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php/japanedu/index Japanese Quotative Particles to and tte in Daily Conversation Nuria Haristiani1*.
Ilmi Adha Istiqomah1.
Yukiko Koguchi2 Japanese Language Education Study Program.
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Indonesia Graduate School of Education.
Hiroshima University.
Japan *nuriaharist@upi.
ABSTRACT
Japanese quotative particles, to and tte, serve multiple syntactic and pragmatic functions and frequently appear in various conversational contexts.
The fundamental structure for forming quotations in Japanese follows the pattern .
uoted content quotative particle thinking ver.
However, in natural discourse, both the quoted content and the verb can be omitted, leading to instances where these particles appear at the beginning or the end of an utterance.
Additionally, the elements following these quotative particles are not always thinking verbs but may include other types of verbs, descriptive expressions, interrogatives, or sentence-final particles, further broadening their syntactic versatility.
This study adopts a qualitative descriptive approach to analyze the syntactic usage of the quotative particles to and tte in spoken Japanese.
A total of 175 conversational samples were extracted from the Corpus of Everyday Japanese Conversation (CEJC), yielding 392 instances of quotative particle usage, with 185 occurrences of to and 207 occurrences of tte.
The data were systematically categorized into three positional classifications within an utterance: .
sentence-initial position, .
mid-sentence position, and .
sentencefinal position.
Furthermore, the analysis revealed eight distinct grammatical variations in the use of to and tte in everyday spoken discourse.
These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the syntactic behavior of Japanese quotative particles and highlight their flexible roles in natural conversation.
This study provides insights that may be useful for Japanese linguistics research, particularly in the areas of syntax, pragmatics, and spoken discourse analysis.
KEYWORDS
Conversation Analysis.
Pragmatics.
Quotative Particles.
Syntactic.
First received: 20 July 2024
ARTICLE INFO
Revised: 15 December 2024
Available online: 31 December 2024
INTRODUCTION
The use of particles in sentences is essential in Japanese.
Even if the sentence has the same words, the meaning of the sentence may change depending on the particle used.
Cook .
asserts that particles are short, usually uninflected, and invariable words, covering a wide range of grammatical functions.
Tomita .
suggests that particles cannot be used alone but attached to words to indicate the relation between the words and to add an auxiliary meaning to the sentence.
Final proof accepted: 30 December 2024 Quotation in Japanese also requires particles.
or its variation, tte.
Suzuki .
indicates that there are other quotative particles such as toka and However.
Yamaguchi .
s cited in Kodama, 2.
specifies that to and tte are the main and the most basic particles to indicate quotation in Japanese.
In addition to that, other particles such as toka and nante are derived from to and tte, hence the word quotative particles used in this paper refer to the two particles.
to and tte only.
Suzuki .
also conveys that the basic grammar of quotation in 110 | P a g e e- ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 27764478 JAPANEDU: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang Vol.
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Japanese is .
ubject quoted content thinking ver.
See example .
Tarou wa AuNeko wa nigate daAy tte itteiru.
Tarou said.
AuIAom not good with catsAy.
(Yamazaki, 1.
As seen in example .
, the sentence is structured with a subject (Taro.
, quoted content .
eko wa negate d.
, and thinking verb .
, while the particle tte connects the quoted content and the thinking verb.
However, there are cases where the quotative sentence is not structured like this.
For .
Tarou wa neko wa nigate da tte.
Tarou said heAos not good with cats.
He said Tarou is not good with cats.
I said Tarou is not good with cats! n (Yamazaki, 1.
Example .
shows how the thinking verb is omitted, hence the particle tte placed at the end of the sentence.
In this case, there are three possibilities of what the sentence might mean.
First, the speaker is simply quoting what Tarou had said, having the same meaning as an example .
even without the thinking verb.
Second, the speaker did not directly hear from Tarou but from someone else, this is what Ishihara .
explained about hearsay tte, that is to report information received from other people, not from the speaker or the interlocutor.
Third, the speaker is quoting their own utterance to give the nuance as if the speaker had said it before.
In this case.
Ishihara also explained that the use of tte in self-quotation is to express the speakerAos insistence on their claim, or the speakerAos irritation at having to repeat the same thing.
However, the use of tte for this third meaning is pronounced with a rather higher pitch contour on the tte, compared to the other two meanings.
Tte koto wa Osaka no hito? Does it mean .
e i.
from Osaka? (Nagoya University Conversation Corpus, accessed in 2.
The use at the beginning of an utterance may be seen in example .
This example is part of a conversation where the speaker here made a conclusion about what both speakers had said In other words, the particle tte here is referring to preceding utterances.
To analyze this kind of case where part of the sentence is omitted, the context of the sentence is needed to find the exact meaning, what the particles are referring to, and who they are quoting.
Hence conversations are used as the data for this study.
Matsui and Yamamoto .
examined these two quotative particles in a mother-childAos conversation, dividing them into 3 categories.
quotation of utterances, .
reporting thoughts, and .
quotation of words.
From their study, it was found 2391 data of tte and 480 data of to, which means that the casual form tte is used more often in mothers and their 2-3-year-old childrenAos Furthermore, judging from both mother's and childrenAos use of the two particles, most particles are used to quote utterances, then words .
uch as onomatopoeia or simply a nou.
, and the lowest is to quote oneAos thoughts.
Nilep and Fujimoto .
also analyzed to and tte in a conversation of Japanese American immigrant families and other Japanese adults living in Colorado.
They used 90 quotative particles as the data, and 63 .
%) of the data are tte, leaving to only They reasoned this unequal distribution is because tte is most likely used in casual conversations and the participants of the conversation have a close relationship.
From this study, it was concluded that the majority .
5%) of occurrences of to are immediately followed by a verb, while tte has the same possibility to appear with or without a verb.
They also concluded that to is often used to refer to thoughts and understanding, while tte often refers to communication.
Besides the use of to and tte in conversation, these particles have also been analyzed in several studies with different perspectives .
Suzuki, 1996.
Saegusa, 1997.
Ishiguro, 2015.
Kodama, 2019.
Ikeya, 2.
These studies are mostly focused on to only or tte only, or both but in one-way This study aims to determine the use of two quotative particles, to and tte, in daily conversations.
Different from the use of these quotative particles in various kinds of one-way communication as seen in previous research, conversations also have the possibility of quoting the interlocutorAos mind or utterance, hence conversations are used for this Besides, particles to and tte in conversations also have the possibility of being used at the beginning of utterances as seen in example .
, however, there is no mention of this case in most of the prior studies.
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Nuria Haristiani.
Yukiko Koguchi Japanese Quotative Particles to and tte in Daily Conversation MATERIALS AND METHODS
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This paper is a qualitative descriptive study of the use of two quotative particles to and tte in Japanese daily conversation.
A total of 175 conversations were collected from the AuCorpus of Everyday Japanese Conversation (CEJC)Ay by National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, then identified the use of quotative particles to and tte from those data.
Afterwards, the identified data were classified into three categories based on their positions in the utterance.
the beginning, the middle, and the end of an utterance.
For the use in the middle of an utterance, it will be classified into more specific categories based on what follows the From the 175 data, besides the two particles to and tte, we also found the use of tsuu, tsutte, tsutta.
As Kodama .
said, these were derived from tte iu, tte itte, tte itta.
Hence, these kinds of cases were also classified into the use of tte.
From 175 conversation data used in this study, it was discovered 392 quotative particles.
19%) are to and 207 .
81%) are tte.
It shows a quite significant difference with a study by Nilep and Fujimoto .
that shows 70% of the data were tte, even though both studies use daily casual conversations as the data.
They explain that this unequal distribution is because the conversations they used are among the intimates, thus they tend to use the casual form tte instead of to.
The conversations used in this study are daily life conversations, covering a lot of situations, including the conversations where the speakers are not closely However, as Kodama .
and Ikeya .
state, the differences between to and tte do not lie in formal or informal terms, because tte can be used in formal situations, and vice versa.
Table 1: Frequency of the use of Quotative Particles to and tte Based on the Positions in an Utterance.
Beginning of Utterance .
,58 %) .
,90%) Thinking Verb Middle of Utterance (Followed b.
SentenceOther Final Noun Verb Particle .
,02 %) .
,88%) Table 1 shows the overall data found in this study have more variations of structures, besides the basic grammar .
uoted content quotative particle thinking ver.
As seen in Table 1, both particles are most frequently used in sentence-medial position, to 67,02% and tte 74,88%.
There are variations in components that follow the particle.
The basic structure where the particle is followed by a thinking verb reaches the highest frequency of use, and other than that, the particle may also be followed by other verbs in general, sentence-final particles, nouns, or other components, such as descriptions or As for the use at the beginning of utterance, to seems to be used slightly more, but both have the lowest frequency.
This may be the reason why this topic was never mentioned in most previous studies.
Other End of Utterance Total
,40 %)
,22%)
Meanwhile, the frequency of use of both particles at the end of utterance does not show a significant difference, 47 cases .
,40%) are to and 46 cases .
,22%) are tte.
This shows that both to and tte have the same possibility of appearing without thinking of verbs or other components following.
Suzuki .
stated that when a quote occurs and does saying/thinking, it is most likely marked by tte.
Nilep and Fujimoto .
also stated that to has a great tendency to appear with quotative verbs, while tte has the possibility to appear with or without such a verb.
However, looking at Table 1, we may know that to is slightly used with thinking verbs more, but both to and tte have a rather same tendency on being used without thinking verbs, thus this reached a different conclusion with Suzuki and Nilep & Fujimoto.
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The Use of to and tte at the Beginning of an Utterance There are 14 cases of to and 6 cases of tte placed at the beginning of utterances.
From the 14 cases of to, all of them were collocations of Auto yuu koto deAy.
Auto yuu wake deAy and Autoka itteAy.
Some of the cases were used at the beginning of utterance to refer to preceding speeches, however, there are also cases where the particles were used at the very beginning of the conversation without any preceding content.
Here are some examples.
A: Watashi tachi mo motto hayaku haitte, jibun tachi de yaru toki no junbi wo shitai noni to yuu you na kujou ga yappari dete yuu naru.
Kara maa, sonna ni hayaku kuru- naru to, shokuin mo hayaku naru chikara dasanakya ikenai to.
We also get complaints like, "We want to come in earlier and prepare for when we do it " Well, if you come so early, the staff will also have to work hard to get faster.
B: Hai hai naru hodo.
Indeed.
I see.
A: To yuu koto de, ironna jijou ga atte, ma, kaikan jikan to yuu no wa 8 jihan ni kimeta wake desu.
With that said, due to various circumstances.
I decided to open the museum at 8:30.
In conversation .
above, speaker A was explaining about the reasons behind his decision and ended the explanation with a conclusion.
begins the conclusion with Auto yuu koto deAy, where to here is referring to the reasons he had said before.
The quoted content was omitted because it is not necessary to repeat what the speaker had said .
[Beginning of conversatio.
A: Hai, to yuu wake de kanpai! So, cheers! B.
C: Kanpai shimashou.
Yes, cheers.
Data .
shows the use of to at the very beginning of the conversation.
In this case, speaker A begins the conversation when everyone in the group has received their drinks.
In other words, to in this case does not specifically quote someoneAos speech or thought but refers to the situation itself.
When looking at the use of to in the middle of a sentence, there are some cases where quotative particles have formed a structure .
escription/explanation to yuu The word wake here is a noun, hence it can be concluded that the component omitted in this case is probably a description of the situation that everyone understands, for example.
AuSince we are all here, cheers!Ay.
On the contrary, aside from collocations of Autte yuuAy.
Autte kotoAy and AuttekaAy, tte was also found standing alone without collocating with any other component at the beginning of utterance.
A: Dare ga kattoku to minna taberarechau kara sa, taberu na tte kaitokina yo.
Sore ka sa, ue itte kakushitokina yo.
Waracchau yo ne.
(She sai.
AuWhoever bought it, it will be eaten by everyone anyway, so you should write AodonAot eat thisAo, then hide it upstairsAy.
ItAos hilarious right.
B: Tte, mago ni iwarechau tte yabai yo ne.
ItAos ridiculous if you get told that by your As seen in data .
, speaker A is telling a past story about her granddaughter by quoting the granddaughterAos past utterances, while speaker B commenting about it.
In this case, the tte used by speaker B is referring to the granddaughterAos utterances that have been quoted by speaker A.
It is not necessary to repeat any of those utterances to completely understand the context of the sentence, hence the clause before particle tte is omitted.
The Use of to and tte in the Middle of an Utterance Cases of to and tte Followed by Thinking Verbs Table 2: Thinking Verbs that Follow Particle to and tte and the Frequency of Use.
Following Verbs Omou .
o thin.
Iu/yuu .
o sa.
Kangaeru .
o thin.
Kaku .
o writ.
Yobu .
o cal.
Kiku .
o hea.
Kitai suru .
o expec.
Oboeru .
o remembe.
Wakaru .
o kno.
Shiraberu .
o chec.
Shiru .
o kno.
Yomu .
o rea.
Total Frequency of Use The use of to and tte in the middle of utterance means that both particles are used in the basic 113 | P a g e e- ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 27764478 Ilmi Adha Istiqomah.
Nuria Haristiani.
Yukiko Koguchi Japanese Quotative Particles to and tte in Daily Conversation structure of quoting in Japanese.
uoted content quotative particle thinking ver.
There are 12 variations of thinking verbs following to and tte found in this study, as shown in Table 2.
As presented in Table 2, there are exactly 100 cases of to followed by thinking verbs, and omou .
o thin.
reaches the highest frequency.
Besides omou, there are also kangaeru .
o thin.
4 cases.
In other words, the verbs that are related to oneAos thought are highly used after to .
otal 68%).
While the verbs that are related to oneAos saying, iu/yuu are 23%, and other verbs are 9%.
Judging from the frequency, it shows that to has a high tendency of being used to express things related to oneAos thoughts.
Meanwhile, particle tte followed by thinking verbs found in this study has a lower frequency of use than to but the following thinking verbs have more variations.
There are 60 cases of iu .
o sa.
, and 10 cases of omou .
o thin.
, while the other 8 verbs are only 15 cases.
This shows that tte is more likely to be used to quote things related to oneAos This reached the same conclusion as prior research by Nilep and Fujimoto .
, and Kodama .
Besides quoting oneAos thoughts and thinking, there are also verbs that are always used to quote a noun or description.
For example, the verb kaku .
o writ.
, yomu .
o rea.
, and yobu .
o cal.
, where the quoted content is often a noun.
Oosaka de wa ichibu mada kamakura ebi tte yonderu mitai ssu kedo mo, ise ebi wo.
Some people in Osaka still call Ise ebi AuKamakura ebiAy .
Kouyou to kaite.
Momiji tte yomu gurai dakara.
Because it is only written as AukouyouAy and read as Momiji.
Data .
show the use of to and tte followed by the three verbs mentioned above are quoting name, term, or word, not exactly oneAos thought or speech.
Even though a noun followed by to in general should be added by the particle da before, da is not needed in this case.
Cases of to and tte Followed by Non-Thinking Verbs As mentioned before, besides the basic structure .
uoted content quotative particle thinking ver.
, there are cases where the quotative particle is not followed by a thinking verb.
Here are examples of where both particles are followed by verbs in general, not verbs of thinking.
Chotto hon-gyou ga honto ni orosoka ni nattekite shimatte tte yuu iikata shiteta kedo, kore kekkou orosoka ni naru yone to.
Murase-san hitori de kabuttete.
Kore dake no koto yatteta tte, de mou itte sa.
I said as if this business was getting really neglected, but Mr.
Murase only .
AuThis has been quite neglectedAy, then shouldered the burden (Then sai.
AuI have done what I can.
Ay and just left.
Nande mo aru ne tte, minna kanshin shite kureru kedo.
Everyone is impressed .
nd sai.
AuThere is everything hereAy.
Both examples .
, have an altered grammar where the subject of the sentence is placed after the particle.
However, looking at the verb that is supposed to follow the particle, both kaburu and kanshin suru are not thinking verbs.
Oshima .
explains that when to, which is supposed to be followed by a thinking verb, is followed by other verbs in general, it means that there is the omission of shite, itte, or omotte.
In case .
, the quoted contents of the sentences are MuraseAos .
and everyoneAos .
Hence it can be concluded that what is omitted in both cases is itte .
Besides being followed by verbs that are not related to thinking and talking, tte can also be followed by other components such as nouns, interrogative words, or description.
Datte ne, uchi no ue no hitotachi wa ne, hobohobo kite mora, a chigau, tateshakai de yatteru tte ishiki dakara Dakara okashiku naru ndayo.
After all, most of the seniors are conscious that they are doing it in a vertical society.
That's why it's funny.
In data .
, tte is followed by a noun .
while the quoted content is the description of the As stated by Suzuki .
, tte is also an informal variant of to wa or to yuu, to yuu no wa, etc.
Nakahata .
also explains that to yuu is used to connect the description and the noun in a sentence.
Hence it can be concluded that tte in data .
has the same meaning as to yuu, because the tte here serves as a connector of the description and the noun in the sentence.
Udou-san te dare dakke.
Who is Mr.
Udou again? .
Furatto tte muzukashii yo ne.
Flat is difficult.
Data .
shows tte that is followed by an interrogative word, while data .
shows tte that is followed by a description .
n this case an adjectiv.
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While both tte in data .
are quoting a Suzuki .
explains that tte can also serve as a topic marker, usually followed by a question or the entity/information represented in the topical Satou .
also explains that when tte quotes a noun, it is most likely a topic marker, and what follows after tte is not a thinking verb.
Cases of to and tte Followed by Final-Sentence Particle From the data used in this study, it was discovered that there were 15 cases where the particle to was followed by the final sentence particle, and the particle was only ka .
o k.
There are other variations such as Auto neAy.
Auto saAy, or Auto naAy, however, these to particles do not serve as a quotative particle but other types of to, such as conditional particle to.
A: Koko no gohan tabeyou toka.
De, sono tsugi no hi (He sai.
letAos eat here.
Then, the next dayA B: Un un un, sonna koto shiteta no? Oh, you two did that.
A: Sou.
Koko made ikou toka.
Yeah, .
e also sai.
letAos go there.
In example .
, speaker A is telling a story about past experience with her friend, while quoting some of her friendAos utterances.
According to Usuda .
, quoting the third person or the speakerAos past utterances with toka at the end of the sentence gives the impression that what is quoted is not entirely That explains how the speaker A used ambiguous words like AohereAo and AothereAo instead of concrete words.
On the contrary, tte can be followed by almost all types of sentence-final particles in Japanese.
From the data used in this study, it was discovered 6 variations of sentence-final particles following particle tte, such as ne, na, yo, ba, sa.
Here are some .
ima are desho, amerika houkou ryuugaku sukunai nda tte ne.
(I hear.
there are not many people studying abroad in America lately.
nobi-chan mou, ningen dattara mou sugoi de, go-juu sai da tte yo.
(I hear.
if Nobi were a human, he is now 50 years old, you know.
shokuyoku nai nda tte ba sa.
(I sai.
I donAot have any appetite.
In data .
, both tte here are used in hearsay, where the speaker is telling a piece of information they heard from other people.
The particles ne and yo here are only to indicate the assertiveness of the speaker regarding the information they heard and delivered, or simply to show whether they expect the interlocutor to be aware or unaware of the information.
While data .
shows that tte can be followed by more than one sentence-final particle, in this case, ba and sa.
Other combinations such as yo ne, yo na, can also follow tte.
The Use of to and tte at the End of an Utterance It was found that 47 cases of to and 46 cases of tte were used at the end of an utterance, a rather balanced result.
When both particles are used with the complete structure without any omission, to is most frequently used to report oneAos thought, whereas tte is most frequently used to quote oneAos For that reason, even when the clause after the quotative particles is omitted, to still has a high tendency to mark the speakerAos thought.
The same goes for tte that has a high contribution to mark oneAos speech.
Kekkyoku sanka wa suru nda keredo mo, sanka suru shokushu ga tabun hirokute, ookute, ano, sanka shinikui njanai kana to.
In the end, it will oxidize, but the tentacles that oxidize are probably wide and many, so I think it's hard to oxidize.
Data .
shows the speaker adding to at the end of the sentence when reporting their opinion, thus it can be predicted that the omitted word is omou.
Looking at the overall data used in this study, the content that is frequently quoted by to at the end of the sentence are often things related to the speakerAos thought, such as opinion, intention, assumption, plan, etc.
Kore wo ninniku to paseri to bataa wo fuudo purosessaa ni irete, kakuhan shite, kou yatte reizoukou de hiyasu dake de ii nda tte.
(I hear.
all we have to do is put the garlic, parsley, and butter in a food processor, mix, and chill in the refrigerator like this.
Data .
is an example of hearsay, where tte at the end of a sentence is frequently used.
The speaker was explaining a way to cook something, by adding tte at the end of the explanation, it indicates that the explanation was a piece of information the speaker 115 | P a g e e- ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 27764478 Ilmi Adha Istiqomah.
Nuria Haristiani.
Yukiko Koguchi Japanese Quotative Particles to and tte in Daily Conversation got from a third person.
There are a few examples where the speaker does not omit the subject of the sentence and clearly reports oneAos words to pass it to another person.
However, most of tte in hearsay like this is often used without any subject of the sentence, hence the source of information often remains unknown.
Nani mottekite mo umee tte! (I sai.
anything you bring is delicious! In addition, tte at the end of a sentence can also refer to the speakerAos own utterance.
As seen in data .
, the speaker does not specifically quote other people's words but his own words.
In this case, the speaker wants the interlocutor to believe his compliments about the food the interlocutor has brought, hence adding tte to give more assertion and give the nuance as if he had said it before.
Matsui and Yamamoto .
state that quoting oneAos own utterance has the effect of reaffirming and emphasizing their assertion.
Furthermore, both to and tte can also be used at the end of interrogative sentences.
In these cases, both particles at the end are pronounced with a higher pitch, to indicate the difference between statements and questions.
A: Datte katamichi kippu shika mottenai ndayo.
Kaeri no koukuuken mottenakute yattekita kara.
After all.
I only have a one-way ticket.
Because I went there without having a return B: Uun, a, omae kaeri to dou sun da to? Hm, how did you return, you said? Data .
shows speaker A talking about their experience and speaker B asking about the missing The use of to at the end of this question indicates that there is a possibility that speaker A might have been talking about it.
A: A, souda, kikou to omotta no.
Apita kaado.
Oh yeah.
I wanted to ask about the Apita B: Apita kaado tte? AuApita card,Ay you said? In data .
, speaker B is repeating speaker AAos words using tte at the end of the sentence.
The particle tte here is referring to the word AuApita cardAy that has been said by speaker A.
This is what Ishihara .
explains about echo questions, where the speaker repeats what they had heard from the interlocutor to confirm or to ask if they heard it correctly or missed some information.
Overall Structures of Sentence with Quotative Particles There are 8 variations of structures of quotative sentences found in this study.
First, when the quotative particle is placed at the beginning of utterance, .
o/tte second claus.
Most of the particle in this case usually refers to a preceding content of the conversation or information both speakers already know.
Second, is the basic structure .
uoted content to/tte thinking ver.
, this is the most used structure for both to and tte.
Third is .
uoted content to/tte verb in genera.
, this happens when the original thinking verb is connected to another verb in te-form, but the speaker omits the thinking verb, leaving only the other verb at the end of the sentence.
The fourth is for describing a noun, .
oun to .
a/w.
/tte description/explanatio.
In this case to cannot be used alone without other particles such as ka or wa.
While tte, which also has the same function as to wa or to iu no wa, can be used without attaching to another particle.
However, if the noun is followed by verbs such as kaku .
o writ.
, iu .
o sa.
, yobu .
o cal.
, yomu .
o rea.
or other similar verbs, both to and tte can be used alone without attaching to another particle, hence creating the fifth structure .
oun to/tte iu / kaku / yobu / yom.
Sixth is where the quoted content is a description or an explanation that is not related to oneAos saying or thinking, .
escription/explanation to yuu /tte nou.
, to cannot also be used alone in this case.
Seventh is where the thinking verb is omitted but the particle is followed by the sentence-final particle, .
uoted content to/tte sentence-final particl.
The sentence-final particle that can follow to is only ka, while tte can be followed by almost all the sentencefinal particles.
The last is where both particles are found at the end of a sentence, .
uoted content to/tte.
The difference between the two particles can be seen very clearly when they are used at the end of the sentence like this.
Looking at the frequency of use of the basic structures, it was known that to is often used when quoting things related to the speakerAos thought, while tte is frequently used to quote oneAos utterances.
Thus, when both particles are used at the end of the sentence, both still have the tendency to be used the way they are used in full sentences.
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related to oneAos thinking .
uch as naa tte, kana tt.
, it means that tte is quoting oneAos thought.
CONCLUSION
This paper focused on the syntactic perspective of the quotative particles to and tte.
To summarize what has been clarified, both to and tte in conversations are most frequently used in the middle of an utterance followed by thinking verbs, just like the basic structure of quoting in Japanese.
The next highest frequency is the use at the end of an utterance, where the thinking verbs are omitted.
Because to is most often followed by thinking verbs related to thoughts such as to omou .
o thin.
, to at the end also has a high tendency to be used to quote things related to oneAos thoughts.
While tte is commonly followed by iu or yuu .
o sa.
, is mostly used to quote things related to oneAos saying even when no verbs follow it.
The same tendency applies to both particles even when both are followed by sentence-final particles.
However, when particles like naa or kana stick before tte, the quoted content is most likely the speakerAos thoughts.
While both can be used to quote words or descriptions that are not related to oneAos saying or thinking, tte is used more often in this case because tte can serve as equivalent to to yuu.
To can also be used for words if it sticks to other particles such as ka or wa.
REFERENCES