysis confirmed that the angular scraper
withstands significantly higher stresses (45.36 MPa maximum stress; 43.1 MPa principal
stress) than the plow (38.63 MPa; 35.55 MPa), absorbing operational forces to protect the
plow body. Conversely, the plow exhibited greater deflection (0.05056 mm vs. 0.01699 mm)

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due to its larger soil-contact surface area. Field validation established distinct advantages of
angular scraper integration:
• Vertical deflection decreased from 3.63% to 2.58%
• Lateral deflection declined from 0.609% to 0.529%
• Performance efficiency increased from 73.65% to 78.71%
These improvements resulted from reduced soil resistance and enhanced plow
stability. Although weed presence amplified deflection, the scraper effectively mitigated
this effect—particularly in untilled soil, where efficiency peaked at 79.24%. Thus, the
angular scraper fulfills dual functions: stress absorption and precision enhancement. Future
development should prioritize hardening the scraper's cutting edge while evaluating
performance in diverse soil environments to optimize universal application.
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