Ability of Ethanol Extract from Ajwa and Sukkari Dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.
) in Inhibiting the Growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Putra Rahmadea Utami1.
Sri Indrayati1.
Nur Hayatang1 Department of Medical Laboratory Technology.
Faculty of Health Science.
Universitas Perintis Indonesia.
Padang.
Indonesia Correspondence:
Putra Rahmadea Utami.
Jl.
Adinegoro KM 17.
Simpang Kalumpang.
Lubuk Buaya.
Padang.
West Sumatera.
Indonesia Zip Code: 25586 Email:
putrarahmadeautami123@gmail.
Received: December 8th, 2020 Revised: March 12th, 2021 Accepted: March 15th, 2021 Published: April 28th, 2021 DOI: 10.
33086/ijmlst.
Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium that spread throughout the world and still a problem that continues to increase both in hospitals and the community.
Infections due to S.
aureus usually treated with antibiotics, but in some cases, several strains of S.
aureus found to be resistant to antibiotics, such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Based on the previous research, the ethanol extract from Ajwa and Sukkari dates formed an inhibitory zone against the MRSA bacteria This study aims to determine the inhibition of the ethanol extract from Ajwa and Sukkari variety of dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.
) on the S.
aureus growth.
The ethanol extract from Ajwa and Sukkari dates with a concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, and 20 mg/mL resulted in the same inhibition zone with a diameter of O 6 mm which categorized as weak .
, whereas the positive control ciprofloxacin had a resistance zone with a diameter of 9 mm.
This study results concluded that the ethanol extract of Ajwa and Sukkari dates only has a maximum concentration of 20 mg/mL, which is still classified as a low concentration and has not been able to inhibit MRSA bacteria growth.
Keywords Dates Ajwa.
Dates Sukkari.
Extract Ethanol.
MRSA.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
A2021 by author.
aureus (MRSA).
The spread of MRSA has INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus is treatable with been the subject of several studies because of S.
the danger of antibiotic resistance is a serious aureus found to be resistant to antibiotics, world health problem in both developed and such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus developing countries.
In 2010, the prevalence Putra Rahmadea Utami, et al.
of MRSA is 28% (Hong Kong and Indonesi.
This and 70% (Kore.
among all clinical isolates flavonoids are the active substances in dates.
of S.
aureus, while the S.
aureus infections Flavonoids found in related communities in Asian immunomodulators to increase the work of countries varied widely, from 5Ae35% .
The presence of MRSA found in the phagocytes that attack the body .
Based hospital environment.
The study of Vysakh & on the previous research, the ethanol extract Jeya .
obtained 450 S.
aureus isolates from Ajwa and Sukkari dates formed an collected from patients from several hospitals inhibitory zone against the MRSA bacteria in India, which 121 positives for MRSA growth .
%) and 329 as MSA .
%).
The Extraction is a process of separating a University of Alexandria, which collected 50 substance based on differences in its isolates of S.
aureus strains from several solubility in two different insoluble liquids, hospitals, found 40% strains resistant to the usually water and other organic solvents such antibiotics Oxacillin and cefoxitin, which as nutritious substances or active substances indicates the presence of MRSA in these from a part of medicinal plants, animals, and isolates .
However, research conducted in several types of fish, including marine biota Indonesia found that the prevalence of .
Due to the different thickness of plant MRSA in RSUD Dr.
Sutomo Surabaya, and animal cells, an extraction method with a Indonesia was 8.
Despite the results, the particular solvent needed.
This extraction study showed that with the low prevalence of method is based on the principle of mass MRSA in Indonesia, a coping strategy still transfer agent component in a solvent, needed to prevent further infection .
wherein the displacement began in the Dates are one of the plants in their role as interface layer and then diffuses into the medicine and food.
Dates are a food solvent .
This study aims to determine the ingredient that is rich in vitamins, minerals, inhibition of the ethanol extract from Ajwa fiber and sugar.
In some varieties, the sugar and Sukkari variety of dates (Phoenix content of dates can reach up to 88%.
Many dactylifera L.
) on the S.
aureus growth.
researchers researched twelve dates varieties to find out their chemical content, such as MATERIALS AND METHODS flavonoid compound .
Aldaihan and This research used an experimental Bhat examined the benefits of dates (Phoenix research design and conducted in July- dactylifera L) in vitro and found that one of August 2020 at the Microbiology Laboratory its benefits is that they have antibacterial of Andalas University.
Padang.
Indonesia.
Ina.
Med.
Lab.
Sci.
Tech.
: 1Ae8 Putra Rahmadea Utami, et al.
This study performed to determine the Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant inhibition zone of the ethanol extract from Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Ajwa and Sukkari dates against the MRSA.
The bacteria used were MRSA bacteria This study used the ethanol extract from obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory Ajwa and Sukkari dates.
Extraction was of Andalas University.
Padang.
The MRSA carried out using 96% ethanol solvent for bacterial suspension is already present in the 3x24 hours and evaporated using a rotary media (Figure .
evaporator to obtain a thick extract of A 150 Inhibition Test of Ethanol Extract of Ajwa The extract concentrations used were 5 Dates and Sukkari on the Growth of mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL and 20 Methicillin-Resistant mg/mL.
The study used MRSA bacteria, namely S.
Bacterial isolates obtained RSUP Djamil The test results of the inhibition of the Padang, ethanol extract of Ajwa and Sukkari dates Indonesia.
Bacteria isolates were resistant to with various concentrations of 5 mg/mL, 10 penicillin-derived antibiotics.
The positive mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, and 20 mg/mL can be seen in Figure 3.
This study result showed negative control used sterile aquadest for the that the ethanol extract compounds from Sukkari and Ajwa dates could not inhibit Dr.
Staphylococcus MRSA bacteria growth.
After that, it observed that there was no clear zone or zone
RESULTS
Characteristics of Ethanol Extract of In this study, the positive control were Sukkari and Ajwa Dates The pulp of Ajwa and Sukkari dates each A500 of inhibition around the disc.
Furthermore, from the ethanol extract, each obtained A150 g of thick extract.
The thick extracts from Ajwa dates and Sukkari dates shown in Figure 1.
The color of Sukkari dates is darker than Ajwa dates.
used ciprofloxacin 50 mg, while the negative control were used sterile distilled water.
Table 1 showed that the extract from Ajwa and Sukkari dates could not inhibit MRSA bacteria growth.
A seen in Figure 2, the zone of clearance appears from disk diameter paper discs.
Repetition performed three times to show the inhibition zone diameter O 6 mm .
iameter paper disc.
Ina.
Med.
Lab.
Sci.
Tech.
: 1Ae8 Putra Rahmadea Utami, et al.
Figure 1.
Dates extract using ethanol solvent.
Sukkari, .
Ajwa.
Figure 2.
Characteristics of MRSA.
MRSA turbidity compared to McFarland standard of 0.
and bacterial suspense .
, .
The arrow in figure B shows the MRSA colony of bacteria, .
The arrow in Figure C shows cefoxitin resistance.
Figure 3.
Inhibition test.
Sukkari dates ethanol extract concentrations of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, and 20 mg/mL, .
Ajwa date ethanol extract concentrations of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, and 20 mg/mL, .
and Ciprofloxacin.
Ina.
Med.
Lab.
Sci.
Tech.
: 1Ae8 Putra Rahmadea Utami, et al.
Table 1.
The results of the inhibition test of MRSA Ethanol Extract Dates Concentration .
g/mL) Ajwa dates Ciprofloxacin 50 mg Aquadest Sukkari dates Control positive Negative control Extract Repetition .
Note: Description of disc paper diameter = 6 mm prove that MRSA is also resistant to other DISCUSSION The study results showed no inhibition This methicillin resistance will be zone formed from the ethanol extract of Ajwa followed by the simultaneous emergence of and Sukkari dates against the growth of resistance to a large number of other MRSA bacteria.
Ajwa and Sukkari dates antibiotic classes through the acquisition of ethanol extract with concentrations of 5 additional receptor determinants, or as a mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL and 20 result of mutations.
All of which will cause mg/mL formed weak .
inhibition the receptors at the target site to become zone diameter of O6 mm.
Meanwhile, the resistant .
positive control ciprofloxacin formed an One of the factors of differences in inhibition zone with a diameter of 9 mm .
sensitivity patterns or determinants of This condition happened because the bacterial resistance to antimicrobials carries where these bacteria are a group of bacteria chromosomes, namely plasmid .
that are already resistant to antibiotics.
aureus is a bacterium that has small plasmids MRSA is a S.
aureus that immune to and large plasmids that have more than one methicillin-type MRSA resistance gene.
Based on the study result, it experiences resistance due to genetic changes can be assumed that there are large plasmids caused by irrational exposure to antibiotic that carry more than one antibiotic-resistant therapy .
Besides, the research results also gene in MRSA.
Additionally, the methicillin- Ina.
Med.
Lab.
Sci.
Tech.
: 1Ae8 bacteria used for this study was MRSA.
Putra Rahmadea Utami, et al.
resistant gene may be linked to other ethanol extract concentration of bitter melon antibiotic-resistant genes.
MRSA bacteria, fruit, the higher the inhibition power of the which are Gram-positive bacteria, have a growth of MRSA .
,15,.
peptidoglycan layer that is 20Ae80 nm thick.
The plant extracts used also contain Gram-positive bacteria also have a cell wall content that is almost the same as other containing teichoic acid, which is a water- plants, namely eugenol, flavonoids, tannins, soluble polymer that functions as a transport saponins, alkaloids and phenols, which can for positive ions in and out .
,12,.
damage the structure of bacterial cells.
Other studies conducted on the use of However, in this study, the ethanol extract of plant extracts to inhibit MRSA growth.
One dates did not have a significant ability to of the studies showed that the clove flower inhibit the growth of MRSA .
Whereas in extract has an antimicrobial effect, which research, a combination of extracts with containing eugenol, flavonoids, tannins, different plants can inhibit the growth of saponins, alkaloids and phenols that can other bacteria.
In the research of Utami et damage the structure of bacterial cells.
The .
, the results of testing the combination of Chinese petai extract and Aloe vera
Bactericidal Concentration Minimum
(MBC)
showed significant differences .
< 0.
at One Way ANOVA test showed a the concentrations of 25 g, 50 g, 75 g, and 100 significant difference .
< 0.
between The ethanol extract of Chinese petai and clove flower extract concentration and the Aloe vera can inhibit the growth of E.
number of MRSA colonies .
Clove flower The results showed the most effective extract can kill MRSA by damaging the concentration of 100 g/mL resulted in an structure of bacterial cells.
Another study was interaction between the ethanol extract of to test the inhibition of the ethanol extract of Aloe vera and china petai in inhibiting the bitter melon (Momordica charanti.
against growth of E.
In contrast, this the growth of MRSA.
The ethanol extract of Ajwa and Sukkari date research, only have 20 bitter melon fruit used as a test solution with mg/mL as the maximum concentration, a concentration .
of 20%, 40%, 60%, and which still classified as a low concentration.
The results showed that the average As a result, the active compound content is diameter of the inhibition zone of the ethanol the only low level and unable to inhibit the extract of bitter melon against the growth of growth of MRSA bacteria .
,18,.
MRSA with concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% was 6.
16 mm, 9.
5 mm, 10.
mm, 12.
3 mm respectively.
The higher the Ina.
Med.
Lab.
Sci.
Tech.
: 1Ae8 Putra Rahmadea Utami, et al.
CONCLUSIONS
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
The ethanol extract of Ajwa and Sukkari Putra Rahmadea Utami:
dates with a concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 conceptualization, methodology, writing- mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, and 20 mg/mL formed reviewing and editing.
Sri Indrayati: data the same inhibition zone with a diameter of curation, writing-original draft preparation.
O6 mm.
It conclusion, this study indicate that Nur Hayatang: visualization, the ethanol extract of Ajwa and Sukkari dates only has a maximum concentration of 20
mg/mL, which is still classified as a low
ACKNOWLADGEMENTS
concentration and has not been able to inhibit MRSA bacteria growth by damaging the This study was supported by the Universitas Perintis Indonesia.
bacterial cell structure.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There are no conflicts of interest.
:13620Ae41.
REFERENCES