International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science E-ISSN 2987-226X P-ISSN 2988-0076 Volume 2 Issue 3.
September 2024.
Pp.
DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
59653/ijmars.
Copyright by Author Empowerment Strategies for the Poor Based on Spatial Patterns in Tapin Regency Evi Selvi Adriani Dewi Safitri1*.
Fitriyadi2.
Yusuf Hidayat3 Master Study Program of Development Studies.
Postgraduate Program.
Lambung Mangkurat University.
Indonesia1 Master Study Program of Development Studies.
Postgraduate Program.
Lambung Mangkurat University.
Indonesia2 Master Study Program of Development Studies.
Postgraduate Program.
Lambung Mangkurat University.
Indonesia3 Corresponding Email: eviselvidewi@gmail.
Received: 15-05-2024 Reviewed: 25-05-2024 Accepted: 15-06-2024 Abstract This research aims to analyze whether education, health, unemployment, asset ownership, and road infrastructure factors simultaneously influence the spatial patterns of poverty in Tapin Regency.
The final results will determine strategies for empowering the poor in Tapin Regency.
This study employs a quantitative approach with statistical techniques and follows a descriptive correlational design.
The results show that education, health, unemployment, asset ownership, and road infrastructure variables have a significant partial and simultaneous impact on poverty in both the three sub-districts and Tapin Regency as a whole.
The primary strategy for empowering the poor in Tapin Regency is the Strength-Opportunity (S-O) strategy.
This involves enhancing the role of companies through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs aimed at empowering the poor by developing superior commodity products and increasing the number of local entrepreneurs as part of the local government's priority strategy to reduce poverty.
The recommendations for the Tapin Regency Government to empower the poor economically include improving the education and health levels of the community, partly by providing infrastructure to facilitate access to educational and health facilities, reducing unemployment through increased labor-intensive programs, and constructing road infrastructure to alleviate the isolation of areas prone to poverty.
Keywords: poverty, spatial patterns, strategies, community empowerment Introduction Poverty is not only a national issue but also a problem at the regional level.
One of the regions in Indonesia where the poverty rate is below the national average is South Kalimantan International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science Province.
Tapin Regency, located within South Kalimantan Province, has shown good economic development.
According to the Vision and Mission of the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) of Tapin Regency for 2018-2023, the goal is to AuTogether Realize a Progressive.
Prosperous, and Religious Tapin.
Ay One of the missions is to enhance highquality economic growth based on agribusiness and tourism, starting from the villages, with the aim of increasing regional economic independence and equity (Kartawinata et al.
, 2.
One of the targets is to reduce poverty, with the goal of achieving a poverty rate of 3.
35% by the end of the RPJMD period.
Nasir .
states that the government consistently launches poverty alleviation however, the number of poor people in Indonesia, particularly in Tapin Regency, has not shown a significant decrease.
Data from BPS .
indicates a trend of declining poverty rates, but qualitatively, the impact has not been substantial, and the situation has become increasingly concerning each year.
The government's various poverty alleviation efforts focus on: .
Enhancing quality economic growth through labor-intensive efforts, export trade, and the development of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSME.
Improving access to basic needs such as education and health .
amily planning, maternal welfare, basic infrastructure, food, and nutritio.
Empowering communities through the National Program for Community Empowerment (PNPM), which aims to open participation opportunities for the poor in the development process and improve their opportunities and bargaining positions.
Improving social assistance and security systems through the Family Hope Program (PKH).
Several community empowerment projects include P2KP.
PPK.
CERD.
SPADA.
PEMP.
WSSLIC, and P2MPD.
With the issuance of the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No.
90 of 2019 concerning the Classification.
Codification, and Nomenclature of Regional Development and Financial Planning, aimed at integrating and harmonizing regional development and financial planning, all programs and activities at both central and regional levels in efforts to empower the poor refer to this regulation.
The distribution of poverty in an area can form a characteristic pattern known as poverty One phenomenon observed is that the farther a place is from the growth center, the higher the poverty rate among its inhabitants.
Growth centers are typically urban areas that serve as administrative, commercial, and social-economic hubs.
According to the BPS .
report, the factors contributing to poverty are a combination of internal and external factors.
Internal factors include limited knowledge, lack of skills, poor health, and low work ethic.
External factors encompass misguided development policies and corruption, leading to misallocation of development funds (Mahardika et al.
, 2.
Internal factors can be exacerbated by external factors, such as malnutrition, poor health, high illiteracy rates, poor living environments, and lack of access to adequate infrastructure and public services.
According to the research conducted by Ravi Dwi Wijayanto .
, the factors influencing poverty are education, health, unemployment, asset ownership, and basic These five factors have a negative relationship with poverty.
The low level of education in Indonesia is one of the factors contributing to poverty.
Higher education levels increase the likelihood of obtaining a better life because they enhance job-seeking qualities.
Empowerment Strategies for the Poor Based on Spatial Patterns in Tapin Regency Education fosters intense competition among people for jobs.
Based on the basic assumption of human capital theory, individuals can increase their income through education.
Each additional year of schooling enhances job skills and income levels.
Poverty alleviation also impacts public health, as better health levels directly or indirectly improve labor productivity.
A decline in health levels results in decreased work productivity and lost income opportunities, leading to job loss.
Unemployment also affects poverty, as seen from community income levels.
Community income will reach its maximum if full employment is achieved.
Reduced community income decreases the prosperity level, which leads to poverty.
Income and asset ownership are internal factors affecting welfare.
High-income families have better welfare prospects than low-income families.
Income determines purchasing power for food and other facilities like education, health, and housing.
Additionally, families with assets are more prosperous than those without.
According to Bryant .
, assets are resources or wealth owned by families, serving as means to satisfy needs.
Therefore, families with more assets tend to be more prosperous than those with limited assets (Iskandar.
Infrastructure development plays a crucial role in poverty alleviation by improving access for the poor and making government interventions more effective in combating poverty.
Better access reduces economic costs, increases income, and drives economic growth (Sauri et , 2.
To reduce socio-economic disparities between rural and urban areas, the Tapin Regency Government has developed several strategic areas by building and improving road infrastructure to connect regions.
Most studies on the causes of poverty have used global regression methods, ignoring spatial aspects (Ali.
Partridge, & Olfert, 2.
In global regression, the relationship between independent and dependent variables is applied uniformly across all locations.
According to Saefuddin .
, global equations provide reliable information for local areas with minimal variation between them.
However, regional conditions often differ significantly.
Indonesia, known for its archipelago, shows varied economic, educational, health, and infrastructural or institutional levels across regions.
This diversity poses unique challenges for policies and development strategies to reduce poverty.
Based on the above background, the empowerment strategies for the poor in Tapin Regency.
South Kalimantan Province, are still considered suboptimal.
Further studies are needed on AuEmpowerment Strategies for the Poor Based on Spatial Patterns in Tapin Regency.
Ay Literature Review Concept of Poverty Economically, poverty can be seen as a lack of resources needed to meet basic living requirements and improve the welfare of a group of people.
Poverty is also defined as a International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science condition where an individual or a group, both men and women, are unable to fulfill their fundamental rights to maintain and develop a dignified life (Sajogyo, 2.
The main causes of poverty in Indonesia include unfavorable economic or political policies for the populace.
Additionally, poverty is exacerbated by low educational attainment, limited job opportunities, laziness, lack of capital and adequate skills, and the absence of social Living in remote areas with limited natural resources and infrastructure also contributes to poverty.
Low economic activity results in low productivity and income, which in turn, fails to meet the minimum physical needs, leading to a cycle of poverty.
Education Concept According to Todaro in Aljundi .
, education is considered as a means to escape As the level of education within a society increases, so does the capability and opportunity to attain better income and employment, thus distancing oneself from existing Therefore, there exists a negative correlation between education and poverty.
higher the level of education among the populace, the smaller the incidence of poverty within the society.
In efforts to achieve sustainable economic development, the education sector plays a highly strategic role that can support the production process and other economic activities.
this context, education is perceived as a tool to attain sustainable goals, as through education, developmental activities can be realized, consequently enhancing future prospects for quality of life.
Health Concept Juanita, as cited in Widyasworo .
, asserts that one of the fundamental assets in the execution of economic development is a well-conditioned public health.
In economic development, attention must also be given to the implementation of healthcare development.
Both aspects must progress in tandem to achieve the desired goals for all, namely prosperity and welfare for the entire Indonesian populace.
The healthcare development referred to denotes the process of elevating the public health status from a suboptimal level to a superior one in accordance with health standards.
Thus, healthcare development is an investment undertaken to enhance the quality of human resources.
Meanwhile.
Lincolin .
elucidates that government interventions aimed at improving health also serve as vital policy tools in poverty One of the underlying factors for this policy is that health improvement enhances the productivity of the impoverished demographic.
Better health results in increased workforce efficiency, reduced absenteeism, and heightened energy output.
Unemployment Concept Unemployment can affect poverty in various ways.
If a household has liquidity constraints .
eaning that current consumption is heavily influenced by current incom.
, then unemployment will directly impact poverty, both in terms of income poverty rate and consumption poverty rate.
From an individual standpoint, unemployment poses various economic and social challenges to those experiencing it.
Reduced income forces the unemployed to cut back on their consumption expenditures.
When unemployment in a country Empowerment Strategies for the Poor Based on Spatial Patterns in Tapin Regency is severe, political and social upheaval often ensues, leading to adverse effects on societal wellbeing and long-term economic development prospects (Sukirno, 2.
Asset Ownership An asset is an economic resource controlled and/or owned by the government as a result of past events, from which future economic and/or social benefits are expected to be derived, both by the government and the society, and can be measured in monetary terms.
This includes non-financial resources needed for providing services to the general public and resources preserved for historical and cultural reasons (Seiler & Rom, 2.
Road Infrastructure So far, there hasn't been a consensus on the definition of infrastructure.
However, linguistically, according to the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian Dictionar.
, infrastructure can be interpreted as public facilities and amenities.
Facilities commonly known as public assets include hospitals, roads, bridges, sanitation, telecommunication, among others.
Furthermore, in economics, infrastructure embodies public capital formed from government In this study, infrastructure encompasses roads, bridges, and drainage systems (Mankiw, 2.
Infrastructure serves as basic essential services in the development process.
Concept of Strategy Strategy is a large-scale, long-term plan aimed at interacting with a competitive environment to achieve a goal (Pearce & Robinson, 2.
According to Digdowiseiso .
, globalization and regionalization pose challenges and opportunities in development In such eras, stakeholders are required to seek and establish appropriate competitive strategies and apply them effectively and efficiently (Kuncoro, 2.
Modern Auwar strategyAy is highly necessary in facing competition in a hyper-competitive environment, according to DAoAveni .
Facing such competition requires three crucial aspects: first, having a vision in confronting change and disruption.
second, enhancing capabilities and developing flexible capacities to quickly respond to any changes.
and third, possessing tactics that can influence the direction and movements of competitors.
Concept of Community Empowerment Empowerment originates from the word Aupower,Ay which then receives the prefix AuberAy to become Auberdaya,Ay meaning to have power or strength.
Then, the word is prefixed with AupeAy and suffixed with Au-an,Ay becoming Aupemberdayaan,Ay which means to empower or make something powerful (Rosmedi & Risyanti, 2.
Conceptually, empowerment comes from the word AupowerAy .
uthority or empowermen.
Empowerment refers to people's ability, particularly groups categorized as weak and vulnerable, so that through empowerment, they become capable of: .
fulfilling their basic needs and having freedom.
Not just freedom of speech, but also freedom from hunger, ignorance, and illness.
having the ability to access productive resources, enabling these weak and vulnerable individuals to increase their income and obtain necessary goods and services.
participating in efforts and decisions in the development process that can affect them.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science Research Method This research employs a quantitative approach, where all data/information is in numerical form and analyzed using statistical techniques.
The design of this research is descriptive correlational, intending to describe and find relationships among various research variables, without conducting treatments as found in experimental research.
Therefore, this research is categorized as descriptive, aiming to describe the existing variables and predict the strength of the relationship between one variable and another (Sugiyono, 2.
This study uses descriptive and verificative research methods.
Descriptive analysis method is used to describe and explain the condition of facts, characteristics of the population based on collected data, systematically organized and analyzed to draw conclusions (Sudaryono, 2.
In this research, descriptive and verificative methods are used to determine the influence of education, health, unemployment, asset ownership, and road infrastructure on poverty in Tapin Regency, both partially and simultaneously.
This research is conducted in Tapin Regency, targeting residents classified as poor households based on data obtained from the Tapin Regency Social Service.
The population of this study is the poor population in Tapin Regency based on data from the Tapin Regency Social Service in 2021, amounting to 6,925 people spread across 12 districts.
Arikunto .
states that the sample is a part or representative of the population.
the population is less than 100, the entire population can be sampled, but if it exceeds 100, a sample of 5-15% or 20-25% can be taken.
Considering the large population size and almost identical respondent answers, the researcher chose to sample 18.
5% of the poor population in Tapin Regency, located in the three districts with the highest number of poor population: Candi Laras Utara District .
,085 peopl.
Tapin Tengah District .
,156 peopl.
, and Binuang District .
From these three districts, the total number of poor population is 3,225 people, thus resulting in a sample of 18.
5% amounting to 597 people, rounded up to 600 people, with a sample size of 200 people per district.
The sampling technique used is Proportional Random Sampling, which involves randomly selecting samples from the population members without considering strata within the population in Tapin Regency.
The method used to collect data in this research includes the library research method and the questionnaire method.
Library Research involves conducting research using literature materials such as scientific writings like books, articles, or scientific journals, as well as scientific research reports related to the topic under investigation.
The data used in this research are secondary data sourced from the Tapin Regency Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), consisting of data on poverty.
Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP).
Education (Average Length of Schoolin.
Health (Life Expectanc.
, and unemployment in Tapin Regency.
The data collection technique used in this research involves direct recording of time series data.
Meanwhile, the questionnaire method is employed for residents classified as poor based on data from the Tapin Regency Social Service in 2021.
Empowerment Strategies for the Poor Based on Spatial Patterns in Tapin Regency In this research, the data analysis techniques employed can be categorized into three Data analysis to calculate the magnitude of the influence of independent variables on dependent variables using the following techniques:
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, to be conducted using the SPSS version 25 software for Windows.
Test of Goodness of Fit .
Classical Assumption Test Analysis of Spatial Distribution Patterns of Poverty The K-Means algorithm is one of the partitional algorithms utilized in this analysis.
KMeans is based on determining the initial number of clusters by defining their initial centroid values (Madhulatha, 2.
The K-Means algorithm employs an iterative process to obtain cluster data bases.
It requires the desired initial number of clusters as input and produces the final centroid points as output.
The K-Means method randomly selects the initial centroid The number of iterations to achieve the cluster centroid is influenced by the initial random cluster centroid.
Therefore, algorithm development is carried out by determining the cluster centroids based on the high initial data density to achieve optimal performance (HUNG et al.
, 2005.
Saranya & Punithavalli, 2011.
Eltibi & Ashour, 2.
SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is utilized to determine the Strategy for Empowering Poor Communities Based on Spatial Patterns in Tapin Regency.
According to Rangkuti .
, there are three stages in the process of formulating strategies based on SWOT analysis:
Data Collection Stage Data collection is used to classify data into two categories: external data and internal data.
External data originates from the external environment, while internal data is obtained from within the institution or organization itself.
There are two models used in this stage:
Internal Strategic Factor Matrix The preparation of the internal strategic factor matrix is carried out using an IFAS (Internal Factors Analysis Summar.
This is used to assess the real factors of strengths and weaknesses.
Strategic Factor Matrix The external strategic factor matrix is prepared using an EFAS (External Factors Analysis Summar.
table, which is used to identify critical external strategic factors, including opportunities and threats.
Analysis Stage The analysis stage is used for strategy formulation using the SWOT matrix.
The SWOT matrix consists of four quadrants, each of which can generate strategies by connecting two International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science related SWOT elements: strength-opportunity (SO), weakness-opportunity (WO), strength-threat (ST), and weakness-threat (WT).
Through this SWOT matrix, strategies for improving the Human Development Index (HDI) in the education sector in Tapin Regency will be developed.
Result and Discussion Analysis of the Influence of Education.
Health.
Unemployment.
Asset Ownership, and Road Infrastructure on Poverty Partially and Simultaneously in Tapin Regency From the results of questionnaire sampling conducted with respondents in 3 districts, namely Binuang District.
Tapin Tengah District, and Candi Laras Utara District, several stages of analysis were performed using SPSS version 25 software for Windows, with the following results.
1 Classical Assumption Test 1 Normality Test The normality test is used to test whether the regression modelAos disturbance or residual variables have a normal distribution.
The results of the normality test can be seen in the table below.
Table 1.
Results of Normality Test in Tapin Regency One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Normal Parametersa,b Most Extreme Differences Test Statistic Asymp.
Sig.
-taile.
Monte Carlo Sig.
-taile.
Mean Std.
Deviation Absolute Positive Negative Sig.
99% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound Unstandardized Residual Test distribution is Normal.
Calculated from data.
Lilliefors Significance Correction.
Based on 10000 sampled tables with starting seed 2000000.
Figure 1.
Normal Probability Plot Graph Empowerment Strategies for the Poor Based on Spatial Patterns in Tapin Regency Based on the results of the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for normality, the significance value (Sig.
) obtained is 0.
091 > 0.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the research data is normally distributed.
This is also evident from Figure 5.
4, where the points follow the diagonal line, indicating that the regression model is normally distributed.
2 Multicollinearity Test Multicollinearity test is used to examine the correlation between independent variables.
The results of the multicollinearity test are depicted in table 2 below:
Tapin Table 2.
Results of Multicollinearity Test in Tapin Regency Coefficient Correlationsa Model Correlations Covariances Road Infrastructur e (X.
Road Infrastructure (X.
Asset Ownership (X.
Health (X.
Education (X.
Unemploy ment (X.
Asset Ownership (X.
Health (X.
Education (X.
Unemployment (X.
Road Infrastructure (X.
Asset Ownership (X.
071E-5 Health (X.
071E-5 Education (X.
Unemployment (X.
Dependent Variable: Poverty (Y) Based on the pairwise correlation method, the correlation between each variable is less Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no multicollinearity issue in the regression model.
3 Heteroskedasticity Test Heteroskedasticity test is part of the classical assumption test in regression analysis, aiming to examine whether there is inequality in variance .
of residual values from one observation to another in the regression model.
A good regression model should not exhibit The heteroskedasticity test results using the Glejser test are shown in the following table:
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science Table 3.
Heteroskedasticity Test Results in Tapin Regency Coefficientsa Unstandardized Coefficients Model 1 (Constan.
Std.
Error Education (X.
Health (X.
Unemployment (X.
Standardized Coefficients Beta Sig.
Asset Ownership (X.
Road Infrastructure (X.
Dependent Variable: Abs_RES Based on the output above, it is known that the significance value (Sig.
) for each dependent variable, namely education, health, unemployment, asset ownership, and road infrastructure, is greater than 0.
Therefore, according to the decision-making basis in the Glejser test, it can be concluded that there is no heteroskedasticity issue in the regression model.
4 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Multiple linear regression analysis is conducted to understand how independent variables, including education, health, unemployment, asset ownership, and road infrastructure, influence the dependent variable, namely poverty, in Tapin Tengah District, with a significance level of 0.
05 (Ghozali, 2.
The results of the multiple linear regression analysis are shown in Table 4 below.
Table 4.
Results of Multiple Linear Regression Analysis in Tapin Regency Coefficientsa Model 1 (Constan.
Unstandardized Coefficients Std.
Error Standardized Coefficients Beta Sig.
Education (X.
Health (X.
Unemployment (X.
Asset Ownership (X.
Road Infrastructure (X.
Dependent Variable: Poverty (X.
Based on Table 4, the multiple linear regression equation can be formulated as follows:
Y = 1X1 2X2 3X3 4X4 5X5 e Empowerment Strategies for the Poor Based on Spatial Patterns in Tapin Regency Y = .
Ae 0,558X1 Ae 0,333X2 0,750X3 Ae 0,139X4 Ae 0,191X5 e From the above multiple linear regression equation, it can be explained as follows:
The constant value .
has a positive value of 0.
A positive sign indicates a direct influence between the independent variables and the dependent variable.
This suggests that if all independent variables, including education (X.
, health (X.
, unemployment (X.
, asset ownership (X.
, and road infrastructure (X.
, remain at 0%, the poverty value is 0.
The regression coefficient value for the education variable (X.
This value indicates a negative .
pposite directio.
influence between the education variable and This means that if the education variable increases by 1%, poverty will decrease by 0.
This is assuming that the other variables remain constant.
The regression coefficient value for the health variable (X.
This value indicates a negative .
pposite directio.
influence between the health variable and This means that if the health variable increases by 1%, poverty will decrease This is assuming that the other variables remain constant.
The regression coefficient value for the unemployment variable (X.
is a positive value This indicates that if unemployment increases by 1%, poverty will increase 750, assuming the other independent variables remain constant.
A positive sign indicates a direct influence between the independent and dependent variables.
The regression coefficient value for the asset ownership variable (X.
is a negative value of 0.
This indicates that if asset ownership increases by 1%, poverty will decrease by 0.
139, assuming the other independent variables remain constant.
negative sign indicates an opposite direction influence between the independent and dependent variables.
The regression coefficient value for the road infrastructure variable (X.
is a negative value of 0.
This indicates that if road infrastructure increases by 1%, poverty will decrease by 0.
191, assuming the other independent variables remain constant.
negative sign indicates an opposite direction influence between the independent and dependent variables.
5 T-Test The t-test is used to determine whether the independent variables have a partial effect on the dependent variable.
The hypothesis for the t-test in this study is as follows:
H0: 1A 5 = 0.
education, health, unemployment, asset ownership, and road infrastructure do not have a partial effect on poverty.
HA: 1A 5 O 0.
education, health, unemployment, asset ownership, and road infrastructure have a partial effect on poverty.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science Table 5.
Results of t-Test in Tapin Regency Coefficientsa Model (Constan.
Education (X.
Health (X.
Unemployment (X.
Asset Ownership (X.
Road Infrastructure (X.
Dependent Variable: Poverty (X.
Unstandardized Coefficients Std.
Error Standardized Coefficients Beta Sig.
Based on the table of t-test results above, the explanations are as follows:
Education Variable The regression coefficient for education is -0.
558, indicating that a 1% increase in education leads to a decrease in poverty by 0.
558 points.
The education variable has a negative relationship with poverty.
In other words, as education in Tapin Regency increases, indicating more school-aged children attending school and higher levels of education, poverty can decrease.
The probability value for the education variable is 0.
indicating it is < alpha .
, which means education significantly influences poverty.
Health Variable The regression coefficient for health is -0.
333, indicating that a 1% increase in health leads to a decrease in poverty by 0.
333 points.
The health variable has a negative relationship with poverty.
In other words, as health in Tapin Regency improves, indicating a better quality of life, poverty can decrease.
The probability value for the health variable is 0.
indicating it is < alpha .
, which means health significantly influences poverty.
Unemployment Variable The regression coefficient for unemployment is 0.
750, indicating that a 1% increase in unemployment leads to an increase in poverty by 0.
750 points.
The unemployment variable has a positive relationship with poverty.
In other words, as unemployment in Tapin Regency increases, poverty will also increase.
The probability value for the unemployment variable is 0.
000, indicating it is < alpha .
, which means unemployment significantly influences poverty.
Asset Ownership Variable The regression coefficient for asset ownership is -0.
139, indicating that a 1% increase in asset ownership leads to a decrease in poverty by 0.
139 points.
The asset ownership variable has a negative relationship with poverty.
In other words, as asset ownership among the poor in Tapin Tengah District increases, indicating an improvement in living standards, poverty decreases.
The probability value for the asset ownership variable is Empowerment Strategies for the Poor Based on Spatial Patterns in Tapin Regency 013, indicating it is < alpha .
, which means asset ownership significantly influences .
Road Infrastructure Variable The regression coefficient for road infrastructure is -0.
191, indicating that a 1% increase in road infrastructure leads to a decrease in poverty by 0.
191 points.
The road infrastructure variable has a negative relationship with poverty.
In other words, as road infrastructure in Tapin Regency improves, previously inaccessible areas with many poor residents become accessible, providing more opportunities for economic activities.
The probability value for the road infrastructure variable is 0.
005, indicating it is < alpha .
, which means road infrastructure significantly influences poverty.
6 F-Test Based on the table 6 below, the significance value or probability value from the Ftest result is 0.
000, which is less than alpha .
This result indicates that education, health, unemployment, asset ownership, and road infrastructure simultaneously have a significant influence on poverty in Tapin Regency.
Table 6.
Results of F-test in Tapin Regency ANOVAa Model Regression Sum of Squares Mean Square Residual Total Sig.
Dependent Variable: Proverty (X.
Predictors: (Constan.
Road Infrastructure (X.
Asset Ownership (X.
Health (X.
Education (X.
Unemployment (X.
Based on the table output above, the calculated F-value is 372.
Since the calculated F-value of 372.
224 > the tabulated F-value of 2.
26, according to the decisionmaking basis in the F-test, it can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted, or in other words, education, health, unemployment, asset ownership, and road infrastructure simultaneously have a significant effect on poverty in Tapin Regency.
2 Spatial Pattern Analysis of Poverty Distribution Based on the results of the K-Means Cluster analysis, the spatial distribution pattern of poverty in Tapin Regency for 3 districts is as follows:
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science Figure 2.
Map of Poor Community Distribution Analysis of Formulating Strategies for Empowering the Poor Community 1 Identification of Internal and External Strategic Factors Based on the identification results, there are several strategic factors that are the main components in empowering the poor community in Tapin Regency.
The following are internal strategic factors, which are strengths and weaknesses, as well as external strategic factors, including opportunities and threats, in empowering the poor community in Tapin Regency.
Table 7.
Internal Strategic Factors Internal Strategic Factors Strengths 1 Poverty reduction is one of the priorities in Regional Development in Tapin Regency.
2 The existing structure, institutions, and agencies in the Government of Tapin Regency have implemented good coordination efforts in empowering the poor community in Tapin Regency.
3 Good potential of agricultural land that can still be developed with considerable agricultural production.
4 A large working-age population.
5 Existence of potential leading commodities that can be developed.
Weakness 1 Still low quality of human resources.
2 Uneven development of infrastructure in each region.
3 Limited access to job opportunities.
4 Not all residents are covered by health social security programs.
5 Land ownership is controlled by only a few groups of people.
Empowerment Strategies for the Poor Based on Spatial Patterns in Tapin Regency Table 8.
External Strategic Factors External Strategic Factors Opportunities 1 Availability of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs from companies in empowering the poor community.
2 Increased investment in the region that will create many job opportunities.
3 Growth in the number of local entrepreneurs.
4 Development of chili cultivation centers (Hiyun.
and its processed products.
5 Enhancement of labor-intensive programs.
Threats 1 Limited and vulnerable road access in case of disasters.
2 Competition with human resources from outside Tapin Regency.
3 Conversion of agricultural land.
4 Lack of entrepreneurial willingness due to regular assistance.
5 Existence of educational and healthcare facilities that are inaccessible or difficult to The internal strategic factors .
trengths and weaknesse.
and external strategic factors .
pportunities and threat.
that have been identified are then formulated into questions in the questionnaire, which will be asked to respondents using a Likert scale with scores ranging from 1 to 5 to determine ratings.
For determining the weight, each respondent will provide a rating from 1 .
ery importan.
to 4 .
ot importan.
to assess the relative importance or urgency of each factor.
The weighting of each factor is based on the level of importance or urgency of The respondents in this SWOT analysis are 16 individuals, consisting of heads of Regional Apparatus Organizations (SKPD) involved in poverty alleviation in Tapin Regency and 3 sub-district heads, namely Camat Binuang.
Camat Tapin Tengah, and Camat Candi Laras Utara.
2 Internal and External Strategic Factor Matrix Table 9.
Internal Factor Analysis Summary (IFAS) Internal Strategic Factors Strengths 1 Reduction of poverty rate is one of the priorities of Regional Development in Tapin Regency.
2 The structure, institutions, and agencies in Tapin Regency Government have conducted good coordination in efforts to empower the poor community in Tapin Regency.
Weight
Rating Score
0,20
4,60
0,92
0,17
4,51
0,77
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science Good agricultural land potential that can still be 0,23 developed with significant agricultural production.
4 A high number of working-age population.
0,20
5 The existence of potential flagship commodities that 0,20 can be developed.
TOTAL
1,00
Internal Strategic Factors Weight
Weakness 1 Low quality of human resources 0,20 2 Uneven development of infrastructure in each region
0,18
3 Limited job opportunities 0,23 4 Not all residents are covered by health social
0,22
security programs 5 Land ownership controlled by a certain group of people 0,17 TOTAL
1,00
The difference between Strengths and Weaknesses 4,28 0,98 4,15 0,83 3,57 0,71 Rating 4,22 Score
2,17
2,01
2,67
0,43
0,61
0,36
1,69
0,37
2,68
0,36
2,24
1,98
Based on Table 9 above, it can be explained that for Strength 1, it has a weight of 0.
while the rating obtained from respondents' questionnaire answers is 4.
60, indicating that respondents mostly agree that Reducing the poverty rate is one of the priorities of Regional Development in Tapin Regency.
When the weight is multiplied by the rating, the score obtained Strength 2 has a weight of 0.
77 with a rating of 4.
51, indicating that respondents strongly agree that the Structure.
Institutions, and agencies in the Tapin Regency Government have carried out good coordination in efforts to empower poor communities in Tapin Regency.
When the weight is multiplied by the rating, the score obtained is 0.
For Strength 3, the weight is 0.
23 and the rating obtained from respondents' answers is 4.
28, indicating that respondents agree with the good potential of agricultural land that can still be developed with quite large agricultural production.
When the weight is multiplied by the rating, the score obtained is 0.
Strength 4 has a weight of 0.
20, and the rating obtained from respondents' answers is 4.
15, indicating that respondents agree with the abundant working-age population.
When the weight is multiplied by the rating, the score obtained is 0.
For Strength 5, the weight is 0.
20, and the rating obtained from respondents' answers is 3.
57, indicating that respondents agree with the existence of superior commodities that can be developed.
When the weight is multiplied by the rating, the score obtained is 0.
Based on the multiplication of all weights by ratings, the total score obtained for internal strategic factors that become strengths Table 9 also shows that for Weakness 1, it has a weight of 0.
20, while the rating obtained from respondents' questionnaire answers is 2.
17, indicating that respondents mostly agree that the Low quality of human resources is a weakness.
When the weight is multiplied by the rating, the score obtained is 0.
Weakness 2 has a weight of 0.
18 with a rating of 2.
01, indicating that respondents mostly agree that the uneven development of infrastructure in each region is a weakness in reducing poverty in Tapin Regency.
When the weight is multiplied by the rating, the score obtained is 0.
For Weakness 3, the weight is 0.
23, and the rating obtained from Empowerment Strategies for the Poor Based on Spatial Patterns in Tapin Regency respondents' answers is 2.
67, indicating that respondents are uncertain about the limited access to job opportunities.
When the weight is multiplied by the rating, the score obtained is 0.
Weakness 4 has a weight of 0.
22, and the rating obtained from respondents' answers is 1.
indicating that respondents agree that not all residents are covered by health social security programs is a weakness.
When the weight is multiplied by the rating, the score obtained is 0.
For Weakness 5, the weight is 0.
17, and the rating obtained from respondents' answers is 2.
indicating that respondents are uncertain about land ownership controlled by a group of people.
When the weight is multiplied by the rating, the score obtained is 0.
Based on the multiplication of all weights by ratings, the total score obtained for internal strategic factors that become weaknesses is 2.
Table 10.
External Factors Analysis Summary (EFAS) External Strategic Factors Opportunities 1 Availability of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs from companies to empower impoverished 2 Increased investment in the region that will create many job opportunities.
3 Increasing number of local entrepreneurs.
4 Development of chili Hiyung commodity cultivation centers and its processing.
5 Increased labor-intensive programs.
TOTAL
External Strategic Factors Threats 1 Limited and vulnerable road access in case of 2 Competition with human resources from outside Tapin Regency 3 Conversion of agricultural land.
4 Lack of entrepreneurial spirit due to routine aid.
5 Persistence of education and healthcare facilities that are inaccessible or difficult to reach.
TOTAL
The difference between Opportunities and Threats Weight
Rating Score
0,24
4,43
1,06
0,18
4,34
0,78
0,23
4,12
0,95
0,15
3,93
0,59
0,20
1,00
Weight
4,04
Rating 0,81 4,19 Score
0,22
2,68
0,59
0,21
2,96
0,62
0,18
0,16
2,58
2,57
0,46
0,41
0,23
2,40
0,55
1,00
2,64
1,55
Based on Table 10 above, it can be explained that for opportunity 1, it has a weight of 24, while the rating obtained from the respondents' questionnaire answers is 4.
43, which means that the average respondents agree that the availability of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs from companies in empowering poor communities is an opportunity, and when the weight is multiplied by the rating, a score of 1.
06 is obtained.
Opportunity 2 has a weight of 0.
18 with a rating of 4.
34, indicating that the average respondents International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science agree that increased investment in areas that will create many job opportunities is an opportunity, and when the weight is multiplied by the rating, a score of 0.
78 is obtained.
For opportunity 3, the weight is 0.
23 and the rating obtained from the respondents' answers is 4.
meaning that the average respondents agree with the increasing number of local entrepreneurs, and when the weight is multiplied by the rating, the score obtained is 0.
For opportunity 4, the weight is 0.
15 and the rating obtained from the respondents' answers is 3.
93, indicating that the average respondents agree with the development of centers for the cultivation of Hiyung chili commodities and their derivatives, and when the weight is multiplied by the rating, the score obtained is 0.
Opportunity 5 has a weight of 0.
20 and a rating obtained from the respondents' answers of 4.
04, indicating that the average respondents agree that the availability of the development of Hiyung chili commodity cultivation centers and their derivatives can be an opportunity, and when the weight is multiplied by the rating, a score of 0.
81 is obtained.
Based on the multiplication results of all weights by ratings, the total score obtained for external strategic factors that become opportunities (Opportunitie.
From Table 10 above, it can also be explained that threat 1 has a weight of 0.
22 with a rating of 2.
68, indicating that the average respondents are hesitant about limited and vulnerable road access in the event of disasters as a threat, and when the weight is multiplied by the rating, a score of 0.
59 is obtained.
Threat 2 has a weight of 0.
21 and a rating obtained from the respondents' answers of 2.
96, meaning that the average respondents are hesitant about the competitiveness of human resources from outside Tapin District as a threat, and when the weight is multiplied by the rating, a score of 0.
62 is obtained.
Threat 3 has a weight of 0.
18 and a rating obtained from the respondents' answers of 2.
58, meaning that the average respondents are hesitant about the conversion of agricultural land as a threat, and when the weight is multiplied by the rating, a score of 0.
46 is obtained.
For threat 4, the weight is 0.
16, while the rating obtained from the respondents' answers is 2.
57, which means that the average respondents are hesitant about the lack of willingness to work due to routine assistance as a threat, and when the weight is multiplied by the rating, a score of 0.
41 is obtained.
For threat 5, the weight is 0.
23 and the rating obtained from the respondents' answers is 2.
40, indicating that the average respondents agree that the presence of education and health facilities that are inaccessible or difficult to reach is still a threat, and when the weight is multiplied by the rating, a score of 0.
55 is obtained.
Based on the multiplication results of all weights by ratings, the total score obtained for external strategic factors that become threats .
Based on the results of the Internal Factor Analysis Summary (IFAS) matrix, a score of 4.
22 is obtained for strengths and a score of 2.
24 for weaknesses.
Thus, the difference between strengths and weaknesses is 1.
Meanwhile, the results of the External Factor Analysis Summary (EFAS) matrix, a score of 19 is obtained for opportunities, while for threats it is 2.
Thus, the difference between opportunities and threats is 1.
These results indicate equally positive figures, placing them in quadrant 1, with the primary strategy chosen being the SO strategy (Strength-Opportunit.
From the above Internal and External factors, the following is the matrix that can be summarized in Strategic Factor Analysis Summary (SFAS) as below:
Empowerment Strategies for the Poor Based on Spatial Patterns in Tapin Regency 3 Priority Strategy Based on the above and in accordance with the mapping in the Strategic Factor Analysis Summary (SFAS), it is positioned in Quadrant 1, which is the Strengths and Opportunities strategy (S-O Strateg.
This strategy uses strengths to seize every opportunity available.
The position in Quadrant 1, representing the Strengths and Opportunities strategy (S-O Strateg.
, results in the formulation of the following strategies for empowering the poor in Tapin Regency:
Table 11.
SWOT Matrix Internal Factors Strengths The reduction of poverty is one 1.
development in Tapin Regency.
The structure, institutions, and agencies in the Tapin Regency Government have implemented good coordination in efforts to empower the poor in Tapin Regency.
There is good agricultural land potential that can still be developed There is a large working-age Weaknesses The quality of human resources is still low.
development is not evenly distributed in each region.
Access to job opportunities is Not all residents are covered by the social health insurance There are superior commodities Land ownership is controlled by a that can be developed.
small group of people.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science Faktor Eksternal Opportunity 1 Availability of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program assistance from companies in empowering the poor.
2 Increased investment in the region that will create many job opportunities.
3 Growing number of local 4 Development of Hiyung chili cultivation centers and its processed 5 Enhancement of laborintensive programs.
Threats 1 Limited and vulnerable road access in case of 2 Competitiveness with human resources from outside Tapin Regency.
3 Conversion of agricultural land.
4 Lack of entrepreneurial drive due to routine 5 Persistence of education and healthcare facilities that are inaccessible or difficult to reach.
S-O Strategies 1 Increasing the involvement of companies in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs through the empowerment of the poor in developing superior commodity products.
2 Increasing the number of local entrepreneurs as part of the regional government's priority strategy to reduce poverty rates.
W-O Strategies 1 Improvement and optimization of work-intensive programs to address limited access to job S-T Strategies 1 Maximizing the potential of agricultural land with a focus on large-scale agricultural production to reduce and prevent land use W-T Strategies 1 Improving infrastructure development in each region to increase accessibility to education and healthcare 2 Enhancing the quality of human resources to compete with those from outside Tapin Regency.
Formulating strategies using the SWOT matrix can be divided into 4 parts as follows:
S-O Strategies (Strength-Opportunit.
Increasing the participation of companies in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs through empowering the poor communities towards the development of flagship products Empowerment Strategies for the Poor Based on Spatial Patterns in Tapin Regency One of the flagship products in Tapin Regency is Hiyung chili.
This serves as an asset for the local government to empower the poor communities.
Additionally, in Tapin Regency, there are numerous companies engaged in mining and plantation sectors that could be engaged in providing assistance ranging from funding to training and mentoring for the impoverished communities.
Increasing the number of local entrepreneurs as part of the priority strategy of the Local Government in efforts to reduce poverty rates Empowering impoverished communities is carried out through coaching and mentoring to foster entrepreneurship spirit, which presents a significant opportunity for them to strive.
The emergence of more entrepreneurs stemming from the empowerment of the poor communities will undoubtedly broaden opportunities for improving their living standards.
W-O Strategies (Weakness-Opportunit.
Improving and optimizing the cash-for-work program to address limited job One of the advantages of the cash-for-work program is its ability to absorb a large workforce.
This will undoubtedly serve as a solution amid limited job opportunities, especially for the impoverished communities.
In addition to participating in local development projects, the impoverished communities will also earn income, which will ultimately enhance their purchasing power.
S-T Strategies (Strength-Threat.
Maximizing the potential of agricultural land geared towards large-scale agricultural production to reduce and prevent land conversion The agricultural sector, as a primary economic activity for the majority of rural communities, needs to be preserved and protected.
To safeguard agricultural land, efforts must be made to enhance land productivity and the quality of agricultural In the concept of sustainable development, empowering communities is essential to ensure the continuity of development goals from the present to the future.
At the grassroots level, village farmer groups serve as a human resource capable of developing the agricultural sector.
Especially in the current context, communities are urged to optimize their land for food security needs.
W-T Strategies (Weakness-Threat.
Improvement of infrastructure development in each region to enhance accessibility to education and healthcare services Infrastructure development aims to eliminate isolation in areas that struggle to access educational and healthcare facilities.
By opening up a region and providing access to educational and healthcare facilities, it is hoped that school dropout rates will decrease and public health will improve.
Enhancement of human resource quality to compete with those from outside Tapin Regency International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science The excellence of human resources (HR) is key to achieving high competitiveness in the region.
To realize this, the local government has implemented policies to support education for students, teachers, and students.
Efforts to enhance the quality of human resources are carried out through education and vocational Competency enhancement is achieved through job training programs, apprenticeship programs, and certification programs tailored to industry needs, resulting in trained and job-ready workforce.
Discussion The results of study revealed that education, healthcare, unemployment, asset ownership, and road infrastructure significantly influence poverty in Tapin Regency.
This is reflected in the findings from the three districts studied, namely Binuang District.
Tapin Tengah District, and Candi Laras Utara District.
In each district, different variables had dominant effects on the dependent variables.
In Binuang District, the dominant influence, based on the linear regression equation, tended to be towards the unemployment variable.
Meanwhile, in Tapin Tengah District, the dominant dependent variable affecting poverty was education.
Candi Laras Utara District, the most influential dependent variable on poverty was the road infrastructure variable.
When the results of the three studies in these districts were combined to represent the scope of poverty in Tapin Regency, the dominant variable affecting poverty based on the linear regression equation was unemployment.
This is reinforced by the distribution pattern of poor communities known to be present in red zones, where there are many unemployed residents, partially employed, or those working less than a week or less than 2 .
As for the priority strategies that can be implemented to empower the poor communities in Tapin Regency based on the SWOT analysis conducted, they include the SO Strategy (Strength-Opportunit.
, which involves enhancing the participation of companies in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs through empowering the poor communities towards the development of flagship products and increasing the number of local entrepreneurs as part of the local government's priority strategy to reduce poverty rates.
Meanwhile, for the WO Strategy (Weakness-Opportunit.
, it involves enhancing and optimizing the cash-for-work program to address the limitations in job opportunities, which is a solution in the midst of limited job access, especially for the poor communities.
Besides participating in regional development, the poor communities will also earn income, which will improve their purchasing The priority strategy of the ST Strategy (Strength-Threat.
is to maximize the potential of agricultural land oriented towards large-scale agricultural production to reduce and prevent land conversion.
To preserve agricultural land, efforts are needed to increase land productivity and the quality of agricultural products.
In the concept of sustainable development, empowering communities is necessary to maintain development objectives from the present to the future.
At the smallest level, village farmer groups become human resources that can develop the agricultural sector.
Especially in the current conditions, communities are urged to optimize their land for food needs.
Then, the priority strategy of the WT Strategy (Weakness-Threat.
is to increase infrastructure development in each region to improve accessibility to education and healthcare Empowerment Strategies for the Poor Based on Spatial Patterns in Tapin Regency Infrastructure development aims to eliminate isolation in areas that struggle to access educational and healthcare facilities.
With the opening up of a region and access to educational and healthcare facilities, it is expected to reduce school dropout rates and improve public The second priority strategy is to improve the quality of human resources to compete with those from outside Tapin Regency.
This is crucial because the excellence of human resources (HR) is the key to achieving high competitiveness in the region.
Efforts to improve the quality of human resources are made through education and vocational training.
Competency enhancement is achieved through job training programs, apprenticeship programs, and certification programs tailored to industry needs, resulting in trained and jobready workforce.
Conclusion The test results and analysis indicate that the variables Education.
Healthcare.
Unemployment.
Asset Ownership, and Road Infrastructure have a significant partial effect on Poverty both in the 3 .
districts and at the Tapin Regency level.
The test results and analysis indicate that the variables Education.
Healthcare.
Unemployment.
Asset Ownership, and Road Infrastructure have a significant simultaneous effect on Poverty both in the 3 .
districts and at the Tapin Regency level.
The main strategy for empowering the poor communities in Tapin Regency is the S-O Strategy (Strength-Opportunit.
, which involves enhancing the participation of companies in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs through empowering the poor communities towards the development of flagship products and increasing the number of local entrepreneurs as part of the local government's priority strategy to reduce poverty rates.
Other alternative strategies include enhancing and optimizing the cash-for-work program to address the limitations in job opportunities, maximizing the potential of agricultural land oriented towards large-scale agricultural production to reduce and prevent land conversion, increasing infrastructure development in each region to improve accessibility to education and healthcare services, and improving the quality of human resources to compete with those from outside Tapin Regency.
Reference